1690

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July 11: English King William III defeats former King James II at the Battle of the Boyne.

File:Frontenac receiving the envoy of Sir William Phipps demanding the surrender of Quebec, 1690.jpg

October 16: British Canadian envoys demand that Governor-General Frontenac surrender New France (now Quebec) or face an invasion.

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Events

January–March

January 2 – The Ottoman Empire defeats Serbian rebels and Austrian troops in battle at Kaçanik Gorge, prompting more than 30,000 Serb refugees to flee northward from Kosovo, Macedonia and Sandžak to the Austrian Empire.
January 6 – At the age of 11 years old, Prince Joseph, son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, is named as "King of the Romans", the next in line to become the Emperor.
January 7 – The first recorded full peal is rung, at St Sepulchre-without-Newgate in the City of London, marking a new era in change ringing.
January 13 – Captain Thomas Pound, after being captured with his crew the previous month, is tried in Boston and found guilty of piracy although he is later reprieved.<ref>John Henry Edmonds, Captain Thomas Pound, (Cambridge: Wilson & Son University Press, 1918) pp. 38-39.</ref>
January 27
- The crew of the ship HMS Welfare, commanded by John Strong, become the first European people to land at the Falkland Islands.<ref>Robert K. Headland, A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration (Quaritch, 2009)</ref>
- William Coward is hanged for acts of piracy, following his capture after seizing the ketch Elenor anchored in Boston Harbor the previous year.
- The Convention Parliament is dissolved in England.
February 6 – King William III of England calls for new elections for the 512-member House of Commons
February 8 – The Schenectady massacre takes place in the village of Schenectady in the colony of New York, when 200 Frenchmen, Mohawk and Algonquin warriors kill or capture most of the inhabitants in retaliation for the Lachine massacre.
February 21 – The opera Orphée by Louis Lully receives its first performance at the Académie Royale de Musique (the Paris Opera).
March 10 – An annular solar eclipse is visible across the south of the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="EclipsewiseSe1690mar10aprime">Template:Cite web</ref>
March 20 – The 2nd Parliament of William III and Mary II is assembled in London, split almost equally with 243 Whigs, 241 Tories, and 28 independent members.

April–June

April 6 – Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor issues a document inviting Serbians to resettle in Hungary, at this time a part of the Empire.<ref>Thinking about Yugoslavia: Scholarly debates about the Yugoslav breakup and the wars in Bosnia and Kosovo (Cambridge University Press, 2005) p. 206</ref>
April 16 – An estimated 8.0 magnitude earthquake Template:Broken anchor strikes in the Caribbean Sea less than Template:Convert from Barbuda and also affects St. Kitts and Nevis, as well as Antigua.<ref>"Significant Earthquake Information: 1690 April 16, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information</ref>
April 25 – The Parliament of Scotland passes an Act to abolish episcopy in the presbyterian Church of Scotland. The Anglican Episcopal Church in Scotland continues as a separate denomination, retaining bishops.
April 27 – Sultan Toloko ibn-Sibori becomes the new Sultan of Ternate, located on the Maluku Islands in the Dutch East Indies after the death of his father, Sultan Sibori Amsterdam.
May 16 – The Battle of Port Royal takes place in Nova Scotia after an invasion by a militia of 446 soldiers and 226 sailors from the Massachusetts Bay Colony on seven warships. With only 90 French colonial soldiers to defend Port-Royal, Acadian Governor Louis-Alexandre des Friches de Menneval surrenders before the end of the day.
May 20 – England passes the Act of Grace, forgiving followers of the deposed James II.
June 8 – Siddi general Yadi Sakat razes the Mazagon Fort in Mumbai.
June 14 – King William III of England (William of Orange) lands in Ireland to confront James II.
June – An earthquake in Brazil of estimated magnitude 7, with epicenter on the left bank of the Amazon River about 45 km downstream from Manaus, spreads seismic waves through the forest and is felt up to 1000 km away.<ref name="Veloso">Template:Cite journal</ref>

July–September

July 10 (June 30 O.S.) – Battle of Beachy Head: the Anglo-Dutch navy is defeated by the French, giving rise to fears of a Jacobite invasion of England.
July 11 (July 1 O.S.) – Battle of the Boyne in Ireland: King William III of England (William of Orange) defeats the deposed James II, who returns to exile in France.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology285">Template:Cite book</ref> The rebellion in Ireland continues for a further year until the Orange army gains full control.
July 26 – A French landing party raids and burns Teignmouth in Devon, England. However, with the loss of James II's position in Ireland, any plans for a real invasion are soon shelved, and Teignmouth is the last French attack on England.
August 24 – In India, the fort and trading settlement of Sutanuti is founded on the Hooghly River by the English East India Company, following the signing of an Anglo-Mughal treaty.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology285"/>
September 25 – The only issue of Publick Occurrences is published in Boston, Massachusetts, before being suppressed by the colonial authorities.

October–December

October 6
- Massachusetts Puritans, led by Sir William Phips, besiege the city of Quebec; the siege ends in failure after six days.
- An earthquake with strength 5.2 occurs in Caernarfon, Wales, causing tremors that can be felt as far away as London and Dublin.<ref name="BbcE8c10f15">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="OakeleyarmsEarthquake">Template:Cite web</ref>
October 8 – Great Turkish War: The Ottomans recapture Belgrade.
October 16 – Lawrence Justinian (1381–1456) and John of Sahagún (c. 1430–79) are canonized by Pope Alexander VIII.<ref name="Catholic">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="CatholicSt">Template:Cite web</ref>
October 21 – The play Amphitryon by John Dryden, based on Molière's 1668 play of the same name, receives its first performance at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London.
November 7 – The opera Énée et Lavinie (Aeneas and Lavinia) by the French composer Pascal Collasse receives its first performance at the Académie Royale de Musique (the Paris Opera).
November 9 – Near South Mimms, England, several highwaymen stop a convoy carrying taxes from the Midlands to London and take £15,000.<ref name="Southmimms-Pc9Th">Template:Cite web</ref>
November 17 – Barclays, which will continue to be active into the 21st century as a multinational bank and lending institution, is founded in London by John Freame and Thomas Gould as Freame & Gould. The bank changes its name in 1736 when James Barclay becomes a partner.
December 4 – A destructive earthquake in the Eastern Alps causes 24 casualties and results in damage in the Villach, Carinthia area.<ref name="EmidiusIi">Template:Cite web</ref>
December 10 –Playwright Henry Nevil Payne is tortured for his role in the Montgomery Plot to restore James II to the throne — the last time a political prisoner is legally subjected to torture in Britain.<ref>"Judicial Torture, the Liberties of the Subject and Anglo-Scottish Relations, 1660-1960, by Clare Jackson, in Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900, ed. by T. C. Smout (Oxford University Press and British Academy, 2005) pp.96-97</ref>
December 13 – The planet Uranus is first sighted and recorded, by England's first Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed, who mistakenly catalogs it as a star 34 Tauri.<ref>Francis Baily, An Account of the Rev'd John Flamsteed, to Which is Added his British Catalogue of Stars (Lords Commission of the Admiralty, 1835) p. 393</ref>
December 20 (December 10, 1690 O.S.) — The General Court of the Province of Massachusetts Bay creates the first authorized paper money issued by any government in the Western World as a substitute for coins.<ref name=AMcD>Andrew McFarland Davis, Currency and Banking in the Province of the Massachusetts-Bay, Volume 1, Issue 4 (American Economic Association, 1900) p.10, p.370</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The first money is printed on February 13, 1691 (N.S.) and is dated "Feb. 3, 1690" based on the British old style calendar in use at the time.<ref name=AMcD/>
December 29 – An earthquake hits Ancona, in the Papal States of Italy and causes 10 deaths.<ref>"Significant Earthquake Information: 1690 April 16, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information</ref>

Date unknown

Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Carnojevic leads the first of the two Great Serbian Migrations into the Habsburg Empire, following Ottoman atrocities in Kosovo.
The Hearth Tax is abolished in Scotland, one year after its abolition in England and Wales.
French physicist Denis Papin, while in Leipzig and having observed the mechanical power of atmospheric pressure on his 'digester', builds a working model of a reciprocating steam engine for pumping water, the first of its kind, though not efficient.
Dutch polymath Christiaan Huygens publishes his book Treatise on Light. The book is considered a pioneering work of theoretical and mathematical physics.
Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiter's atmosphere.
The construction of Fort Longueuil, a stone fort in Longueuil, in Quebec, Canada, is completed. It is one of the only buildings in Canada that could ever be considered a castle (fortified residence for a noble), and out of those buildings it most resembles the castles of Europe.
The Barrage Vauban, a defensive work in the city of Strasbourg (in modern-day France), is completed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The French dictionary and encyclopaedia Dictionnaire universel, contenant generalement tous les mots françois, compiled by Antoine Furetière, is published posthumously.
Possible year of the disappearance of the western part of the island of Buise, in St. Peter's Flood.