1991

It was the final year of the Cold War, which had begun in 1947. During the year, the Soviet Union collapsed, leaving fifteen sovereign republics and the CIS in its place. In July 1991, India abandoned its policies of dirigism, license raj and autarky and began extensive liberalisation to its economy. This increased GDP but also increased income inequality over the next two decades.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A UN-authorized coalition force from 34 nations fought against Iraq, which had invaded and annexed Kuwait in the previous year, 1990. The conflict would be called the Gulf War and would mark the beginning of a since-constant American military presence in the Middle East. The clash between Serbia and the other Yugoslav republics would lead into the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars, which ran through the rest of the decade.

In the context of the apartheid, the year after the liberation of political prisoner Nelson Mandela, the Parliament of South Africa repeals the Population Registration Act, 1950, overturning the racial classification of the population, a key component of apartheid.<ref name="latimes">Template:Cite news</ref>

The year 1991 saw the rise of a ten-year-long boost of the US domestic economy with the Dow Jones Industrial Average remarkably closing in April at above 3,000 for the first time.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This situation would only be cut short by the Dot-com bubble of 2000–2002.

In August, the World Wide Web, originally conceived during the previous year, was released outside CERN to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and publicly announced in August, also establishing the first website ever, "info.cern.ch". This step was a key factor that led to the mid-1990s public breakthrough of the internet, which would eventually accelerate the already ongoing globalization around the globe.

In terms of popular culture, during this year alternative rock saw a new height of popularity when some of the earliest music exponents of the virtually unknown grunge sound were released, including the influential Nevermind album by Seattle-based band Nirvana in September 1991.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was also in 1991 that hip-hop music reached an unprecedented mainstream level of success.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Electronic music derivative forms were also starting to gain momentum and would define, along with the previous scenes, the sound for most of the decade. Template:TOC limit

Events

January

• January 1 – Czechoslovakia becomes the second Eastern European country to abandon its command economy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• January 5 – Georgian troops attack Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, starting the 1991–92 South Ossetia War.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• January 7 – 1991 Haitian coup d'état: An attempted coup by the Tonton Macoute, a paramilitary force under former dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier, is thwarted in Haiti.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On July 30, he is convicted by a jury of attempting to overthrow the country's first democratically elected government.Template:Citation needed
• January 9
  • Gulf War: U.S. Secretary of State James Baker meets with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz but fails to produce a plan for the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • In Sebokeng, South Africa, gunmen open fire on mourners attending the funeral of an African National Congress leader, killing 45 people.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• January 12 – Gulf War: The 102nd U.S. Congress passes a resolution authorizing the use of military force to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• January 13 – Singing Revolution: Soviet forces storm Vilnius to stop Lithuanian independence, killing 14 civilians and injuring 702 more. In Latvia, a series of confrontations between the Latvian government and the Soviet government take place in Riga.<ref name="bbc-onthisday">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Lithuania formally declares independence on February 16, and voters in Estonia and Latvia vote for independence on March 3.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• January 15
  • Gulf War: The UN deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, preparing the way for the start of Operation Desert Storm.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Prime Minister of Cape Verde Pedro Pires resigns following his party's loss in the Cape Verdean parliamentary election. Later on February 17, António Mascarenhas Monteiro wins the country's first multiparty presidential election since 1975.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• January 16 – Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins with air strikes against Iraq.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• January 17
  • Gulf War: Iraq fires eight Scud missiles into Israel. Iraqi attacks continue with 15 people injured in Tel Aviv on January 19 and 96 people injured in Ramat Gan on January 22.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="autogenerated4">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Harald V of Norway becomes the king of Norway after the death of his father, Olav V.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• January 18 – Eastern Air Lines shuts down after 62 years of operations, citing financial problems. Later on December 4, Pan American World Airways ceases its operations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• January 22 – Gulf War: The British Army SAS patrol, Bravo Two Zero, is deployed in Iraq.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• January 24 – The government of Papua New Guinea signs a peace agreement with separatist leaders from Bougainville Island, ending fighting that had gone on since 1988.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• January 26 – President Siad Barre is overthrown, and Somalia enters a civil war. Three days later, Ali Mahdi Muhammad is inaugurated as the next president.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• January 29
  • In South Africa, Nelson Mandela of the African National Congress and Mangosuthu Buthelezi of the Inkatha Freedom Party agree to end violence between the two organizations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Gulf War: The first major ground engagement of the war, the Battle of Khafji, begins. The battle lasts until February 1.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

February

• February 1
  • USAir Flight 1493 collides with a SkyWest Airlines Fairchild Metroliner at Los Angeles International Airport, killing 34 people.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • A 6.4 Template:M Hindu Kush earthquake causes severe damage in northeast Afghanistan, leaving 848 dead and 200 injured.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NGDC_EQ_list">Template:Cite web</ref>
• February 6 – A Boeing KC-135E Stratotanker was involved in an accident over Saudi Arabia when two engines on the left wing detached from the aircraft. The pilots managed to execute an emergency landing saving all four crew members onboard. The aircraft was later repaired and returned to service.
• February 7
  • 1991 Haitian coup d'état: Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He is ousted on September 30 and later reinstated in 1994. In response to the coup and in an effort to encourage the coup leaders to restore democracy, the U.S. expands trade sanctions on Haiti to include all goods except food and medicine on October 29.
  • The Provisional Irish Republican Army launches a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street during a cabinet meeting.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Gulf War: Ground troops cross the Saudi Arabian border and enter Kuwait, thus starting the ground phase of the war.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• February 11 – The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is formed in The Hague, Netherlands.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• February 13 – Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs" destroy an underground bunker in Baghdad, killing hundreds of Iraqis. US military intelligence claims it was a military facility while Iraqi officials identify it as a bomb shelter.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• February 15 – The Visegrád Group, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is established by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• February 18 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army explodes bombs in the early morning, at both Paddington station and Victoria station, in London.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• February 20 – President of Albania Ramiz Alia dismisses the government of Prime Minister Adil Çarçani and appoints Fatos Nano as the next prime minister in an effort to stem pro-democracy protests.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• February 22 – Gulf War: Iraq accepts a Soviet-proposed cease fire agreement. The U.S. rejects the agreement, instead saying that retreating Iraqi forces will not be attacked if they leave Kuwait within 24 hours.
• February 23 – In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong deposes Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan in a bloodless coup d'état.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• February 25 – Gulf War: Part of an Iraqi Scud missile hits an American military barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 29 U.S. soldiers and injuring 99 more. It is the single-most devastating attack on U.S. forces during the war.<ref name="iraqwatch.org">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>
• February 26 – Gulf War: On Baghdad radio, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein announces the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. Iraqi soldiers set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields as they retreat; the fire lasts until November 7.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• February 27
  • Gulf War: U.S. President Bush declares victory over Iraq and orders a cease-fire. U.S. troops begin to leave the Persian Gulf on March 10.<ref name=":0" />
  • In the Bangladeshi general election, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party wins 139 of 300 seats in the Jatiyo Sangshad, leading BNP leader Khaleda Zia to become the president on March 19.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

March

• March 3
  • The first presidential election in the history of São Tomé and Príncipe is won by Miguel Trovoada.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • A video captures the beating of motorist Rodney King by Los Angeles police officers. Four Los Angeles police officers are indicted on March 15 for the beating.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="NYT_19920306">Template:Cite news</ref>
• March 6 – Prime Minister of India Chandra Shekhar resigns following a dispute with former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, whose support had kept him in power.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• March 9 – Massive demonstrations are held against Slobodan Milošević in Belgrade; two people are killed, and tanks are deployed in the streets.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• March 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: In the Salvadoran legislative election, the Nationalist Republican Alliance wins 39 of the 48 seats in the legislative assembly.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• March 13
  • The U.S. Department of Justice announces that Exxon has agreed to pay $1 billion for the clean-up of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Acid Rain Treaty of 1991 is signed between the American and Canadian governments.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• March 14
  • Gulf War: Emir of Kuwait Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah returns to Kuwait after seven months of exile in Saudi Arabia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Troubles: After 16 years in prison for allegedly bombing a public house in a Provisional IRA attack, the "Birmingham Six" are freed when a court determines that the police fabricated evidence.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>R v McIlkenney (1991) 93 Cr.App.R. 287–318.</ref>
• March 15
  • Germany formally regains complete independence after the four post-World War II occupying powers (France, the U.K., the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.) relinquish all remaining rights to the country.
  • The U.S. and Albania resume diplomatic relations for the first time since 1939.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• March 17
  • Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In a national referendum, 77% of voters in the Soviet Union vote in favor of keeping the 15 Soviet republics together; six Union Republics effectively boycott the referendum.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • In the Finnish parliamentary election, the Centre Party wins 55 of 200 seats in the parliament, ending 25 years of dominance by the Social Democratic Party of Finland.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• March 23 – The Sierra Leone Civil War begins when the Revolutionary United Front attempts a coup against the Sierra Leone government.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• March 24 – The Beninese presidential election, Benin's first presidential election since 1970, is won by Nicéphore Soglo.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• March 26
  • In Mali, military officers led by Amadou Toumani Touré arrest President Moussa Traoré and suspend the constitution.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay sign the Treaty of Asunción, establishing Mercosur.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• March 31
  • Albania holds its first multi-party elections since 1923. The socialist ruling Party of Labour of Albania won a landslide victory with 169 of the 250 seats in the parliament.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Georgia votes for independence from the Soviet Union while on April 9, the Supreme Council declares the independent Republic of Georgia.

April

• April 2 – Government-imposed prices increase double or triple the cost of consumer goods in the Soviet Union.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• April 3 – Iraq disarmament crisis: The UN Security Council passes Resolution 687, which calls for the destruction or removal of all of Iraq's chemical and biological weapons and a complete ban of ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 km. It also calls for an end to Iraq's support for international terrorism; it is accepted by Iraq three days later.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• April 4
  • U.S. Senator John Heinz and six other people are killed when a helicopter collides with their plane over Merion, Pennsylvania.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Forty people are taken hostage in Sacramento, California; six gunmen and hostages are killed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• April 5
  • Former U.S. Senator John Tower and 22 others are killed in an airplane crash in Brunswick, Georgia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Space Shuttle Atlantis leaves an observatory in Earth's orbit to study gamma rays before returning on April 11. It is followed by Space Shuttle Discovery, which studies instruments related to the Strategic Defense Initiative from April 29 to May 6. Space Shuttle Columbia carries the Spacelab into orbit on June 5.
• April 9 – The first Soviet troops leave Poland.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• April 10
  • A South Atlantic tropical cyclone develops in the Southern Hemisphere off the coast of Angola, the first of its kind to be documented by weather satellites.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Italian ferry Moby Prince collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off Livorno, Italy, resulting in 140 deaths with one survivor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• April 12 – The Warsaw Stock Exchange opens in Poland.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• April 14 – In the Netherlands, thieves steal 20 paintings worth $500 million from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam; they are found in an abandoned car near the museum less than an hour later.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• April 15
  • The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is inaugurated.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • End of Apartheid: The European Economic Community lifts economic sanctions on South Africa.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• April 16 – 18 – General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev begins the first ever visit of a Soviet leader to Japan, but fails to resolve the two countries' dispute over ownership of the Kuril Islands.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• April 17 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 3,000 for the first time in history, at 3,004.46.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• April 18 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq declares some of its chemical weapons and materials to the UN, as required by Resolution 687, and claims that it does not have a biological weapons program.
• April 19 – George Carey is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, the spiritual leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• April 22
  • A 7.7 Template:M Limon earthquake strikes Costa Rica and Panama with a maximum Mercalli intensity, causing between 47 and 87 deaths and up to 759 injuries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • In Taiwan, the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion are abolished, having been in effect for 43 years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Feldman">Template:Cite book</ref>
• April 23 – Prime Minister of Iceland Steingrímur Hermannsson resigns following an inconclusive parliamentary election; he is succeeded by Davíð Oddsson on April 30.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• April 26
  • A series of 55 tornadoes break out in the central U.S., killing 21. The most notable tornado strikes Andover, Kansas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Esko Aho at the age of 36 becomes the youngest-ever Prime Minister of Finland.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:1991 Bangladesh Cyclone 29 apr 1991 0019Z.jpg

1991 Bangladesh Cyclone

• April 29
  • A tropical cyclone hits Bangladesh, killing an estimated 138,000 people.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • A 7.0 Template:M earthquake in Racha, Georgia, kills 270 people and leaves 100,000 others homeless.<ref name="Nikoleishvili">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Arafiev">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• April 29 – 30 – In Lesotho, a bloodless coup ousts military ruler Justin Lekhanya, with Chairman of the Military Council Elias Phisoana Ramaema replacing him two days later.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

May

• May 1 – Angolan Civil War: The MPLA and UNITA agree to the Bicesse Accords, which are formally signed on May 31 in Lisbon.<ref name="terms">Wright, George. The Destruction of a Nation: United States' Policy Towards Angola Since 1945, 1997. Page 159.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• May 6 – In the U.S., Time magazine publishes "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power," an article highly critical of the Scientology movement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• May 12 – Nepal holds its first multiparty legislative election since 1959.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• May 15 – Édith Cresson becomes France's first female prime minister.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• May 16 – Elizabeth II becomes the first British monarch to address the U.S. Congress during a 13-day royal visit in Washington, D.C.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• May 18 – Somaliland secedes from Somalia; its independence is not recognised by the international community.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• May 19 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: In the Croatian independence referendum, voters in the Socialist Republic of Croatia vote to leave SFR Yugoslavia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• May 21
  • At Sriperumbudur, India, a suicide bomber from LTTE attacks a political meeting, killing former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and at least 14 others.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ethiopian Civil War: Mengistu Haile Mariam, president of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, flees Ethiopia to Zimbabwe, effectively bringing the Ethiopian Civil War to an end.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• May 22 – Acting Prime Minister of South Korea Ro Jai-bong resigns in the wake of rioting following the beating to death of a student by police on April 26. He is succeeded by Chung Won-shik two days later.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• May 24 – Following authorisation by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, Operation Solomon commences to airlift most of the remaining Beta Israel community from Ethiopia to Israel.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• May 25 – The Surinamese general election is won by the military-backed New Front for Democracy and Development.Template:Sfn
• May 26 – Lauda Air Boeing 767 crashes near Bangkok, Thailand, killing all 223 people on board.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• May 28 – Ethiopian Civil War: The forces of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front seize the capital Addis Ababa.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

June

File:Pinatubo91eruption clark air base.jpg

Mount Pinatubo

• June 3 – Mount Unzen in Japan erupts, killing 46 people as a result of pyroclastic flow.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• June 4
  • Fatos Nano resigns as Prime Minister of Albania following a nationwide strike. President of Albania Ramiz Alia appoints Ylli Bufi as his successor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • A large solar flare triggers an unusually large aurora as far south as Pennsylvania.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• June 5
  • President of Algeria Chadli Bendjedid declares a state of emergency as Prime Minister Mouloud Hamrouche resigns after 11 days of protests against the government; Hamrouche is replaced by Sid Ahmed Ghozali.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • End of Apartheid: The South African Parliament votes to repeal laws banning Black ownership of land.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• June 7 – Approximately 200,000 people attend a parade of 8,800 returning Persian Gulf War troops in Washington, D.C.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• June 9 – A major collapse at the Emaswati Colliery in Swaziland traps 26 miners 65 meters below the surface; they are rescued 30 hours later.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• June 12
  • Boris Yeltsin is elected President of the Russian SFSR; he officially begins his term on July 10.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Sri Lankan civil war: Sri Lankan Army soldiers kill 152 civilians in Kokkadichcholai.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • The Party of Labour of Albania is dissolved and succeeded by the Socialist Party of Albania, marking the end of communist rule in Albania.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• June 15
  • In the Philippines, Mount Pinatubo erupts in the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century; the final death toll exceeds 800. The eruption causes a global cooling of around 0.4 °C.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • The Indian general elections end; the Indian National Congress wins the most seats but fails to secure a majority. Six days later, Congress leader P. V. Narasimha Rao becomes Prime Minister of India.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• June 16 – Father's Day Bank Massacre: Four security guards are shot to death during a bank robbery at the United Bank Tower in Denver, Colorado, United States. The person subsequently charged with the crime was acquitted, and the case remains unsolved.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• June 17
  • End of Apartheid: The South African parliament repeals the Population Registration Act, which has required racial classification of all South Africans at birth.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • President of Turkey Turgut Özal appoints Mesut Yılmaz as Prime Minister following Yıldırım Akbulut's resignation. Yılmaz forms a new government on June 23, which lasts until November when it is replaced by the government of Süleyman Demirel.<ref name="75.Yıl">Türkiye'nin 75 Yılı, Tempo yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• June 20
  • In West Germany, the Bundestag votes to move the capital from Bonn to Berlin.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Harry Collinson, the planning officer for Derwentside District Council, is shot dead at Butsfield, County Durham, England, and the incident is caught on camera by a BBC regional news crew.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• June 23 – 28 – Iraq disarmament crisis: UN inspection teams attempt to intercept Iraqi vehicles carrying nuclear related equipment. Iraqi soldiers fire warning shots in the air to prevent inspectors from approaching the vehicles.Template:Cn
• June 25 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Croatia and Slovenia declare their independence from Yugoslavia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• June 28 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Comecon is dissolved in Moscow, Russia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

July

• July 1
  • In the U.S., telephone services go down in Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, and San Francisco as a result of a software bug, affecting nearly 12 million customers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved in Prague, Czechoslovakia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The world's first GSM telephone call is made in Finland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• July 4 – The Constituent Assembly of Colombia proclaims a new constitution,<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> allowing the President of Colombia César Gaviria to lift the country's seven-year-long state of siege.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• July 7 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Brioni Agreement ends the Ten-Day War in Slovenia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• July 9
  • End of Apartheid: The International Olympic Committee readmits South Africa to the Olympics. The following day, U.S. President Bush terminates 1986-enacted U.S. sanctions on South Africa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Iran–Contra affair: Alan Fiers agrees to plead guilty to two charges of lying to the U.S. Congress. Later on September 16, D.C. Judge Gerhard Gesell issues a ruling clearing Col. Oliver North of all charges.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• July 11
  • A solar eclipse of record totality occurs in the Northern hemisphere and is witnessed by hundreds of millions of people in Hawaii, Mexico, Colombia and Brazil.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Nigeria Airways Flight 2120, a Douglas DC-8 operated by Canadian airline Nolisair, catches fire and crashes soon after takeoff from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing all 261 people on board.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• July 15 – Chemical Bank and Manufacturers Hanover Corporation amalgamate, becoming the largest bank merger in history.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• July 16 – Soviet President Gorbachev arrives in London to ask for aid from the leaders of the G7.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• July 18 – The governments of Mauritania and Senegal sign a treaty ending the Mauritania–Senegal Border War, which has been fought since April 1989.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• July 22 – U.S. boxer Mike Tyson is arrested and charged with the rape, three days earlier, of Miss Black America contestant Desiree Washington in Indianapolis, Indiana.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• July 24 – Finance Minister of India Manmohan Singh announces a new industrial policy, marking the start of economic liberalisation in India.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• July 25 – British astronomers announce their discovery of what appears to be an extrasolar planet.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• July 29 – In New York City, a grand jury indicts Bank of Credit and Commerce International of the largest bank fraud in history, accusing the bank of defrauding depositors of US$5 billion.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• July 31
  • U.S. President Bush and Soviet President Gorbachev sign START I in Moscow, Soviet Union.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Singing Revolution: Soviet Special Purpose Police Unit forces (OMON) kill seven Lithuanian customs officials in Medininkai, the deadliest of the Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

August

File:Обломки рухнувшей Варшавской радиомачты.jpg

The Warsaw radio mast after its collapse on August 8

File:1991 coup attempt1.jpg

August 19: The coup attempt in Moscow

• August 1 – Israel agrees to participate in the Madrid Conference of 1991, which opens on October 30.
• August 4 – The cruise liner MTS Oceanos sinks off the coast of South Africa, leading to the rescue of all 571 passengers on board by SAAF helicopters.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• August 6 – Tim Berners-Lee announces the World Wide Web project and software on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. The first website, "info.cern.ch", is created.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• August 7 – Former Iranian prime minister Shapour Bakhtiar is assassinated in the Parisian suburb of Suresnes.<ref name="f2410">Template:Cite news</ref>
• August 8 – The Warsaw radio mast, the tallest structure in the world at the time, collapses.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• August 17 – The remains of the Prussian King Frederick the Great are re-interred in Potsdam, Germany.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• August 17 – 20 – Hurricane Bob hits North Carolina and New England, killing 17 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• August 19 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put under house arrest while vacationing in Crimea during an attempted coup. Led by Vice President Gennady Yanayev and seven others, the coup collapses in less than 72 hours and is protested by over 100,000 people outside the parliament building. Gorbachev returns to Moscow three days later and arrests the coup leaders.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• August 20 – Singing Revolution: Estonia declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed by Latvia the next day.

File:Flag of Russia.svg

Restored flag of Russia

• August 22 – Singing Revolution: Iceland becomes the first nation to recognize the independence of the Baltic states. It is followed by the U.S. on September 2 and the Soviet Union on September 6.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• August 23 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Russia restores the white-blue-red tricolour as its national flag.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• August 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukraine declares independence, followed by Belarus the next day, from the Soviet Union.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• August 25
  • Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Serbian forces begin an attack on the Croatian town of Vukovar.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Linus Torvalds posts messages to the Usenet newsgroup comp.os.minix, regarding the new operating system kernel he has developed, called Linux.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Michael Schumacher, regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers in history, makes his Formula One debut at the Belgian Grand Prix.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• August 29 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Maronite general Michel Aoun leaves Lebanon on a French warship into exile.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• August 30 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Moldova declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed by Azerbaijan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• August 31 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan declare their independence; Tajikistan follows suit on September 9.

September

File:Baltic states flag map.svg

Map of the three Baltic states, in their flag colours.

• September 3 – In Hamlet, North Carolina, a grease fire breaks out at the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant, killing 25 people.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• September 4 – Sverdlovsk's name is restored to its pre-communist–era name Yekaterinburg. Two days later, Leningrad is renamed St. Petersburg.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• September 5 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union self-dissolves, being replaced by Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and State Council of the Soviet Union.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• September 8 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Republic of Macedonia becomes independent, beginning a name dispute with Greece.
• September 11
  • Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Israel releases 51 Arab prisoners and the bodies of nine guerrillas, paving the way for the release of the last western hostages in Lebanon.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref>
  • The Soviet Union announces plans to withdraw military and economic aid to Cuba.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• September 15 – In the Swedish general election, the Social Democrats suffer their worst election results in 60 years, leading to the resignation of Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• September 17 – North Korea, South Korea, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Marshall Islands, and Micronesia join the UN.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• September 19 – Ötzi the Iceman is found in the Alps.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• September 21 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Armenia declares independence from the Soviet Union. Nearly a month later on October 27, Turkmenistan declares its independence. Kazakhstan follows suit on December 16.
• September 21 – 30 – Iraq disarmament crisis: IAEA inspectors discover files on Iraq's hidden nuclear weapons program. Iraqi officials refuse to let them leave with the documents, prompting a standoff that continues until the UN Security Council threatens enforcement actions on Iraq.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• September 22 – The Huntington Library makes the Dead Sea Scrolls available to the public for the first time.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• September 24 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Lebanese kidnappers release Jackie Mann after more than two years of captivity.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• September 25 – Salvadoran Civil War: Representatives of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front reach an agreement with President of El Salvador Alfredo Cristiani, setting the stage for the end of the war.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• September 27 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush announces unilateral reductions in short-range nuclear weapons and calls off 24-hour alerts for long-range bombers. The Soviet Union responds with similar unilateral reductions on October 5.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• September 29 – Salvadoran Civil War: An army colonel of the Atlácatl Battalion is found guilty of the 1989 murders of six Jesuits.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

October

• October 1 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Forces of the Yugoslav People's Army surround Dubrovnik, beginning the Siege of Dubrovnik, which lasts until May 31, 1992.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• October 3–November 2 – The 1991 Rugby World Cup takes place in the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and France and is won by Australia who beat England in the final.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• October 3 – Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Tom Foley announces the closure of the House Bank by the end of the year after revelations that House members have written numerous bad checks.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• October 4 – Carl Bildt succeeds Ingvar Carlsson as Prime Minister of Sweden.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• October 6 – President Gorbachev condemns antisemitism in the Soviet Union in a statement read on the 50th anniversary of the Babi Yar massacres, which saw the death of 35,000 Jews in Ukraine during WWII.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• October 7 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Yugoslav Air Force bombs the office of Croatian President Franjo Tuđman, causing the Croatian Parliament to cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia the following day.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• October 11
  • In the Russian SFSR, the KGB is replaced by the SVR, with the KGB officially ending operations on November 6.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Signals Intelligence in the Post-cold War Era p. 24</ref>
  • Iraq disarmament crisis: The UN Security Council passes Resolution 715, demanding that Iraq "accept unconditionally the inspectors and all other personnel designated by the Special Commission."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Iraq rejects the resolution, calling it "unlawful".
• October 12 – Askar Akayev is confirmed as the first president of Kyrgyzstan in an uncontested poll.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• October 13 – In the Bulgarian parliamentary election, the Union of Democratic Forces defeats the Bulgarian Socialist Party, leaving no remaining Communist governments in Eastern Europe.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• October 15
  • Clarence Thomas is confirmed as the new U.S. Supreme Court Justice following Thurgood Marshall's retirement.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • The leaders of the Baltic States—Arnold Rüütel of Estonia, Anatolijs Gorbunovs of Latvia, and the Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania—sign the OSCE Final Act in Helsinki, Finland.<ref>Mitä Missä Milloin, Kansalaisen vuosikirja 1993, p. 21. Helsinki: Otava, 1992. ISBN 951-1-12269-X. (in Finnish)</ref>
  • The Oh-My-God particle, the highest energy cosmic ray ever recorded, is detected.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• October 16 – Luby's shooting: 23 people are killed at a Luby's restaurant in Killeen, Texas after George Hennard drives his truck through the establishment and begins firing at diners. It becomes the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history and wouldn't be surpassed until the Virginia Tech shooting.
• October 18 – The Soviet Union restores its diplomatic relations with Israel, which have been suspended since the 1967 Six-Day War.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• October 20
  • The Harare Declaration is signed in Harare, Zimbabwe, laying down the Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria.<ref name="Harare Declaration text">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • A large suburban firestorm centered in Oakland Hills, California, kills 25 people and injures 150 others.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • A 6.8 M_w earthquake strikes Uttarkashi, India, killing at least 768 people and destroying thousands of homes.<ref name="Jain">Template:Cite web</ref>
• October 21 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Jesse Turner, a mathematics professor who has been held hostage for more than four years, is released.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• October 23 – In Paris, the Vietnam-backed government of the state of Cambodia signs an agreement with the Khmer Rouge to end the civil war and bring the Khmer Rouge into power despite its role in the Cambodian genocide. The deal ends the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and results in the creation of the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• October 27 – The first free parliamentary elections in Poland since 1928 are held.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• October 28 – November 4 – The 1991 Perfect Storm strikes the northeastern U.S. coast and Atlantic Canada, causing over US$200 million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• October 29 – NASA's Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• October 31 – November 3 – The Halloween blizzard hits the U.S. Upper Midwest, killing 22 people and causing US$100 million in damage.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

November

A severely damaged brick and concrete tower, pierced with numerous shell holes

Symbol of Vukovar; Croatian War of Independence

• November 4 – 5 – End of Apartheid: The African National Congress leads a general strike, demanding representation in the government and an end to the value-added tax.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• November 5
  • Tropical Storm Thelma causes flash floods in the Philippine city of Ormoc, killing more than 4,900 people.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • China and Vietnam restore diplomatic relations after a 13-year rift which followed the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• November 6 – The CPSU and its republic-level division, the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR, are banned in the Russian SFSR by presidential decree.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• November 7 – The first report on carbon nanotubes is published by Sumio Iijima in Nature.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• November 9 – The British JET fusion reactor generates 1.5 MW output power.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• November 14
  • American and British authorities announce indictments against two Libyan intelligence officials in connection with the downing of the Pan Am Flight 103.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk returns to Phnom Penh after 13 years of exile.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Kidnappers in Lebanon set Anglican Church envoys Terry Waite and Thomas Sutherland free.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• November 18 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The forces of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Serb paramilitaries take the Croatian town of Vukovar after the 87-day Battle of Vukovar. They kill more than 260 Croatian prisoners of war.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• November 20 – An Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 helicopter carrying a 19-member peacekeeping mission team is shot down by Armenian military forces in Khojavend District, Azerbaijan.<ref name="Kommersant">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Az">Template:Cite web</ref>
• November 21 – The UN Security Council recommends Egypt's deputy prime minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali to be the next Secretary-General of the UN.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• November 23 – Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain vote to dissolve the party and found the think-tank Democratic Left in its place.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• November 24 – Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury dies in London from AIDS induced pneumonia. In an unrelated incident, Kiss drummer Eric Carr dies from heart cancer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• November 26 – The National Assembly of Azerbaijan abolishes the autonomous status of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast and renames several cities to their Azeri names.Template:Citation needed
  • Michael Jackson releases Dangerous, selling 5 million copies in the first week.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• November 27 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The UN Security Council unanimously adopts a resolution opening the way to the establishment of peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

December

File:RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States.jpg

December 8: The signing of the agreement effectively ending the Soviet regime's existence and the founding of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

• December 1 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukrainians vote overwhelmingly for independence from the Soviet Union in a referendum.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• December 4
  • Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Journalist Terry A. Anderson is released after seven years of captivity as a hostage in Beirut – the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • John Leonard Orr, one of the most prolific serial arsonists of the 20th century, is arrested in California.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Pan Am is officially dissolved 64 years of operation
• December 8 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In the Białowieża Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus, the leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine sign an agreement officially ending the Soviet Union and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• December 11 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Croatian forces kill 18 Serbs and one Hungarian in the village of Paulin Dvor, Croatia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• December 12
  • The government of Nigeria moves the capital from Lagos to Abuja.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Ukraine becomes the first post-Soviet republic to decriminalize homosexuality.<ref name="ILGA 2008">Template:Cite web</ref>
• December 15 – The Egyptian ferry Template:Ship sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450 people.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• December 16 – The UN General Assembly adopts UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86, repealing a previous resolution adopted in 1975 which had ruled that Zionism is a form of racism.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• December 19
  • Paul Keating defeats Bob Hawke in a Labor Party leadership ballot and consequently becomes the Prime Minister of Australia; he is sworn in the following day.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Skarnsund Bridge opens in Norway, becoming the world's longest cable-stayed bridge for two years with a span of Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>
• December 21 – The North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NAC-C) meets for the first time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• December 22 – Armed opposition groups launch a military coup against President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• December 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Russian SFSR President Boris Yeltsin sends a letter to UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, declaring that Russia will be the succeeding country to the collapsing Soviet Union in the United Nations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• December 25
  • Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union, from which most republics have already seceded, anticipating the dissolving of the 69-year-old state.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Russian SFSR officially renames itself the Russian Federation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• December 26 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Supreme Soviet meets for the last time, formally dissolves the Soviet Union, and adjourns sine die, ending the Cold War. All remaining Soviet institutions eventually cease operation on December 31.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Nobel Prizes

File:Nobel medal.png

• Chemistry – Richard R. Ernst
• Economics – Ronald Coase
• Literature – Nadine Gordimer
• Peace – Aung San Suu Kyi
• Physics – Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
• Physiology or Medicine – Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann