October 25

Events

Pre-1600

• 285 or 286 – Execution of Saints Crispin and Crispinian during the reign of Diocletian, now the patron saints of leather workers, curriers, and shoemakers.
• 473 – Emperor Leo I acclaims his grandson Leo II as Caesar of the East Roman Empire.
• 1147 – Seljuk Turks defeat German crusaders under Conrad III at the Battle of Dorylaeum.
• 1147 – Reconquista: After a siege of four months, crusader knights conquer Lisbon.
• 1415 – Hundred Years' War: Henry V of England, with his lightly armoured infantry and archers, defeats the heavily armoured French cavalry in the Battle of Agincourt.

1601–1900

• 1616 – Dutch sea-captain Dirk Hartog makes the second recorded landfall by a European on Australian soil, at the later-named Dirk Hartog Island off the West Australian coast.
• 1747 – War of the Austrian Succession: A British fleet under Admiral Edward Hawke defeats the French at the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre.
• 1760 – King George III succeeds to the British throne on the death of his grandfather George II.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• 1809 – Golden Jubilee of George III is celebrated in Britain as he begins the fiftieth year of his reign.<ref>Millidge, Judith. Royal Jubilees. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012. p.11</ref>
• 1812 – War of 1812: The American frigate, Template:USS, commanded by Stephen Decatur, captures the British frigate Template:HMS.
• 1822 – Greek War of Independence: The First Siege of Missolonghi begins.
• 1854 – The Battle of Balaclava takes place during the Crimean War. It is soon memorialized in verse as The Charge of the Light Brigade.
• 1861 – The Toronto Stock Exchange is created.
• 1868 – The Uspenski Cathedral, designed by Aleksey Gornostayev, is inaugurated in Helsinki, Finland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1875 – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky’s Piano Concerto No. 1 in B♭ minor, Op. 23 premieres in Boston, Massachusetts, with Benjamin Johnson Lang as conductor and Hans von Bülow as soloist.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

1901–present

• 1911 – The Xinhai Revolution spreads to Guangzhou, where the Qing general Fengshan is assassinated by the Chinese Assassination Corps.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1917 – Old Style date of the October Revolution in Russia.
• 1920 – After 74 days on hunger strike in Brixton Prison, England, the Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Cork, Terence MacSwiney dies.
• 1924 – The Zinoviev letter, which Zinoviev himself denied writing, is published in the Daily Mail; the Labour party would later blame this letter for the Conservatives' landslide election win four days later.
• 1927 – The Italian luxury liner SS Principessa Mafalda sinks off the coast of Brazil, killing 314.
• 1932 – George Lansbury became the leader of the opposition British Labour Party.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1940 – Benjamin O. Davis Sr. is named the first African American general in the United States Army.
• 1944 – World War II: Heinrich Himmler orders a crackdown on the Edelweiss Pirates, a loosely organized youth culture in Nazi Germany that had assisted army deserters and others to hide from the Third Reich.
• 1944 – World War II: The Template:USS under Richard O'Kane (the top American submarine ace of the war) is sunk by the ship's own malfunctioning torpedo.
• 1944 – World War II: The final attempt of the Imperial Japanese Navy to win the war climaxes at the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
• 1945 – Fifty years of Japanese administration of Taiwan formally ends when the Republic of China assumes control.
• 1949 – The Battle of Guningtou in the Taiwan Strait begins.
• 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis: Adlai Stevenson shows the United Nations Security Council reconnaissance photographs of Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba.
• 1968 – A Fairchild F-27 crashes into Moose Mountain while on approach to Lebanon Municipal Airport in Lebanon, New Hampshire, killing 32 people.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1971 – The People's Republic of China replaces the Republic of China at the United Nations.
• 1973 – Egypt and Israel accept United Nations Security Council Resolution 339.
• 1980 – Proceedings on the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction conclude.
• 1983 – The United States and its Caribbean allies invade Grenada, six days after Prime Minister Maurice Bishop and several of his supporters are executed in a coup d'état.
• 1990 – The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic declares its sovereignty from the Soviet Union.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1995 – A commuter train slams into a school bus in Fox River Grove, Illinois, killing seven students.
• 1997 – After a civil war, Denis Sassou Nguesso proclaims himself President of the Republic of the Congo.
• 1999 – A Learjet 35 crashes in Mina near Aberdeen, South Dakota, killing all six people on board, including PGA golfer Payne Stewart and golf course designer Bruce Borland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 2001 – Microsoft releases Windows XP, which becomes one of Microsoft's most successful operating systems.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 2009 – The October 2009 Baghdad bombings kill 155 and wound at least 721.
• 2010 – Mount Merapi in Indonesia begins a month-long series of violent eruptions that kill 353 people and cause the evacuation of another 350,000 people.<ref>Template:Cite web; Template:Cite news</ref>
• 2010 – A magnitude 7.8 earthquake strikes off Indonesia's Mentawai Islands, triggering a tsunami that kills at least 400 people.<ref name="Hill12">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• 2023 – A mass shooting occurs in two locations in Lewiston, Maine. 18 people are killed and 13 more injured.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Births

Pre-1600

• 840 – Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, founder of the Saffarid dynasty (d. 879)
• 1102 – William Clito, French son of Sybilla of Conversano (d. 1128)
• 1330 – Louis II, Count of Flanders, (d. 1384)
• 1453 – Giuliano de' Medici (d. 1478)<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
• 1510 – Renée of France (d. 1574)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1574 – François de Sourdis, French Catholic prelate (d. 1628)
• 1589 – Jan Stanisław Sapieha, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. 1635)

1601–1900

• 1612 – James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, Scottish soldier (d. 1650)
• 1667 – Louis Frederick I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (d. 1718)
• 1683 – Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton, English-Irish politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1757)
• 1692 – Elisabeth Farnese, Queen of Spain (d. 1766)
• 1709 – Georg Gebel, German organist and composer (d. 1753)
• 1714 – James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, Scottish judge (d. 1799)
• 1736 – Thomas Mullins, 1st Baron Ventry, Anglo-Irish politician and peer (d. 1824)
• 1743 – Friedrich Karl August, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont (d. 1812)
• 1749 – Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein, Swedish chamberlain (d. 1802)
• 1754 – Richard Howell, 3rd Governor of New Jersey (d. 1802)
• 1755 – François Joseph Lefebvre, French military commander (d. 1820)
• 1757 – Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein, Prussian statesman (d. 1831)
• 1759 – Maria Feodorovna, Russian wife of Paul I of Russia (d. 1828)
• 1759 – William Grenville, English academic and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1834)
• 1760 – Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren, German historian (d. 1842)
• 1767 – Benjamin Constant, Swiss-French philosopher and politician (d. 1830)
• 1768 – Frederick William, ruler of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1816)
• 1772 – Victoire de Donnissan de La Rochejaquelein, French memoirist (d. 1857)
• 1772 – Géraud Duroc, French general and diplomat (d. 1813)
• 1779 – Pedro Velarde y Santillán, Spanish artillery captain (d. 1808)
• 1781 – Friedrich von Berchtold, Bohemian physician and botanist (d. 1876)
• 1782 – Levi Lincoln Jr., American lawyer and politician, 13th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1868)
• 1789 – Carlos María de Alvear, Argentine soldier and statesman (d. 1852)
• 1789 – Heinrich Schwabe, German astronomer (d. 1875)
• 1790 – Robert Stirling, Scottish clergyman and inventor (d. 1878)
• 1792 – Jeanne Jugan, French nun (d. 1879)
• 1795 – John P. Kennedy, American novelist and Whig politician (d. 1870)
• 1800 – Maria Jane Jewsbury, English writer, poet, literary reviewer (d. 1833)<ref name="Stephen1892">Template:Cite DNB</ref>
• 1800 – Thomas Babington Macaulay, English poet, historian, and politician, Secretary at War (d. 1859)
• 1800 – Jacques Paul Migne, French priest (d. 1875)
• 1800 – Julius von Mohl, German orientalist (d. 1876)
• 1802 – Richard Parkes Bonington, English painter (d. 1828)
• 1802 – Joseph Montferrand, Canadian logger and strongman (d. 1864)
• 1803 – Maria Doolaeghe, Flemish novelist (d. 1884)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1806 – Max Stirner, German philosopher and author (d. 1856)
• 1811 – Évariste Galois, French mathematician and theorist (d. 1832)
• 1814 – Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours (d. 1896)
• 1815 – Camillo Sivori, Italian virtuoso violinist and composer (d. 1894)
• 1819 – Christian August Friedrich Garcke, German botanist (d. 1904)
• 1821 – Antonio Ciseri, Swiss-Italian painter (d. 1891)
• 1825 – Johann Strauss II, Austrian composer and educator (d. 1899)
• 1825 – Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt, German astronomer and geophysicist (d. 1884)
• 1827 – Marcellin Berthelot, French chemist and politician (d. 1907)
• 1832 – Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia (d. 1909)
• 1838 – Georges Bizet, French pianist and composer (d. 1875)
• 1838 – James Maybrick, English cotton merchant, victim of the "Aigburth Poisoning" (d. 1889)
• 1844 – Philip Wicksteed, English economist (d. 1927)
• 1848 – Carlo Emery, Italian entomologist (d. 1925)
• 1848 – Karl Emil Franzos, Austrian novelist (d. 1904)
• 1852 – Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak, Russian author (d. 1912)
• 1853 – Karl August Otto Hoffmann, German botanist (d. 1909)
• 1856 – Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger, Croatian geologist, paleontologist, and archaeologist (d. 1936)
• 1858 – Take Ionescu, Romanian politician, diplomat, journalist and lawyer (d. 1922)
• 1864 – John Francis Dodge, American businessman, co-founded the Dodge Company (d. 1920)
• 1864 – Alexander Gretchaninov, Russian-American pianist and composer (d. 1956)
• 1864 – Toktogul Satylganov, Kyrgyz Akyn, poet and singer (d. 1933)
• 1866 – Thomas Armat, American mechanic and inventor (d. 1948)
• 1866 – Norbert Klein, Bishop of Brno (d. 1933)
• 1866 – Georg Schumann, German composer (d. 1952)
• 1867 – Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki, Polish general (d. 1937)
• 1868 – Dan Burke, American baseball player (d. 1933)
• 1868 – Oskar Kallas, Estonian linguist and diplomat (d. 1946)
• 1874 – Emma Gramatica, Italian actress (d. 1965)
• 1874 – Victor Sonnemans, Belgian water polo player (d. 1962)
• 1874 – Huang Xing, Chinese revolutionary leader and statesman (d. 1916)
• 1875 – Carolyn Sherwin Bailey, American author and educator (d. 1961)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1875 – Arthur Birkett, British cricketer (d. 1941)
• 1877 – Adolf Moller, German rower (d. 1968)
• 1877 – Henry Norris Russell, American astronomer (d. 1957)
• 1879 – Fritz Haarmann, German serial killer (d. 1925)
• 1880 – Bohumír Šmeral, Czech politician (d. 1941)
• 1881 – Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter and sculptor (d. 1973)
• 1882 – John T. Flynn, American journalist and author (d. 1964)
• 1882 – Tony Jackson, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 1921)
• 1882 – André-Damien-Ferdinand Jullien, French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1964)
• 1882 – Theodora Agnes Peck, American author and poet (d. 1964)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• 1883 – Nikolay Krestinsky, Russian revolutionary and politician (d. 1938)
• 1884 – Maria Czaplicka, Polish cultural anthropologist (d. 1921)
• 1885 – Sam M. Lewis, American singer and lyricist (d. 1959)
• 1885 – Xavier Lesage, French equestrian (d. 1968)
• 1886 – Leo G. Carroll, English-American actor (d. 1972)
• 1886 – Karl Polanyi, Austro-Hungarian economist and historian (d. 1964)
• 1887 – Alexander McCulloch, British rower (d. 1951)
• 1888 – Richard E. Byrd, American admiral and pilot (d. 1957)
• 1888 – Nils Dardel, Swedish-American painter (d. 1943)
• 1888 – Jan Palouš, Czechoslovak ice hockey player (d. 1971)
• 1888 – Léon Tom, Belgian fencer and bobsledder
• 1889 – Abel Gance, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1981)
• 1890 – Floyd Bennett, American aviator (d. 1928)
• 1890 – Kōtarō Tanaka, Japanese jurist and politician (d. 1974)
• 1891 – Charles Coughlin, Canadian-American priest and radio host (d. 1979)
• 1891 – Karl Elmendorff, German conductor (d. 1962)
• 1892 – Nell Shipman, Canadian-American actress, screenwriter, and producer (d. 1970)
• 1894 – Claude Cahun, French photographer and sculptor (d. 1954)
• 1894 – Âşık Veysel Şatıroğlu, Turkish poet and songwriter (d. 1973)
• 1894 – Johan Wilhelm Rangell, Prime Minister of Finland (d. 1982)
• 1895 – Levi Eshkol, Ukrainian-Israeli soldier and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1969)
• 1895 – Vsevolod Merkulov, Russian head of the NKGB (d. 1953)
• 1895 – Arthur Schmidt, German officer (d. 1987)
• 1896 – Nils Backlund, Swedish water polo player (d. 1964)
• 1897 – Erwin von Lahousen, German Abwehr official (d. 1955)
• 1897 – Karl Olivecrona, Swedish lawyer and philosopher (d. 1980)
• 1897 – Luigi Pavese, Italian actor (d. 1969)
• 1898 – Karl Anton, German director, screenwriter and producer (d. 1979)
• 1899 – Armand Thirard, French cinematographer (d. 1973)
• 1900 – Johan Greter, Dutch equestrian (d. 1975)
• 1900 – Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, Nigerian educator and activist (d. 1978)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1900 – William Stevenson, American track and fielder (d. 1985)

1901–present

• 1901 – Roy Fox, British dance bandleader (d. 1982)<ref name="Larkin">Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1902 – Henry Steele Commager, American historian and author (d. 1998)
• 1902 – Carlo Gnocchi, Italian priest, educator and writer (d. 1956)
• 1902 – Eddie Lang, American jazz guitarist (d. 1933)
• 1903 – Piet van der Horst, Dutch cyclist (d. 1983)
• 1904 – Cemal Reşit Rey, Turkish pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1985)
• 1904 – Denny Shute, American golfer (d. 1974)
• 1904 – Bill Tytla, Ukrainian-American animator (d. 1968)
• 1905 – Bob McPhail, Scottish footballer (d. 2000)
• 1906 – Karl Humenberger, Austrian footballer (d. 1989)
• 1908 – Carmen Dillon, English film and production designer (d. 2000)
• 1908 – Gotthard Handrick, German fighter pilot and Olympic athlete (d. 1978)
• 1908 – Polly Ann Young, American actress (d. 1997)
• 1909 – Whit Bissell, American actor (d. 1996)
• 1909 – Ken Domon, Japanese photographer (d. 1990)
• 1909 – Edward Flynn, American boxer (d. 1976)
• 1909 – Jean-Paul Le Chanois, French actor, director and screenwriter (d. 1985)
• 1910 – William Higinbotham, American physicist and video game designer (d. 1994)
• 1910 – Johnny Mauro, American race car driver (d. 2003)
• 1910 – Tyrus Wong, Chinese-American artist (d. 2016)<ref name="UPI">Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1912 – Abdelkader Ben Bouali, French footballer (d. 1997)
• 1912 – Alfred Klingler, German field handballer
• 1912 – Minnie Pearl, American entertainer and philanthropist (d. 1996)<ref name="UPI"></ref>
• 1912 – Luigi Raimondi, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1975)
• 1913 – Klaus Barbie, German SS captain (d. 1991)
• 1913 – Larry Itliong, Filipino-American union organizer (d. 1977)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1913 – Anton Kochinyan, Soviet-Armenian politician (d. 1990)
• 1914 – John Berryman, American poet and scholar (d. 1972)
• 1915 – Ivan M. Niven, Canadian-American mathematician and academic (d. 1999)
• 1916 – Helge Larsson, Swedish canoeist (d. 1971)
• 1917 – Carl Forssell, Swedish fencer (d. 2005)
• 1917 – Dmitry Polyansky, First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union (d. 2001)
• 1918 – David Ausubel, American psychologist (d. 2008)
• 1919 – Beate Uhse-Rotermund, German pilot and entrepreneur (d. 2001)
• 1919 – Raoul Remy, French cyclist (d. 2002)
• 1920 – Megan Taylor, British figure skater (d. 1993)
• 1921 – Michael I of Romania (d. 2017)
• 1922 – Gloria Lasso, Spanish singer (d. 2005)
• 1923 – Achille Silvestrini, Italian prelate (d. 2019)
• 1923 – Beate Sirota Gordon, Austrian-American director and producer (d. 2012)
• 1923 – Bobby Thomson, Scottish-American baseball player (d. 2010)
• 1924 – Billy Barty, American actor (d. 2000)
• 1924 – Earl Palmer, American Hall of Fame drummer (d. 2008)
• 1925 – Oralia Dominguez, Mexican operatic mezzo-soprano singer (d. 2013)
• 1925 – Joseph Michel, Belgian politician (d. 2016)
• 1926 – Bo Carpelan, Finnish poet and author (d. 2011)
• 1926 – Jimmy Heath, American saxophonist and composer (d. 2020)
• 1926 – Galina Vishnevskaya, Russian-American soprano and actress (d. 2012)
• 1927 – Barbara Cook, American singer and actress (d. 2017)
• 1927 – Jorge Batlle Ibáñez, Uruguayan lawyer and politician, 32nd President of Uruguay (d. 2016)
• 1927 – Lawrence Kohlberg, American psychologist and author (d. 1987)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• 1927 – Lauretta Masiero, Italian actress and singer (d. 2010)
• 1928 – Jeanne Cooper, American actress (d. 2013)
• 1928 – Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Brazilian architect (d. 2021)
• 1928 – Anthony Franciosa, American actor (d. 2006)
• 1928 – Adolphe Gesché, Belgian Catholic priest and theologian (d. 2003)
• 1928 – Peter Naur, Danish computer scientist, astronomer, and academic (d. 2016)
• 1928 – Marion Ross, American actress<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1928 – Yakov Rylsky, Soviet sabre fencer (d. 1999)
• 1929 – Michel Knuysen, Belgian rower (d. 2013)
• 1929 – Zdravko Milev, Bulgarian chess player (d. 1984)
• 1929 – Claude Rouer, French cyclist (d. 2021)
• 1929 – Peter Rühmkorf, German writer (d. 2008)
• 1930 – Harold Brodkey, American author and academic (d. 1996)
• 1930 – Karoly Honfi, Hungarian chess player (d. 1996)
• 1931 – Annie Girardot, French actress and singer (d. 2011)
• 1931 – Jimmy McIlroy, Northern Irish footballer and manager (d. 2018)
• 1932 – Vitold Fokin, Ukrainian first deputy prime minister (d. 2025)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1932 – Jerzy Pawłowski, Polish fencer and double agent (d. 2005)
• 1932 – Theodor Pištěk, Czech costume designer
• 1933 – René Brodmann, Swiss footballer (d. 2000)
• 1933 – Martti Mansikka, Finnish gymnast (d. 2024)
• 1934 – Carlos Sherman, Belarusian–Spanish translator, writer, activist (d. 2005)
• 1935 – Rusty Schweickart, American soldier, pilot, and astronaut
• 1936 – Martin Gilbert, English historian, author, and academic (d. 2015)
• 1936 – Arnfinn Nesset, Norwegian nurse and convicted serial killer
• 1936 – Masako Nozawa, Japanese actress and singer
• 1937 – Vendramino Bariviera, Italian cyclist (d. 2001)
• 1937 – Ignacio Carrasco de Paula, Spanish prelate
• 1937 – Roberto Menescal, Brazilian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
• 1938 – Bob Webster, American diver
• 1939 – Zelmo Beaty, American basketball player and coach (d. 2013)
• 1939 – Sara Dylan, American actress and model
• 1939 – Nikolay Kiselyov, Soviet Nordic combined athlete (d. 2005)
• 1939 – Nikos Nikolaidis, Greek director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2007)
• 1939 – Dave Simmonds, British motorcycle racer (d. 1972)
• 1939 – Robin Spry, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2005)
• 1940 – Jimmy Herman, Canadian actor (d. 2013)
• 1940 – Bob Knight, American basketball player and coach (d. 2023)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• 1941 – Lynda Benglis, American sculptor and painter
• 1941 – Helen Reddy, Australian-American singer-songwriter and actress (d. 2020)<ref name="UPI"></ref>
• 1941 – Gordon Tootoosis, Aboriginal Canadian actor (d. 2011)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1941 – Anne Tyler, American author and critic<ref name="UPI"></ref>
• 1941 – Dave Weill, American discus thrower
• 1942 – Terumasa Hino, Japanese jazz trumpeter
• 1942 – Gloria Katz, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2018)
• 1942 – Franklin Loufrani, French President of the Smiley Company
• 1943 – Orso Maria Guerrini, Italian actor
• 1943 – Roy Lynes, English keyboardist and singer
• 1944 – Azizan Abdul Razak, Malaysian politician, 10th Menteri Besar of Kedah (d. 2013)
• 1944 – Jon Anderson, English singer-songwriter and guitarist<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1944 – James Carville, American lawyer and political consultant<ref name="UPI"></ref>
• 1944 – Donald Ford, Scottish footballer
• 1944 – Fred Housego, Scottish-English taxi driver and game show host
• 1944 – Kati Kovács, Hungarian singer-songwriter and actress
• 1944 – Ren Zhengfei, Chinese businessman
• 1945 – Peter Ledger, Australian-American painter and illustrator (d. 1994)
• 1945 – Yuriy Meshkov, Ukrainian politician and Russian separatist (d. 2019)
• 1945 – Krzysztof Piesiewicz, Polish lawyer, screenwriter and politician
• 1945 – Francisco Sá, Argentine footballer
• 1945 – Phil Volk, American musician, singer-songwriter, and record producer
• 1945 – David S. Ward, American director and screenwriter
• 1945 – Keaton Yamada, Japanese voice actor
• 1946 – Elías Figueroa, Chilean footballer
• 1946 – Peter Lieberson, American composer (d. 2011)
• 1947 – Requena Nozal, Spanish artist
• 1947 – Glenn Tipton, English singer-songwriter and guitarist<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1948 – Dave Cowens, American basketball player and coach<ref name="UPI"></ref>
• 1948 – Dan Gable, American wrestler and coach<ref name="UPI"></ref>
• 1948 – Dan Issel, American basketball player and coach
• 1948 – Sigleif Johansen, Norwegian biathlete
• 1949 – Réjean Houle, Canadian ice hockey player and manager
• 1949 – Walter Hyatt, American singer-songwriter (d. 1996)
• 1949 – Brian Kerwin, American actor<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1949 – Wilfried Louis, Haitian footballer
• 1950 – Anne Alvaro, French actress
• 1950 – Fernando Arêas Rifan, Brazilian bishop
• 1950 – Roger Davies, English footballer
• 1950 – John Matuszak, American footballer (d. 1989)
• 1950 – Francisco Oscar Lamolina, Argentine football referee
• 1950 – Chris Norman, English singer-songwriter
• 1951 – Richard Lloyd, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1952 – Samir Geagea, Lebanese commander and politician
• 1952 – Wendy Hall, English computer scientist, mathematician, and academic
• 1952 – Ioannis Kyrastas, Greek footballer and manager (d. 2004)
• 1952 – Tove Nilsen, Norwegian author
• 1953 – Daniele Bagnoli, Italian volleyball coach
• 1953 – Jasem Yaqoub, Kuwaiti footballer
• 1954 – Mike Eruzione, American ice hockey player and coach<ref name="UPI"></ref>
• 1954 – Ed Powers, American founder of Ed Powers Productions
• 1955 – Glynis Barber, South African-English actress
• 1955 – Robin Eubanks, American trombonist and educator
• 1955 – Gale Anne Hurd, American producer
• 1955 – Matthias Jabs, German guitarist and songwriter<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1955 – Leena Lander, Finnish author
• 1955 – Lito Lapid, Filipino actor
• 1956 – Stephen Leather, British author
• 1957 – Nancy Cartwright, American voice actress<ref name="AP">Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1957 – Enrique López Zarza, Mexican footballer
• 1957 – Robbie McIntosh, English guitarist
• 1957 – Piet Wildschut, Dutch footballer
• 1958 – Kornelia Ender, East German swimmer
• 1958 – Kjell Inge Røkke, Norwegian businessman and philanthropist
• 1959 – Óscar Aguirregaray, Uruguayan footballer
• 1959 – Chrissy Amphlett, Australian singer-songwriter and actress (d. 2013)
• 1960 – Hong Sang-soo, South Korean director and screenwriter
• 1961 – John Sivebæk, Danish footballer
• 1961 – Chad Smith, American drummer<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1962 – David Furnish, Canadian filmmaker
• 1962 – Steve Gainer, American cinematographer and director
• 1962 – Steve Hodge, English footballer and manager
• 1962 – John Stollmeyer, American soccer player
• 1963 – John Levén, Swedish bassist
• 1963 – Michael Lynagh, Australian rugby union footballer
• 1963 – Melinda McGraw, American actress
• 1963 – Tracy Nelson, American actress<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1963 – José Ortiz, Puerto Rican basketball player
• 1964 – Michael Boatman, American actor<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1964 – Johan de Kock, Dutch footballer
• 1964 – Nicole, German singer
• 1964 – Kevin Michael Richardson, American voice actor and singer<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1965 – 2 Cold Scorpio, American wrestler
• 1965 – Mathieu Amalric, French actor and director<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1965 – Valdir Benedito, Brazilian footballer
• 1965 – Claire Colebrook, Australian philosopher, theorist, and academic
• 1965 – Dominique Herr, Swiss footballer
• 1965 – Derrick Rostagno, American tennis player
• 1965 – Rainer Strecker, German actor
• 1966 – Zana Briski, British photographer and filmmaker
• 1966 – Lionel Charbonnier, French footballer
• 1966 – Wendel Clark, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1966 – Perry Saturn, American wrestler
• 1967 – Martin Marinov, Australian canoeist
• 1967 – Taiyō Matsumoto, Japanese manga artist
• 1967 – Gary Sundgren, Swedish footballer
• 1968 – Doris Fitschen, German footballer
• 1968 – Christopher McQuarrie, American filmmaker<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
• 1968 – Speech, American rapper<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1969 – Samantha Bee, Canadian-American comedian and television host<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1969 – Josef Beránek, Czech ice hockey player and coach
• 1969 – Slavko Cicak, Swedish chess Grandmaster
• 1969 – Nika Futterman, American voice actress, comedian and singer
• 1969 – Ibragim Gasanbekov, Azerbaijani footballer
• 1969 – Oleg Salenko, Russian footballer
• 1969 – Alex Webster, American bass player
• 1970 – J. A. Adande, American journalist and academic
• 1970 – Peter Aerts, Dutch kick-boxer and mixed martial artist
• 1970 – Adam Goldberg, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1970 – Damir Mršić, Bosnian basketball player
• 1970 – Adam Pascal, American actor and singer<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1970 – Rafa, Spanish footballer
• 1970 – Ed Robertson, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1970 – Daniel Scheinhardt, German footballer
• 1970 – Chely Wright, American singer-songwriter and actress<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1971 – Simon Charlton, English footballer and manager
• 1971 – Athena Chu, Hong Kong actress and singer
• 1971 – Neil Fallon, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1971 – Leslie Grossman, American actress<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1971 – Rosie Ledet, American singer-songwriter and accordion player
• 1971 – Pedro Martínez, Dominican-American baseball player and sportscaster
• 1971 – Midori, Japanese-American violinist and educator<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1971 – Craig Robinson, American actor and singer<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1971 – Elif Şafak, French-Turkish journalist, author, and academic
• 1972 – Cristian Dulca, Romanian footballer
• 1972 – Rodolfo Falcón, Cuban swimmer
• 1972 – Maxi Mounds, American nude big-bust model and pornographic actress
• 1972 – Jonathan Torrens, Canadian actor, producer, and screenwriter
• 1972 – Persia White, American actress, singer, and musician
• 1973 – Fırat Aydınus, Turkish football referee
• 1973 – Lamont Bentley, American actor and rapper (d. 2005)
• 1973 – Michael Weston, American actor
• 1974 – Lee Byung-kyu, South Korean baseball player
• 1974 – Yoo Yong-sung, South Korean badminton player
• 1975 – Eirik Glambek Bøe, Norwegian singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1975 – Ryan Clement, American football player
• 1975 – Agustín Julio, Colombian footballer
• 1975 – Zadie Smith, English author and academic
• 1975 – Antony Starr, New Zealand actor<ref name="UPI"></ref>
• 1976 – Deon Burton, Jamaican footballer
• 1976 – Ahmed Dokhi, Saudi Arabian footballer
• 1976 – Akihisa Ikeda, Japanese manga artist
• 1976 – Steve Jones, Northern Irish footballer
• 1976 – Brett Kirk, Australian footballer and coach
• 1976 – Anton Sikharulidze, Russian pair skater
• 1977 – The Alchemist, American rapper, DJ, and producer
• 1977 – Rodolfo Bodipo, Equatoguinean retired footballer
• 1977 – Mitică Pricop, Romanian sprint canoer
• 1977 – Birgit Prinz, German footballer and psychologist
• 1977 – Rakan Rushaidat, Croatian actor
• 1977 – Kateryna Serebrianska, Ukrainian gymnast
• 1977 – Mihai Tararache, Romanian footballer
• 1977 – Yeho, Israeli singer and actor
• 1978 – Russell Anderson, Scottish footballer
• 1978 – Zachary Knighton, American actor
• 1978 – Bobby Madden, Scottish football referee
• 1978 – Robert Mambo Mumba, Kenyan footballer
• 1978 – Markus Pöyhönen, Finnish sprinter
• 1978 – An Yong-hak, North Korean footballer
• 1979 – Bat for Lashes, English singer
• 1979 – Rob Hulse, English footballer
• 1979 – Mariana Klaveno, American actress
• 1979 – João Lucas, Portuguese footballer (d. 2015)
• 1979 – Rosa Mendes, Canadian-American wrestler and model
• 1980 – Mehcad Brooks, American model and actor<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1980 – Félicien Singbo, Beninois footballer
• 1981 – Hiroshi Aoyama, Japanese motorcycle racer
• 1981 – Josh Henderson, American actor and singer<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1981 – Shaun Wright-Phillips, English footballer
• 1982 – Victoria Francés, Spanish illustrator
• 1982 – Devin Green, American basketball player
• 1982 – Guido Grünheid, German basketball player
• 1982 – Camilla Jensen, Danish curler
• 1982 – Michael Sweetney, American basketball player
• 1982 – Mickaël Tavares, Senegalese footballer
• 1983 – Hotaru Akane, Japanese actress and activist (d. 2016)
• 1983 – Stanislav Bohush, Ukrainian footballer
• 1983 – Daniele Mannini, Italian footballer
• 1983 – Princess Yōko of Mikasa
• 1983 – Han Yeo-reum, South Korean actress
• 1984 – Nicolas Besch, French ice hockey player
• 1984 – Ticia Gara, Hungarian chess player
• 1984 – Sara Lumholdt, Swedish singer and dancer
• 1984 – Katy Perry, American singer-songwriter and actress<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1984 – Iván Ramis, Spanish footballer
• 1984 – Karolina Šprem, Croatian tennis player
• 1985 – Ciara, American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1985 – Óscar Granados, Costa Rican footballer<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1985 – Kara Lynn Joyce, American swimmer<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1985 – Daniele Padelli, Italian footballer<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1986 – Tweety Carter, American basketball player
• 1986 – Roger Espinoza, Honduran footballer
• 1986 – Eddie Gaven, American soccer player
• 1986 – Kristian Sarkies, Australian footballer
• 1986 – Ekaterina Shumilova, Russian biathlete
• 1987 – Bill Amis, American basketball player
• 1987 – Darron Gibson, Irish footballer
• 1987 – Fabian Hambüchen, German gymnast
• 1988 – Robson Conceição, Brazilian boxer
• 1988 – Lewis McGugan, English professional footballer
• 1988 – Chandler Parsons, American basketball player
• 1988 – Kaz Patafta, Australian footballer
• 1988 – Karim Yoda, French footballer
• 1989 – Filip Grgić, Croatian taekwondo practitioner
• 1989 – Sten Grytebust, Norwegian footballer
• 1989 – David Hala, Australian rugby league player
• 1989 – Ivan Marconi, Italian footballer
• 1989 – Mia Wasikowska, Australian actress<ref name="UPI"></ref>
• 1990 – Mattia Cattaneo, Italian cyclist
• 1990 – Sara Chafak, Finnish beauty pageant winner
• 1990 – Asha Philip, British athlete
• 1990 – Milena Rašić, Serbian volleyball player
• 1990 – Dzina Sazanavets, Belarusian weightlifter
• 1991 – Davide Faraoni, Italian footballer
• 1991 – Isabella Shinikova, Bulgarian tennis player
• 1992 – Clarisse Agbegnenou, French judoka
• 1992 – Davide Formolo, Italian cyclist
• 1992 – Sergey Ridzik, Russian freestyle skier
• 1993 – Isaiah Austin, American basketball player
• 1993 – Iván Garcia, Mexican diver
• 1993 – William Howard, French basketball player<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1993 – Rachel Matthews, American actress<ref name="AP"></ref>
• 1994 – Richard Jouve, French cross-country skier
• 1994 – Jefferson Lerma, Colombian footballer
• 1994 – Matteo Lodo, Italian rower
• 1994 – Gor Minasyan, Armenian weightlifter
• 1994 – Ray Robson, American chess Grandmaster
• 1995 – Conchita Campbell, Canadian actress
• 1995 – Jock Landale, Australian basketball player<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1995 – Patrick McCaw, American basketball player
• 1996 – PJ Dozier, American basketball player<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1997 – Federico Chiesa, Italian footballer
• 1998 – Juan Soto, Dominican baseball player<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1998 – Lee Know, South Korean singer<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• 1999 – Romeo Langford, American basketball player<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 2000 – Dominik Szoboszlai, Hungarian footballer<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 2000 – Vincent Zhou, American figure skater
• 2001 – Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 625 – Pope Boniface V<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 912 – Rudolph I, king of Burgundy (b. 859)
• 1047 – Magnus the Good, Norwegian king (b. 1024)
• 1053 – Enguerrand II, Count of Ponthieu
• 1154 – Stephen, King of England<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1180 – John of Salisbury, French bishop (b. c. 1120)
• 1200 – Conrad of Wittelsbach, German cardinal (b. 1120)
• 1230 – Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Gloucester, English soldier (b. 1180)
• 1292 – Robert Burnell, Lord Chancellor of England
• 1349 – James III of Majorca (b. 1315)
• 1359 – Beatrice of Castile, queen consort of Portugal (b. 1293)
• 1400 – Geoffrey Chaucer, English philosopher, poet, and author (b. c. 1343)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1415 – Charles I of Albret
• 1415 – Philip II, Count of Nevers (b. 1389)
• 1415 – Frederick I, Count of Vaudémont (b. 1371)
• 1415 – Jean I, Duke of Alençon (b. 1385)
• 1415 – Anthony, Duke of Brabant (b. 1384)
• 1415 – Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk, English soldier (b. 1394)
• 1415 – Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, English politician (b. 1373)
• 1415 – Dafydd Gam, Welsh nobleman (b. c. 1380)
• 1478 – Catherine of Bosnia (b. 1425)
• 1492 – Thaddeus McCarthy, Irish bishop (b. 1455)
• 1495 – John II of Portugal (b. 1455)
• 1514 – William Elphinstone, Scottish bishop and academic, founded University of Aberdeen (b. 1431)
• 1557 – William Cavendish, English courtier and civil servant (b. 1505)

1601–1900

• 1647 – Evangelista Torricelli, Italian physicist and mathematician (b. 1608)
• 1651 – Saint Job of Pochayiv, Ukrainian Orthodox Christian saint (b. 1551)
• 1683 – William Scroggs, English judge and politician, Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales (b. 1623)
• 1733 – Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri, Italian priest, mathematician, and philosopher (b. 1667)
• 1757 – Antoine Augustin Calmet, French monk and theologian (b. 1672)
• 1760 – George II of Great Britain (b. 1683)
• 1806 – Henry Knox, American general and politician, 2nd United States Secretary of War (b. 1750)
• 1826 – Philippe Pinel, French physician and psychiatrist (b. 1745)
• 1833 – Abbas Mirza, Persian prince (b. 1789)
• 1852 – John C. Clark, American lawyer and politician (b. 1793)
• 1889 – Émile Augier, French playwright (b. 1820)
• 1895 – Charles Hallé, German-English pianist and conductor (b. 1819)

1901–present

• 1902 – Frank Norris, American journalist and novelist (b. 1870)
• 1910 – Willie Anderson, Scottish-American golfer (b. 1878)
• 1916 – William Merritt Chase, American painter and educator (b. 1849)
• 1919 – William Kidston, Scottish-Australian politician, 17th Premier of Queensland (b. 1849)
• 1920 – Alexander of Greece (b. 1893)
• 1920 – Terence MacSwiney, Irish playwright, politician, Lord Mayor of Cork died on hunger strike (b. 1879)<ref>Corkery, Daniel (December 1920). "Terence MacSwiney: Lord Mayor of Cork". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 9 (36): 512–520. Template:JSTOR</ref>
• 1920 – Joe Murphy, (Irish-American), died on hunger strike during the 1920 Cork hunger strike (b. 1895)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• 1921 – Bat Masterson, American lawman, buffalo hunter, and sport writer (b. 1853)
• 1924 – Ziya Gökalp, Turkish sociologist, poet, and activist (b. 1876)
• 1938 – Alfonsina Storni, Swiss-Argentinian poet and author (b. 1892)
• 1940 – Thomas Waddell, Irish-Australian politician, 15th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1854)
• 1941 – Franz von Werra, Swiss-German captain and pilot (b. 1914)
• 1945 – Robert Ley, German politician (b. 1890)
• 1949 – Mary Acworth Orr Evershed, English astronomer and Dante scholar (b. 1867)
• 1953 – Holger Pedersen, Danish linguist and academic (b. 1867)
• 1954 – Purshottam Narayan Gadgil, Indian jeweller and namesake of P. N. Gadgil Jewellers (b. 1874)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1955 – Sadako Sasaki, Japanese girl (b. 1943)
• 1956 – Risto Ryti, Finnish lawyer, politician and Governor of the Bank of Finland; 5th President of Finland (b. 1889)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1957 – Albert Anastasia, Italian-American mob boss (b. 1902)
• 1957 – Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany, English-Irish author, poet, and playwright (b. 1878)
• 1960 – Harry Ferguson, Irish-English engineer, founded the Ferguson Company (b. 1884)
• 1963 – Roger Désormière, French conductor and composer (b. 1898)
• 1967 – Margaret Ayer Barnes, American author and playwright (b. 1886)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1969 – Ellinor Aiki, Estonian painter (b. 1893)
• 1970 – Ülo Sooster, Estonian painter (b. 1924)
• 1971 – Mikhail Yangel, Soviet missile designer (b. 1911)
• 1972 – Johnny Mantz, American race car driver (b. 1918)
• 1973 – Abebe Bikila, Ethiopian runner (b. 1932)
• 1973 – Cleo Moore, American actress (b. 1928)
• 1973 – Robert Scholl, German accountant and politician (b. 1891)
• 1975 – Vladimir Herzog, Brazilian journalist and activist (b. 1937)
• 1976 – Raymond Queneau, French poet and author (b. 1903)
• 1977 – Félix Gouin, French politician (b. 1884)
• 1979 – Gerald Templer, English field marshal and politician, British High Commissioner in Malaya (b. 1898)
• 1980 – Virgil Fox, American organist and educator (b. 1912)
• 1980 – Víctor Galíndez, Argentine boxer (b. 1948)
• 1980 – Sahir Ludhianvi, Indian poet and songwriter (b. 1921)
• 1982 – Bill Eckersley, English footballer (b. 1925)
• 1982 – Arvid Wallman, Swedish diver (b. 1901)
• 1985 – Gary Holton, English singer-songwriter (b. 1952)
• 1986 – Forrest Tucker, American actor (b. 1919)
• 1989 – Mary McCarthy, American novelist and critic (b. 1912)
• 1990 – Alberto da Costa Pereira, Portuguese footballer (b. 1929)
• 1991 – Bill Graham, German-American concert promoter (b. 1931)
• 1992 – Roger Miller, American singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1936)
• 1992 – Richard Pousette-Dart, American painter and educator (b. 1916)
• 1993 – Danny Chan, Hong Kong singer-songwriter, producer, and actor (b. 1958)
• 1993 – Vincent Price, American actor (b. 1911)
• 1994 – Kara Hultgreen, American lieutenant and pilot (b. 1965)
• 1994 – Mildred Natwick, American actress (b. 1905)
• 1995 – Viveca Lindfors, Swedish actress (b. 1920)
• 1995 – Bobby Riggs, American tennis player (b. 1918)
• 1999 – Leonard Boyle, Irish and Canadian palaeographer and medievalist (b. 1923)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• 1999 – Payne Stewart, American golfer (b. 1957)
• 2000 – Mochitsura Hashimoto, Japanese commander (b. 1909)
• 2002 – Richard Harris, Irish actor and singer (b. 1930)
• 2002 – René Thom, French mathematician and biologist (b. 1923)
• 2002 – Paul Wellstone, American academic and politician (b. 1944)
• 2003 – Pandurang Shastri Athavale, Indian spiritual leader and philosopher (b. 1920)
• 2003 – Veikko Hakulinen, Finnish skier and technician (b. 1925)
• 2004 – John Peel, English radio host and producer (b. 1939)
• 2010 – Lisa Blount, American actress (b. 1957)
• 2010 – Gregory Isaacs, Jamaican-English singer-songwriter (b. 1951)
• 2010 – Vesna Parun, Croatian poet and author (b. 1922)
• 2012 – Jacques Barzun, French-American historian and author (b. 1907)
• 2012 – Jaspal Bhatti, Indian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1955)
• 2012 – John Connelly, English footballer (b. 1938)
• 2012 – Emanuel Steward, American boxer, trainer, and sportscaster (b. 1944)
• 2013 – Ron Ackland, New Zealand rugby player and coach (b. 1934)
• 2013 – Arthur Danto, American philosopher and critic (b. 1924)
• 2013 – Nicholas Hunt, Welsh-English admiral (b. 1930)
• 2013 – Hal Needham, American actor, stuntman, director, and screenwriter (b. 1931)
• 2013 – Paul Reichmann, Austrian-Canadian businessman, founded Olympia and York (b. 1930)
• 2013 – Bill Sharman, American basketball player and coach (b. 1926)
• 2013 – Marcia Wallace, American actress and comedian (b. 1942)
• 2014 – Jack Bruce, Scottish singer-songwriter and bass player (b. 1943)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 2014 – Carlos Morales Troncoso, Dominican lawyer and politician, 34th Vice President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1940)
• 2015 – David Cesarani, English historian and author (b. 1956)
• 2015 – Lisa Jardine, English historian, author, and academic (b. 1944)
• 2015 – Cecil Lolo, South African footballer (b. 1988)
• 2015 – Flip Saunders, American basketball player and coach (b. 1955)
• 2016 – Carlos Alberto Torres, Brazilian football player and manager (b. 1944)
• 2016 – Bob Hoover, USAF, Test, and Airshow pilot (b. 1922)
• 2018 – Thomas Keating, American Trappist monk and a principal developer of Centering Prayer (b. 1923)<ref>Rev. Thomas Keating, Pioneer in Contemplative Movement, Dies at 95, by Katharine Q. Seelye (The New York Times, Oct. 28, 2018)</ref>
• 2019 – Dilip Parikh, Indian politician (b. 1937)
• 2024 – Phil Lesh, American bassist (b. 1940)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• 2024 – Kim Soo-mi, South Korean actress (b. 1949)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Holidays and observances

• Armed Forces Day (Romania)
• Christian feast day:
  • Bernat Calbó (Bernard of Calvo)
  • Pope Boniface I
  • Canna
  • Blessed Carlo Gnocchi
  • Crysanthus and Daria (Western Christianity)
  • Crispin and Crispinian
  • Fructus
  • Gaudentius of Brescia
  • Goeznovius
  • Minias of Florence
  • Mar Nestorius (in the Nestorian churches)
  • Tabitha (Dorcas)
  • Tegulus
  • Blessed Thaddeus McCarthy
  • The Six Welsh Martyrs and companions (in Wales)
  • The Hallowing of Nestorius
  • October 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Day of the Basque Country (Basque Country)
• Republic Day (Kazakhstan)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Retrocession Day (Taiwan)
• Sovereignty Day (Slovenia)
• Thanksgiving Day (Grenada)

External links

• Template:Cite web
• Template:NYT On this day
• Template:Cite web