1877

Events

January–March

January 1 – Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India by the Royal Titles Act 1876, introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom .
January 8 – Great Sioux War of 1876: Battle of Wolf Mountain – Crazy Horse and his warriors fight their last battle with the United States Cavalry in Montana.
January 20 – The Conference of Constantinople ends, with Ottoman Turkey rejecting proposals of internal reform and Balkan provisions.
January 29 – The Satsuma Rebellion, a revolt of disaffected samurai in Japan, breaks out against the new imperial government; it lasts until September, when it is crushed by a professionally led army of draftees.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
February 17 – Major General Charles George Gordon of the British Army is appointed Governor-General of the Sudan.<ref>Pierre Crabitès, Gordon: The Sudan and Slavery (Routledge, 2016)</ref>
March – The Nineteenth Century magazine is founded in London.
March 2 – Compromise of 1877: The 1876 United States presidential election is resolved with the selection of Rutherford B. Hayes as the winner, even though Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote on November 7, 1876.
March 4
- Emile Berliner patents the microphone in the United States.
- Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake debuts in Moscow.
March 15 – English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77: The first Test cricket match is held between England and Australia.
March 24 – For the only time in history, The Boat Race between the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge is declared a "dead heat" (i.e., a draw).

April–June

April 1 – Following years of murders of sharecroppers Template:Citation needed and U.S. army personnel by the former slave owners, the Reconstruction era of the U.S. ends when Union troops pull out of the South-Eastern American States. This leaves the former slaves at the mercy of their ownersTemplate:Citation needed, and begins the Gilded Age when large businesses begin monopolization of the American economyTemplate:Citation needed.
April 10 – The first human cannonball act in the British Isles, and perhaps the world, is performed by 17-year-old Rossa Matilda Richter ("Zazel") at the London Royal Aquarium.<ref>The Guinness Book of Records.</ref>
April 12
- The United Kingdom annexes the South African Republic, violating the Sand River Convention of 1852, causing the First Boer War.
- The University of Tokyo is officially established in Japan.
April 24 – Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
May 5 – Great Sioux War of 1876: Sitting Bull leads his band of Lakota into Canada, to avoid harassment by the U.S. Army under Colonel Nelson Miles.
May 6 – Chief Crazy Horse of the Oglala Sioux surrenders to U.S. troops in Nebraska.
May 8–11 – At Gilmore's Gardens in New York City, the first Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is held.
May 9 – Iquique Earthquake and tsunami: An earthquake of at least magnitude 8.5 M_s occurs on the west coast of South America, killing 2,541 around the Pacific Rim.
May 16 – 16 May 1877 crisis in France: Parliament passes a no-confidence motion against the government appointed by President MacMahon.
May 21 (May 9 O.S.) – By a speech in the Parliament of Romania by Mihail Kogălniceanu, the country declares itself independent from the Ottoman Empire (recognized in 1878 after the end of the Romanian independence war).
June 15 – Henry Ossian Flipper becomes the first African American cadet to graduate from the U.S. Military Academy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
June 17 – American Indian Wars: Battle of White Bird Canyon – The Nez Perce defeat the U.S. Cavalry at White Bird Canyon, in the Idaho Territory. This begins the Nez Perce War.
June 20 – Alexander Graham Bell installs the world's first commercial telephone service in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
June 21 – The Molly Maguires are hanged at Carbon County Prison, in Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania.
June 26 – The eruption of the volcano Cotopaxi in Ecuador causes severe mudflows that wipe out surrounding cities and valleys, killing 1,000.
June 30 – The British Mediterranean fleet is sent to Besika Bay.

July–September

July – The serial publication of Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina is concluded, in The Russian Messenger.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
July 1 – An F4 tornado touches down near Gap, Pennsylvania, and moves towards Chester County. A woman is killed near Ercildoun; a man is killed near Parkesburg; and possibly a third person dies. 4 homes are destroyed at Parkesburg and 20 buildings are destroyed at Ercildoun. 10 or more homes are leveled in Chester County.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
July 9–19 – The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club stages the first Wimbledon Championships in lawn tennis.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">Template:Cite book</ref> English cricketer Spencer Gore becomes first Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champion (the only event held).
July 16 – Great Railroad Strike of 1877: Riots by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad railroad workers in Baltimore lead to a sympathy strike and rioting in Pittsburgh, and a full-scale worker's rebellion in St. Louis, briefly establishing a communist government, before U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes calls in the armed forces.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
July 19 – Russo-Turkish War: The first battle in the siege of Plevna is fought.
July 30
- Russo-Turkish War: The second battle in the siege of Plevna is fought.
- Russo-Turkish War: The Turkish army and its allies destroy the Bulgarian city of Stara Zagora and massacre the inhabitants.
August 9 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Big Hole – Near Big Hole River, Montana, a small band of Nez Perce people who refuse government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the United States Army. The army loses 29 soldiers, and the Indians lose 89 warriors, in an Army victory.
August 12 – American astronomer Asaph Hall discovers Deimos, the outer moon of Mars.
August 18 – Asaph Hall discovers Phobos, the inner moon of Mars.
September 1 – The Battle of Lovcha, third battle in the siege of Plevna, is fought. Russian forces successfully reduce the Ottoman fortress at Lovcha.
September 5 – American Indian Wars: Oglala Sioux chief Crazy Horse is bayoneted by a United States soldier, after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at Fort Robinson in Nebraska.
September 22 – Treaty 7 is concluded between several mainly Blackfoot First Nations tribes and the Canadian Confederation, at the Blackfoot Crossing of the Bow River, settling the Blackfoot on Indian reserves in what will become southern Alberta.
September 24 – Battle of Shiroyama in Kagoshima, Japan: The Imperial Japanese Army annihilates heavily outnumbered rebel samurai under Saigō Takamori (who is killed), ending the Satsuma Rebellion.

October–December

October 22 – The Blantyre mining disaster in Scotland kills 207 miners.
November 14 – Henrik Ibsen's first contemporary realist drama The Pillars of Society is premièred at the Odense Teater.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
November 21 – Thomas Edison announces his invention of the phonograph, a machine that can record sound, considered his first great invention. Edison demonstrates the device for the first time on November 29.
November 22 – The first college lacrosse game is played between New York University and Manhattan University.
December 9 – The fourth battle of the Russo-Turkish War is fought, concluding the siege of Plevna.
December 13 – Serbia restates its previous declaration of war against Turkey.
December 17 – Disastrous premiere of Anton Bruckner's Third Symphony in D minor at the Vienna Philharmonic
December 30 – Brahms' Symphony No. 2 premieres in Vienna.

Births

January–March

File:Edmund Landau.jpg

Edmund Landau

File:Pascual Ortiz Rubio (cropped).jpg

Pascual Ortiz Rubio

January 2 – Slava Raškaj, Croatian painter (d. 1906)
January 3 – Josephine Hull, American actress (d. 1957)
January 22 – Hjalmar Schacht, German economist, politician and banker (d. 1970)
January 26 – Kees van Dongen, Dutch-French painter (d. 1968)
February 4 – Eddie Cochems, father of the forward pass in American football (d. 1953)
February 7 – G. H. Hardy, British mathematician (d. 1947)
February 8 – Carl Tanzler, German-born radiology technologist (d. 1952)
February 12 – Louis Renault, French industrialist, founder of Renault automobile company (d. 1944)
February 14 – Edmund Landau, German mathematician (d. 1938)
February 17
- Isabelle Eberhardt, Swiss explorer, writer (d. 1904)
- André Maginot, French politician (d. 1932)
February 19 – Gabriele Münter, German painter (d. 1962)
February 25 – Erich von Hornbostel, Austrian musicologist (d. 1935)
March 2 – Consuelo Vanderbilt, Duchess of Marlborough (d. 1964)
March 4 – Garrett Morgan, American inventor (d. 1963)
March 7 – Thorvald Ellegaard, Danish track cyclist (d. 1954)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
March 10 – Pascual Ortiz Rubio, Mexican politician, substitute President of Mexico, 1930–1932 (d. 1963)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
March 12 – Wilhelm Frick, German Nazi Minister of the Interior (d. 1946)
March 17 – Ville Kiviniemi, Finnish politician (d. 1951)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
March 18 – Edgar Cayce, American psychic (d. 1945)

April–June

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James Montgomery Flagg

April 15 – Georg Kolbe, German sculptor (d. 1947)
April 17 – Lionel Pape, English actor (d. 1944)
April 26 – Alliott Verdon Roe, English aviation pioneer (d. 1958)
April 30 – Alice B. Toklas, American writer (d. 1967)
May 3 – Karl Abraham, German psychoanalyst (d. 1925)
May 24 – Samuel W. Bryant, American admiral (d. 1938)
May 25 – Billy Murray, American singer (d. 1954)
May 27 – Isadora Duncan, American dancer (d. 1927)
June 4 – Heinrich Otto Wieland, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957)
June 7 – Charles Glover Barkla, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1944)
June 11 – Renée Vivien, British poet who wrote in French (d. 1909)
June 12 – Thomas C. Hart, American admiral, politician (d. 1971)
June 14 – Jane Bathori, French opera singer (d. 1970)
June 18 – James Montgomery Flagg, American artist, comics artist and illustrator (d. 1960)
June 19 – Charles Coburn, American actor (d. 1961)

July–September

File:Hermann Hesse 2.jpg

Hermann Hesse

File:Georg Hackenschmidt.jpg

George Hackenschmidt

File:John Latham 1931.jpg

John Latham

File:Frederick Soddy.jpg

Frederick Soddy

File:Enrico De Nicola (cropped).jpg

Enrico De Nicola

File:Marshal of the RAF Sir Edward Ellington.jpg

Edward Ellington

July 2
- Rinaldo Cuneo, American artist ("the painter of San Francisco") (d. 1939)
- Hermann Hesse, German-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)
July 6 – Arnaud Massy, French golfer (d. 1950)
July 13 – Erik Scavenius, Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1962)
July 19 – Arthur Fielder, English cricketer (d. 1949)
July 27 – Ernst von Dohnányi, Hungarian conductor (d. 1960)
July 31 – Louisa Bolus, South African botanist and taxonomist (d. 1970)
August 1 – George Hackenschmidt, Estonian strongman, professional wrestler (d. 1968)
August 6 – Wallace H. White, Jr., U.S. Senator from Maine (d. 1952)
August 7 – Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (d. 1949)
August 16 – Roque Ruaño, Spanish priest, civil engineer (d. 1935)
August 22 – Ananda Coomaraswamy, Ceylonese Tamil philosopher (d. 1947)
August 26 – John Latham, Australian politician, judge (d. 1964)
August 27
- Lloyd C. Douglas, American minister, author (d. 1951)
- Charles Rolls, Welsh co-founder of the Rolls-Royce car firm, pioneer aviator (d. 1910)
August 29 – Dudley Pound, British admiral (d. 1943)
September 1
- Francis William Aston, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1945)
- Rex Beach, American novelist, playwright, and Olympic water polo player (d. 1949)
September 2 – Frederick Soddy, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1956)
September 6 – Buddy Bolden, American jazz musician (d. 1931)
September 14 – Leonhard Seppala, Norwegian-American sled dog breeder, trainer and musher (d. 1967)
September 16 – Thomas Alan Goldsborough, American politician, member of the US House of Representatives from 1921 to 1939 and a United States district judge from 1939 to 1951 (d. 1951)
September 25 – Plutarco Elías Calles, Mexican general and President of Mexico, 1924–1928; known as Jefe Maximo ("Maximum Boss") from 1928 to 1934 (d. 1945)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
September 26
- Alfred Cortot, Swiss pianist (d. 1962)
- Edmund Gwenn, English actor (d. 1959)
- Bertha De Vriese, Belgian physician (d. 1958)