1731

Template:Use mdy dates Template:Year dab Template:Year nav

File:Crab Nebula.jpg

1731: John Bevis becomes first Earth astronomer to observe the Crab Nebula.

Template:C18 year in topic Template:Year article header

Events

January–March

January 8 – An avalanche from the Skafjell mountain causes a massive wave in the Storfjorden fjord in Norway that sinks all boats that happen to be in the water at the time and kills people on both shores.<ref>"The Skafjell Rock Avalanche in 1731", Fjords.com</ref>
February 3 – A fire in Brussels at the Coudenberg Palace, at this time the home of the ruling Austrian Duchess of Brabant, destroys the building, including the state records stored therein.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
February 16 – In China, the Emperor Yongzheng orders grain to be shipped from Hubei and Guangdong to the famine-stricken Shangzhou region of Shaanxi province.
February 20 – Louise Hippolyte becomes the second woman to serve as Princess of Monaco, the reigning monarch of the tiny European principality, ascending upon the death of her father Prince Antonio. She reigns only nine months before dying of smallpox on December 29.
March 16 – The Treaty of Vienna is signed between the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and Spain.

April–June

April 1 – Battle of Dabhoi in India is fought between Sarsenapati Trimbakrao Dabhade and Bajirao Peshwa.
April 2 – The town of Raynham, Massachusetts in Bristol County is entered as a new town by the governor and court of Massachusetts, New England, America.
April 9 – British trader Robert Jenkins has his ear cut off after his ship, Rebecca is boarded by Spanish coast guards at Havana in Cuba.<ref>"List of British Merchant Ships, taken or plundered by the Spaniards", The Political State for the Month of April, 1738 of Great Britain (April 30, 1738) p322.</ref> The incident becomes the casus belli for the War of Jenkins' Ear in 1739.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology">Template:Cite book</ref>
April 28 – A fire at White's Chocolate House, near St. James's Palace in London, destroys the historic club and the paintings therein, but is kept from spreading by the fast response of firemen.<ref name=Fires>"Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p49 </ref>
May 10 – The Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy is established by order of the Empress Anna of Russia, who directs Grigory Skornyakov-Pisarev to assume command over the new fleet and to develop Okhotsk as a major port.<ref>Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of Alaska, 1730-1865 (A. L. Bancroft & Co., 1886) p45</ref><ref> Orcutt Frost, Bering: The Russian Discovery of America (Yale University Press, 2003) p67</ref>
June 4 – The English market town of Blandford Forum is destroyed by fire, with the exception of 26 houses. About one-third of the uninsured losses are paid for by the collection of disaster relief money.<ref name=Fires/>

July–September

July 1 – Benjamin Franklin and fellow-subscribers start the Library Company of Philadelphia.
August 15 – King Frederick William I of Prussia forgives his 19-year-old son, Prince Frederick, who has been confined since November to the town of Küstrin (now Kostrzyn nad Odrą in Poland) for his 1730 attempt to desert from the Prussian Army.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Nine years later, having been politically rehabilitated, Prince Frederick succeeds his father as King and is later remembered as "Frederick the Great".
August 23 – The oldest known sports score in history is recorded in the description of a cricket match at Richmond Green in England, when the team of Thomas Chambers of Middlesex defeats the Duke of Richmond's team by 119 to 79.
September – The first successful appendectomy is performed by English surgeon William Cookesley.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
September 30 – The village of Barnwell, Cambridgeshire, England, is "burned down entirely" by a fire.<ref name=Fires/>

October–December

October 23 – A fire at Ashburnham House in Westminster destroys 114 irreplaceable manuscripts (including a manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) and damages 98 others (among them the manuscript of Beowulf). Richard Bentley, the King's librarian and the House's owner, saves the only copy of the Codex Alexandrinus, carrying it under one arm as he leaps from a window. Bentley's ten year labor in translating the Greek Testament is ruined by the blaze. The remaining 844 manuscripts later form the heart of the collections of the British Library.<ref>"The Beowulf manuscript was damaged in a fire in Ashburnham House on October 23, 1731" Template:Webarchive. Cites The Gentleman's Magazine.</ref><ref name=Fires/>
November 25
- Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler announces his use of the irrational number e (approximately 2.71828) as the base for the concept of the natural logarithm, describing it in a letter to German mathematician Christian Goldbach.
- Patrona Halil, an ethnic Albanian and a janissary who instigated a mass uprising in 1730 within the Ottoman Empire that brought Mahmud I to power as the new Sultan, is strangled to death in Mahmud's presence after the rebellion is suppressed.
December 21 – The Maharaja Chhatrasal, monarch of Bundelkhand in India (part of the modern-day states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh) dies at the age of 82. His kingdom is divided into four parts, with one part going to Baji Rao I of the Marathas and the other three going to his three sons: Harde Sah gets the Panna State, Jagat Rai gets the Jaitpur State and Bharti Chand gets the Jaso State.
December 29 – Jacques Grimaldi, the husband of the reigning monarch of Monaco, Louise Hippolyte, succeeds to the throne after Louise's death from smallpox. Jacques I rules until his own death in 1751.

Date unknown

Royal Colony of North Carolina Governor George Burrington asks the North Carolina General Assembly to pass an act establishing a town on the Cape Fear River, in what is seen as a political move to shift the power away from the powerful Cape Fear plantation class. The town is laid out in 1733, and incorporated as Wilmington in 1740.
Laura Bassi becomes the first official female university teacher, on being appointed professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, at the age of 21.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
English scientist John Bevis observes the Crab Nebula for the first time in the modern era.
The octant is developed by English mathematician John Hadley (it will eventually be replaced as a means of determining latitude by the sextant).
The Royal Theatre of Mantua (Italy) is built by architect Ferdinando Galli Bibiena.
First deeds for The Queen Inn, Winchester. Hops are grown on the land.