Linus Torvalds

Linus Benedict Torvalds (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell,<ref>Template:YouTube</ref> Template:IPA; born 28 December 1969) is a Finnish software engineer who is the creator and lead developer of the Linux kernel. He also created the distributed version control system Git.

He was honored, along with Shinya Yamanaka, with the 2012 Millennium Technology Prize by the Technology Academy Finland "in recognition of his creation of a new open source operating system for computers leading to the widely used Linux kernel".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He is also the recipient of the 2014 IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the 2018 IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award.<ref name="ibuka_rl">Template:Cite web</ref>

Life and career

Early years

Torvalds was born in Helsinki, Finland, on 28 December 1969, the son of journalists Anna and Nils Torvalds,<ref>Torvalds</ref> the grandson of statistician Leo Törnqvist and of poet Ole Torvalds, and the great-grandson of journalist and soldier Toivo Karanko. His parents were campus radicals at the University of Helsinki in the 1960s. His family belongs to the Swedish-speaking minority in Finland. He was named after Linus Pauling, the Nobel Prize–winning American chemist, although in the book Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution, he is quoted as saying, "I think I was named equally for Linus the Peanuts cartoon character", noting that this made him "half Nobel Prize–winning chemist and half blanket-carrying cartoon character".<ref name="moody">Template:Cite book</ref>

His interest in computers began with a VIC-20<ref>Torvalds, pp. 6–7</ref> at the age of 11 in 1981. He started programming for it in BASIC, then later by directly accessing the 6502 CPU in machine code (he did not utilize assembly language).<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> He then purchased a Sinclair QL, which he modified extensively, especially its operating system. "Because it was so hard to get software for it in Finland", he wrote his own assembler and editor "(in addition to Pac-Man graphics libraries)"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> for the QL, and a few games.<ref>Torvalds, pp. 41–46</ref><ref>Torvalds, Linus: GMOVE. Program listing. In MikroBitti 11/1986, p. 63.</ref> He wrote a Pac-Man clone, Cool Man.

Torvalds attended the University of Helsinki from 1988 to 1996,<ref>Torvalds & Diamond 2001, p. 38, 94.</ref> graduating with a master's degree in computer science from the NODES research group.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His academic career was interrupted after his first year of study when he joined the Finnish Navy Nyland Brigade in the summer of 1989, selecting the 11-month officer training program to fulfill the mandatory military service of Finland. He gained the rank of second lieutenant, with the role of an artillery observer.<ref>Torvalds, p. 29</ref>

In 1990, Torvalds resumed his university studies, and was exposed to Unix for the first time in the form of a DEC MicroVAX running ULTRIX.<ref>Torvalds, p. 53</ref> Later, he bought computer science professor Andrew Tanenbaum's book Operating Systems: Design and Implementation, in which Tanenbaum describes MINIX, an educational stripped-down version of Unix.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On 5 January 1991<ref name="first_interview">Template:Cite web</ref> he purchased an Intel 80386-based IBM PC clone<ref>Torvalds, p. 60</ref> before receiving a copy of MINIX, which in turn enabled him to begin work on Linux.

Linux

Template:Main The first Linux prototypes were publicly released on the Internet in late 1991 from an FTP server at his university.<ref name="moody" /><ref>Template:Cite newsgroup</ref> Version 1.0 was released on 14 March 1994.<ref name="kern1p0-release">Template:Cite news</ref>

Torvalds first encountered the GNU Project in the autumn of 1991 when another Swedish-speaking computer science student, Lars Wirzenius, took him to the University of Technology to listen to free software guru Richard Stallman's speech. Because of the talk and pressure from other contributors, Torvalds would ultimately switch his original license (which forbade commercial use) to Stallman's GNU General Public License version 2 (GPLv2) for his Linux kernel.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

After a visit to Transmeta in late 1996,<ref name="linuxonlinebio">Template:Cite web</ref> Torvalds accepted a position at the company in California, where he worked from February 1997 to June 2003. He then moved to the Open Source Development Labs, which has since merged with the Free Standards Group to become the Linux Foundation, under whose auspices he continues to work. In June 2004, Torvalds and his family moved to Dunthorpe, Oregon<ref name="Rogoway">Template:Cite news</ref> to be closer to the OSDL's headquarters in Beaverton.

From 1997 to 1999, he was involved in 86open, helping select the standard binary format for Linux and Unix. In 1999, he was named by the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the world's top 100 innovators under age 35.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

In 1999, Red Hat and VA Linux, both leading developers of Linux-based software, presented Torvalds with stock options in gratitude for his creation.<ref name=r1/> That year both companies went public and Torvalds's share value briefly shot up to about US$20 million.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="unauthbio">Template:Cite web</ref>

His personal mascot is a penguin nicknamed Tux,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which has been widely adopted by the Linux community as the Linux kernel's mascot.<ref>Template:Cite web. linux.org</ref>

Although Torvalds believes "open source is the only right way to do software", he also has said that he uses the "best tool for the job", even if that includes proprietary software.<ref>Template:YouTube, 9:50–10:00</ref> He was criticized for his use and alleged advocacy of the proprietary BitKeeper software for version control in the Linux kernel. He subsequently wrote a free-software replacement for it called Git.

In 2008, Torvalds stated that he used the Fedora Linux distribution because it had fairly good support for the PowerPC processor architecture, which he favored at the time.<ref name="LinusFedora">Template:Cite web</ref> He confirmed this in a 2012 interview.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Torvalds abandoned GNOME for a while after the release of GNOME 3.0, saying, "The developers have apparently decided that it's 'too complicated' to actually do real work on your desktop, and have decided to make it really annoying to do". He then switched to Xfce.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> In 2013, Torvalds resumed using GNOME, noting that "they have extensions now that are still much too hard to find; but with extensions you can make your desktop look almost as good as it used to look two years ago".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Linux Foundation currently sponsors Torvalds so he can work full-time on improving Linux.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2012, while giving a talk at Aalto University, Torvalds said "fuck you" and raised his middle finger after critiquing the company Nvidia, which specializes in GPU technology. He said Nvidia was, at the time, the single worst company he has dealt with in the development of the kernel. In the talk, he also discussed other elements of computing.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Torvalds is known for vocally disagreeing with other developers on the Linux kernel mailing list.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Calling himself a "really unpleasant person", he explained, "I'd like to be a nice person and curse less and encourage people to grow rather than telling them they are idiots. I'm sorry—I tried, it's just not in me."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His attitude, which he considers necessary for making his points clear, has drawn criticism from Intel programmer Sage Sharp and systemd developer Lennart Poettering, among others.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Failed verification<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On Sunday, 16 September 2018, the Linux kernel Code of Conflict was suddenly replaced by a new Code of Conduct based on the Contributor Covenant. Shortly thereafter, in the release notes for Linux 4.19-rc4, Torvalds apologized for his behavior, calling his personal attacks of the past "unprofessional and uncalled for" and announced a period of "time off" to "get some assistance on how to understand people's emotions and respond appropriately". It soon transpired that these events followed The New Yorker approaching Torvalds with a series of questions critical of his conduct.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Following the release of Linux 4.19 on 22 October 2018, Torvalds returned to maintaining the kernel.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2024, Russian developers were excluded from the list of Linux kernel maintainers. Torvalds commented: "I'm Finnish. Did you think I'd be supporting Russian aggression?"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Linus/Linux connection

Initially, Torvalds wanted to call the kernel he developed Freax (a combination of "free", "freak", and the letter X to indicate that it was a Unix-like system), but his friend Ari Lemmke, who administered the FTP server where the kernel was first hosted, named Torvalds' directory linux.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Authority and trademark

As of 2006, approximately 2% of the Linux kernel was written by Torvalds.<ref name="unauthbio"/> Despite the thousands who have contributed to it, his percentage is still one of the largest. However, he said in 2012 that his own personal contribution is now mostly merging code written by others, with little programming.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He retains the highest authority to decide which new code is incorporated into the standard Linux kernel.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Torvalds holds the Linux trademark<ref>Template:Citation</ref> and monitors its use,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> chiefly through the Linux Mark Institute.

Other software

Git

Template:See also On 3 April 2005, Torvalds began development on Git, version control software that later became widely used. On 26 July 2005, he handed over Git's maintenance to Junio Hamano, a major project contributor.

Subsurface

Subsurface is software for logging and planning scuba dives, which Torvalds began developing in late 2011. It is free and open-source software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2. Dirk Hohndel became its head maintainer in late 2012.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Personal life

File:Linus Torvalds.jpeg

Torvalds in 2002

Linus Torvalds is married to Tove Torvalds (née Monni), a six-time Finnish national karate champion, whom he met in late 1993. He was running introductory computer laboratory exercises for students and instructed the course attendees to send him an e-mail as a test, to which Tove responded with an e-mail asking for a date.<ref name="moody" /> They were later married and have three daughters, two of whom were born in the United States.<ref name="oreg100914">Template:Cite news</ref> The Linux kernel's reboot system call accepts their dates of birth (written in hexadecimal) as magic values.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="reboot2">Template:Cite web</ref>

Torvalds has described himself as "completely a-religious—atheist", adding, "I find that people seem to think religion brings morals and appreciation of nature. I actually think it detracts from both. It gives people the excuse to say, 'Oh, nature was just created,' and so the act of creation is seen to be something miraculous. I appreciate the fact that, 'Wow, it's incredible that something like this could have happened in the first place.Template:'" He later added that while in Europe religion is mostly a personal issue, in the United States it has become very politicized. When discussing the issue of church and state separation, he said, "Yeah, it's kind of ironic that in many European countries, there is actually a kind of legal binding between the state and the state religion."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In "Linus the Liberator", a story about the March LinuxWorld Conference, Torvalds says: "There are like two golden rules in life. One is 'Do unto others as you would want them to do unto you.' For some reason, people associate this with Christianity. I'm not a Christian. I'm agnostic. The other rule is 'Be proud of what you do.Template:'"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2004, Torvalds moved with his family from Silicon Valley to Portland, Oregon.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2010, Torvalds became a United States citizen and registered to vote in the United States. As of that year, he was unaffiliated with any U.S. political party, saying, "I have way too much personal pride to want to be associated with any of them, quite frankly."<ref name="oreg100914"/>

Linus developed an interest in scuba diving in the early 2000s and has achieved numerous certifications, leading him to create the Subsurface project.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Awards and achievements

File:Linus-Torvalds IEEE Ibuka Award 2018.jpg

Linus Torvalds receiving 2018 IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award from ICCE 2018 Conference Chair Saraju P. Mohanty and IEEE President James A. Jefferies at ICCE 2018 on 12 January 2018 in Las Vegas

Awards and achievements

Year	Award	Notes
2019	Great Immigrants Award	The Carnegie Corporation of New York honored Torvalds.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2018	IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award	IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award is conferred by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers for outstanding contributions to consumer electronics technology has been named in honor of the co-founder and honorary chairman of Sony Corporation, Masaru Ibuka. 2018 Ibuka award was conferred to Linus Torvalds "For his leadership of the development and proliferation of Linux."<ref name="ibuka_rl" />
2014	IEEE Computer Pioneer Award	On 23 April 2014, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers named Torvalds as the 2014 recipient of the IEEE Computer Society's Computer Pioneer Award. The Computer Pioneer Award was established in 1981 by the IEEE Computer Society Board of Governors to recognize and honor the vision of those whose efforts resulted in the creation and continued vitality of the computer industry. The award is presented to outstanding individuals whose main contribution to the concepts and development of the computer field was made at least 15 years earlier.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2012	Internet Hall of Fame	On 23 April 2012, at Internet Society's Global INET conference in Geneva, Switzerland, Torvalds was one of the inaugural inductees into the Internet Hall of Fame, one of ten in the Innovators category and thirty-three overall inductees.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2012	Millennium Technology Prize	On 20 April 2012, Torvalds was declared one of two winners of that year's Millennium Technology Prize,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> along with Shinya Yamanaka.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The honor is widely described as technology's equivalent of the Nobel Prize.
2010	C&C Prize	He was awarded the C&C Prize by the NEC Corporation in 2010 for "contributions to the advancement of the information technology industry, education, research, and the improvement of our lives".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
2008	Hall of Fellows	In 2008, he was inducted into the Hall of Fellows of the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, "for the creation of the Linux kernel and the management of open source development of the widely used Linux operating system."<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2005	Vollum Award	In August 2005, Torvalds received the Vollum Award from Reed College.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2003	Linus (Moon)	In 2003, the naming of the asteroid moon Linus was motivated in part by the fact that the discoverer was an enthusiastic Linux user. Although the naming proposal referred to the mythological Linus, son of the muse Calliope and the inventor of melody and rhythm, the name was also meant to honor Linus Torvalds, and Linus van Pelt, a character in the Peanuts comic strip.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2001	Takeda Award	In 2001, he shared the Takeda Award for Social/Economic Well-Being with Richard Stallman and Ken Sakamura.
2000	Lovelace Medal	In 2000, he was awarded the Lovelace Medal from the British Computer Society.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1998	EFF Pioneer Award	In 1998, Torvalds received an EFF Pioneer Award.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1997	Academic Honors	In 1997, Torvalds received his master's degree (Laudatur Grade) from the Department of Computer Science at the University of Helsinki. Two years later he received honorary doctor status at Stockholm University, and in 2000, he received the same honor from his alma mater.<ref>Torvalds, p. 28</ref> University of Helsinki has named an auditorium after Torvalds and his computer is on display at the Department of Computer Science.
1996	9793 Torvalds (Asteroid)	In 1996, the asteroid 9793 Torvalds was named after him.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Media recognition

Time magazine has recognized Torvalds multiple times:

• In 2000, he was 17th in their Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century poll.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
• In 2004, he was named one of the most influential people in the world by Time magazine.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
• In 2006, the magazine's Europe edition named him one of the revolutionary heroes of the past 60 years.<ref name=r1>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

InfoWorld presented him with the 2000 Award for Industry Achievement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2005, Torvalds appeared as one of "the best managers" in a survey by BusinessWeek.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2006, Business 2.0 magazine named him one of "10 people who don't matter" because the growth of Linux has shrunk Torvalds's individual impact.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In summer 2004, viewers of YLE (the Finnish Broadcasting Company) placed Torvalds 16th in the network's 100 Greatest Finns. In 2010, as part of a series called The Britannica Guide to the World's Most Influential People, Torvalds was listed among The 100 Most Influential Inventors of All Time (Template:ISBN).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On 11 October 2017, the Linux company SUSE made a song titled "Linus Said" about the origin of the Linux kernel.<ref>Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref>

Bibliography

• Template:Cite book<ref>* Template:Cite web
• Template:Cite web
• Template:Cite magazine</ref>
• Template:Cite book
• Moody, Glyn: Rebel Code. Engl. the beginning of work: Rebel Code. Eng. Riikka Toivanen and Heikki Karjalainen. In January 2001. Template:ISBN.
• Nikkanen, Tuula: The Linux story. Satku, 2000. Template:ISBN.

See also

• Linus's law
• Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate
• List of pioneers in computer science

Further reading

• Template:Cite book

External links

• Template:BLF
• Linus' blog at Blogger (last post in 2011)
• Linus Torvalds and His Five Entrepreneurial Lessons at AllBusiness.com
• Template:Cite journal
• NPR Fresh Air episode
• Ten years of NODES
• Linus Torvalds: Linux succeeded thanks to selfishness and trust
• No highs, no lows: Linus Torvalds on 25 years of Linux