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Foreign relations of Turkey

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Turkish ambassador's residence in Embassy of Turkey, Washington, D.C.
Turkish ambassador's residence in Embassy of Turkey, Washington, D.C.

Foreign relations of Turkey refer to diplomatic and trade ties between Turkey and other countries of the world.<ref name="Robins, Philip 1991">Robins, Philip. Turkey and the Middle East. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs and New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991.</ref> Turkey has diplomatic relations with 189 member states of the United Nations as of December 2024.<ref name=":12">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="mbz2020">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="gardner2020">Template:Cite news</ref>

After opting for neutrality during World War II, until 23 February 1945, when Turkey declared war against the Axis powers<ref>Çağlar, İsmail, and Kevser Hülya Akdemir. "Turkey and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization." Turkey and Transatlantic Relations. Washington DC: Centre for Transatlantic Relations (2017): 35-48. https://archive.transatlanticrelations.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ch03-1.pdf</ref> — Turkey's prominently had been the United States with both countries sharing a similar interest in containing Soviet expansion.<ref>Migdalovitz, Carol. "Turkey: Ally in a Troubled Region." Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 93-835F. Washington: 14 September 1993.</ref><ref>Karasapan, Omer. "Turkey and US Strategy in the Age of Glasnost," Middle East Report, No. 160, September–October 1989, pp. 4–10, 22.</ref> In support of the United Nations, Turkey contributed personnel to the Korean War in 1950 and joined NATO in 1952.<ref>Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.</ref>

Turkey's relations with the Arab World and Iran have been strained due to its recognition of Israel in 1949, and its eventual alliance with Israel during the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.<ref>Fuller, Graham E., Ian O. Lesser, Paul B. Henze, and J.F. Brown. Turkey's New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1993.</ref><ref name="Robins, Philip 1991" /> This subsequently led to overt Syrian support for Palestinian and Armenian militant operations against Turkish diplomats abroad until 1990.<ref>United States. Department of Defense. Terrorist Group Profiles. Washington: GPO, 1988.</ref><ref>United States. Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1992. Washington: 1993.</ref><ref>United States. Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism 1993. Washington: 1994.</ref>

History

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Historically, the foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire and later Turkey balanced regional and global powers off against one another, forming alliances that best protected the interests of the incumbent regime.<ref>William Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).</ref> The Soviet Union played a major role in supplying weapons, and financing, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's faction during the Turkish War of Independence, but Turkey followed a course of relative international isolation during the period of Atatürk's Reforms in the 1920s and 1930s. International conferences gave Turkey full control of the strategic straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, through the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and the Montreux Convention of 1936.<ref>J.M. Hakov, "The Great States, Turkey and Issue Concerning the New Regime of the Straits during the First Years of World War Two." Archiv Orientální 54 (1986): 47–60.</ref>

In the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made a major effort to promote anti-Soviet propaganda in Turkey and exerted economic pressure. Britain and France, eager to outmaneuver Germany, negotiated a tripartite treaty in 1939. They gave Turkey a line of credit to purchase war materials from the West and a loan to facilitate the purchase of commodities.<ref>Yücel Güçlü, "Turco-British relations on the eve of the Second World War." Middle Eastern Studies 39.4 (2003): 159–205.</ref> Afraid of threats from Germany and Russia, Turkey maintained neutrality.<ref>Onur Isci, "The Massigli Affair and its Context: Turkish Foreign Policy after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact." Journal of Contemporary History (2019): DOI: 10.1177/0022009419833443. online Template:Webarchive</ref> It sold chrome—an important war material—to both sides, but by 1944, as the eventuality of German defeat grew, chrome sales towards Germany halted.<ref>Gül İnanç, "The politics of 'active neutrality' on the eve of a new world order: The case of Turkish chrome sales during the Second World War." Middle Eastern Studies 42.6 (2006): 907–915.</ref><ref>S. Deringil, Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War: An 'Active' Neutrality (Cambridge 1989).</ref><ref>N. Tamkin, Britain, Turkey and the Soviet Union, 1940–1945 (London 2009).</ref>

After 1945

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File:Cumhurbaşkanı Ersin Tatar, Gaziantep AFAD Merkezi’nde yetkililerle bir araya geldi 02.jpg
Northern Cyprus has been occupied by Turkey since 1974.<ref>US Congressional Research Service, July 11, 2024 https://sgp.fas.org/crs/mideast/IF10487.pdf</ref>

Turkey became one of the early members of the Council of Europe in 1950. Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, joined the European Union Customs Union in 1995 and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005.<ref name="TR_EUChrono">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="barroso">Template:Cite web</ref> In a non-binding vote on 13 March 2019, the European Parliament called on the EU governments to suspend EU accession talks with Turkey, citing violations of human rights and the rule of law; but the negotiations, effectively on hold since 2018, remain active as of 2025.<ref name="dw-13-03-2019">Template:Cite web</ref>

According to the United States government, the other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign policy has been the country's long-standing strategic alliance with the United States.<ref name="U.S.DoS-Turkey">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=fas.org>Template:Cite web</ref> The Truman Doctrine in 1947 enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece during the Cold War, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support. In 1948 both countries were included in the Marshall Plan and the OEEC for rebuilding European economies.<ref name="Truman Doctrine">Template:Cite book</ref>

The shared threat posed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War was a driving factor behind Turkey's accession to NATO in 1952, fostering strong bilateral ties with the United States. In the ensuing decades, Turkey benefited significantly from American political, economic, and diplomatic support—particularly on critical issues such as its longstanding bid for European Union membership.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the post–Cold War era, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans.<ref name=edoc.hu-berlin.de>Template:Cite book</ref>

The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural, historic and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia.<ref name="Bal20042">Template:Cite book</ref> The International Organization of Turkic Culture (TURKSOY) was established in 1993, and the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) was established in 2009. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline that extends from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey, forms part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit from the Caspian Sea basin to Europe. Turkey sealed its land border with Armenia in a gesture of support to Azerbaijan (a Turkic state in the Caucasus region) during the First (1993) and Second (2020) Nagorno-Karabakh Wars, and it remains closed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Armenia and Turkey started diplomatic talks in order to normalize the relationship between the two countries. The discussions include opening the closed borders and starting trade. Turkey and Armenia have also restarted commercial flights between the two countries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Under the AKP government (2003–), Turkey's economy has grown rapidly and the country's influence has grown in the Middle East based on a strategic depth doctrine, though this doctrine has been accused of Neo-Ottomanism.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Debate on Turkey's foreign relations is controversial both within Turkey itself and outside the country. In the West, there is a divide between those who are worried about Turkey's perceived movement away from the West toward a less democratic, more Islamic or more pro-Russian and pro-Chinese<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> orientation and those who do not see Turkey's changing political structure, growing regional power, and diversification of relations with countries such as Russia as a threat.<ref name="Kubilay Yado Arin 2013">Kubilay Yado Arin: The AKP's Foreign Policy, Turkey's Reorientation from the West to the East? Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, Berlin 2013. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Diplomatic relations

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Despite being one of the first countries to recognize Armenia's independence, Turkey has never established formal diplomatic relations with Armenia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Turkey formerly had diplomatic relations with Cyprus and Taiwan.

List of countries which Turkey maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Turkey.svg
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Bilateral relations

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Multilateral

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Organization Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Flag See European Union–Turkey relations and Accession of Turkey to the European Union
File:NATO Summit, Vilnius.P061598-880399.jpg
President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Vilnius, July 2023
Template:Flag February 1952 See Turkey in NATO

Africa

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There has been a revival in Turkey's relation with Africa after 1998 and civil society is the leading factor in this process.<ref>Mehmet Ozkan and Birol Akgun, "Turkey's Opening to Africa", The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol 48, No 4 (2010): 525–546, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=mehmetozkan Template:Webarchive</ref> Initially this revival came as a passive attempt, but after 2005 it became an offensive interest in developing relations with the continent. The Turkey–Africa Cooperation Summit in 2008 marked a new stage in Turkey's interest in developing relations with Africa.<ref>Mehmet Ozkan, "What drives Turkey's Involvement in Africa?", Review of African Political Economy, Vol 37, No 126 (2010): 533–540, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=mehmetozkanTemplate:Dead link</ref> Turkey since its involvement in Somalia in 2011, is eager to be considered as a political actor in the continent.<ref>Mehmet Ozkan, "A New Actor or Passer-By? The Political Economy of Turkey's Engagement with Africa", Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol 14, No 1 (2012): 113–133, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1178&context=mehmetozkanTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Northern Africa

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Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Template:Flag 30 June 1963<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Algeria–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 8 May 1925<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Egypt–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 30 December 1952<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Libya–Turkey relations
  • Libya has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tripoli.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and a consulate general in Misurata.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.87 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.50/0.37 billion USD).<ref name="auto105">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 188,312 Libyan tourists visited Turkey in 2018.<ref name="auto105" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 14 April 1970<ref name="ReferenceI"/> See Mauritania–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 17 April 1956<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Morocco–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 20 July 1957<ref name="auto69"/> See Sudan–Turkey relations
  • Sudan has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto69" />
  • Turkey has an embassy in Khartoum.<ref name="auto69" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 434 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 361/73 million USD).<ref name="auto69" />
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Khartoum.
 Template:No
Template:Flag 1956<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Tunisia–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />

Sub–Saharan Africa

[edit]

Since 2008, Turkey has prioritized friendly relations with Africa partly to build friendly and conflict–free relations.<ref>Akgün, B. "Turkey's opening to Africa." The Journal of Modern African Studies, 48, pp. 525–546. 2010.</ref> Capitalizing on a strong sentiment of fellowship among Turkish people towards Africans, economic and diplomatic relations with Africa flourished: Foreign trade between sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey increased from US$581 million<ref name=":2">Özkan, M. "Turkey's 'New' engagements in Africa and Asia: Scope, content and implications." Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, XVI(3), pp. 115–137. 2011.</ref> in 1998 to US$5.08<ref>"Afrika'ya Yatırım Atağı." Ekonomist, 26(152273), pp. 17–21. 2016.</ref> billion in 2015.

Dating back to 1800, Turkey's relations with sub-Saharan Africa flourished from the 1860s—when the Ottoman Empire started sending trained imams to the region—until 1885 when other European colonial powers blocked Ottoman influence.<ref>Kavas, A. Osmanlı-Afrika İlişkileri. İstanbul: Tasam Yayınları. 2006.</ref> Relations were restored in the 1950s,<ref>Aydın, M. "Determinants of Turkish foreign policy: Changing patterns and conjectures during the Cold War." Middle Eastern Studies, 36(1), pp. 105–121. 2000.</ref> and gained momentum when Emperor Haile Selassie visited Turkey in March 1967 and December 1969.<ref>Ataman, M. "Leadership change: Özal leadership and restructuring in Turkish foreign policy." Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 1(1), pp. 132–151. 2002.</ref>

Since 2008, Turkey has contributed to the region through participation in peacekeeping missions, including the UN Mission in Ivory Coast (UNOC), the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Central African Republic, Chad.<ref name=":3">İpek, V. "Turkey's foreign policy implementation in Africa: A post international approach." New Perspectives on Turkey, 49(Fall), pp. 121–156. 2013.</ref>

Turkey has also dramatically increased financial aid to the region,<ref name=":2" /> providing a total of US$6.38 billion to the region just between 2006 and 2011<ref>Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). Turkey's development cooperation. Retrieved 12 February 2016, from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/ turkiyenin-kalkinma-isbirligi.tr.mfa. 2016.</ref> including the 2011 donation of US$200 million to fight the famine in East Africa.<ref name=":3" />

Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Template:Flag 9 July 1980<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Angola–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 29 March 1974<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Benin–Turkey relations
  • Benin closed its embassy in Ankara in 2021.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Cotonou.<ref name="auto19">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 142 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto19" />
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cotonou since 2014.<ref name="auto19" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 20 January 1981<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Permanent Representation of Botswana in the UN Geneva Office is also accredited to Turkey.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Gaborone.<ref name="auto90">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 2.9 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto90" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 6 April 1970<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Burkina Faso–Turkey relations
  • Burkina Faso has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto27">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Ouagadougou.<ref name="auto27" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 52.2 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 31.4/20.8 million USD).<ref name="auto27" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 30 April 1980<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Burundi–Turkey relations
  • Burundi has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto115">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bujumbura.<ref name="auto115" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.6/0.5 million USD).<ref name="auto115" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 9 August 1963<ref name="ReferenceC">Template:Cite book</ref> See Cameroon–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 24 June 1979<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Cape Verde–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Dakar to Senegal is also accredited to Cabo Verde.<ref name="auto157">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 9.5 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto157" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 18 February 1980<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Central African Republic–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 27 January 1970<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Chad–Turkey relations
  • Chad has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto53">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in N'Djamena.<ref name="auto53" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 72.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 39.9/32.5 million USD).<ref name="auto53" />
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to N'Djamena since 12 December 2013.<ref name="auto53" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 22 August 1979<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Comoros–Turkey relations
  • The ambassador of the Comoros in Cairo to Egypt is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto116">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Turkish ambassador in Antananarivo to Madagascar is also accredited to the Union of the Comoros.<ref name="auto116" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 21.1 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto116" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 9 November 1981<ref name="Le Mois en Afrique, Issues 186-193"/> See Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations
  • Congo has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto125">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Brazzaville.<ref name="auto125" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 57.25 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 55.8/1.47 million USD).<ref name="auto125" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 14 July 1964<ref name="ReferenceD"/> See Ivory Coast–Turkey relations
  • Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto142">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Abidjan.<ref name="auto142" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 409.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 220.9/188.8 million USD).<ref name="auto142" />
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Abidjan since July 2012.<ref name="auto142" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 22 October 1975<ref name="ReferenceO"/> See Democratic Republic of Congo–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 25 June 1979<ref name="Vedat Uras. 1982"/> See Djibouti–Turkey relations
  • Djibouti has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto87">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Djibouti.<ref name="auto87" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 252 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto87" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 19 July 1993<ref name="Embassy"/> See Eritrea–Turkey relations
  • The ambassador of Eritrea in Doha to Qatar is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto145">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Asmara.<ref name="auto145" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 13.9 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto145" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 16 September 1980<ref name="ReferenceQ"/> See Equatorial Guinea–Turkey relations
  • Equatorial Guinea has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto33">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Malabo.<ref name="auto33" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 23.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 20.2/3.6 million USD).<ref name="auto33" />
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malabo since 7 February 2020.<ref name="auto33" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 20 January 1981<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:No
Template:Flag 30 January 1926, severed in 1936, re-established 23 December 1957<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Ethiopia–Turkey relations
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto34">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Addis Ababa.<ref name="auto34" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 398.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 378.3/27.5 million USD).<ref name="auto34" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 1 February 1963<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Gabon–Turkey relations
  • Gabon has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto16">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Libreville.<ref name="auto16" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 38.9 million USD in 2018.<ref name="auto16" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 1965<ref name="auto146"/> See Gambia–Turkey relations
  • Gambia has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto146" />
  • Turkey has an embassy in Banjul.<ref name="auto146" />
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Banjul since August 2018.<ref name="auto146" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag See Ghana–Turkey relations
  • Ghana has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto37">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Accra.<ref name="auto37" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 353.3 million USD in 2018.<ref name="auto37" />
 Template:Yes-no<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag See Guinea–Turkey relations
  • Guinea has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto48">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Conakry.<ref name="auto48" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 136.7 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto48" />
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Conakry since 30 January 2017.<ref name="auto48" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag See Guinea-Bissau–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 30 March 1968<ref name="ReferenceF"/> See Kenya–Turkey relations
  • Kenya has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto113">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Nairobi.<ref name="auto113" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 234 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto113" />
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Nairobi since 20 February 2009.<ref name="auto113" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 1980<ref name="facebook.com"/>
  • The Embassy of Lesotho in Rome is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto70">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Turkish ambassador in Pretoria to South Africa is also accredited to Lesotho.<ref name="auto70" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.65 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.62/0.03 million USD).<ref name="auto70" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 1 August 1958<ref name="ReferenceB"/> See Liberia–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Liberia in Brussels is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto64">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Turkish ambassador in Accra to Ghana is also accredited to Liberia.<ref name="auto64" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 191.9 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto64" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag See Madagascar–Turkey relations
  • Embassy of Madagascar in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto56">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Antananarivo.<ref name="auto56" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 71.3/5.2 million USD).<ref name="auto56" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 17 April 1963<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Mali–Turkey relations
  • Mali has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto83">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bamako.<ref name="auto83" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 57 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 48.4/8.6 million USD).<ref name="auto83" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 4 August 1969<ref name="ReferenceG"/> See Malawi–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Malawi in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto68">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Turkish ambassador in Lusaka to Zambia is also accredited to Malawi.<ref name="auto68" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 21 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 4.67/16.4 million USD).<ref name="auto68" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 18 October 1976<ref name="ReferenceP"/> See Mauritius–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag 20 January 1981<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Mozambique–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Mozambique in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto15">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Maputo.<ref name="auto15" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 153 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto15" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 27 March 1990<ref name="Vedat Uras, 1990"/> See Namibia–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Windhoek.<ref name="auto26">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 11.84 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 9.40/2.44 million USD).<ref name="auto26" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 30 March 1967<ref name="Africa Research Bulletin"/> See Niger–Turkey relations
  • Niger has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto156">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Niamey.<ref name="auto156" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 72 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto156" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 16 February 1961<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Nigeria–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 18 February 1980<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Rwanda–Turkey relations
  • Rwanda has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto130">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Kigali.<ref name="auto130" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 32.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 32.2/0.2 million USD).<ref name="auto130" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag Template:No
Template:Flag 17 October 1963<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Senegal–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 22 June 1995<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Seychelles–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Seychelles in Paris is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto101">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Turkish ambassador in Nairobi to Kenya is also accredited to the Seychelles.<ref name="auto101" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 25.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.7/7.7 million USD).<ref name="auto101" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 15 February 1971<ref name="ReferenceJ"/> See Sierra Leone–Turkey relations
  • Sierra Leone has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto60">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Freetown.<ref name="auto60" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 53.4 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto60" />
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Freetown.<ref name="auto60" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 13 December 1965<ref name="ReferenceE"/> See Somalia–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 12 October 1992<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See South Africa–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 9 July 2011<ref name="Turkish Embassy in Juba"/> See South Sudan–Turkey relations
  • South Sudan has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto91">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Juba.<ref name="auto91" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.2 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto91" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 5 July 1963<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Tanzania–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 6 December 1962<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Togo–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Lomé (planned).<ref name="auto93">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 106 million USD in 2019.<ref name="auto93" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 18 September 1969<ref name="ReferenceH"/> See Turkey–Uganda relations
  • Uganda has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto8">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Kampala.<ref name="auto8" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 40 million USD in 2018.<ref name="auto8" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 25 February 1971<ref name="ReferenceK"/> See Turkey–Zambia relations
  • Zambia has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto107">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Lusaka.<ref name="auto107" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 23.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.8/5.9 million USD).<ref name="auto107" />
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Lusaka since 14 December 2018.<ref name="auto107" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 2 July 1982<ref name="Vedat Uras, 1982"/> See Turkey–Zimbabwe relations
  • Zimbabwe has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto55">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Harare.<ref name="auto55" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 17.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.9/11.8 million USD).<ref name="auto55" />
 Template:No

Americas

[edit]

Southern Cone

[edit]
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Template:Flag 29 June 1926<ref name="Biblioteca Digital de Tratados"/> See Argentina–Turkey relations
File:Erdoğan & Macri at the G20 2018 Summit 01.jpg
President Erdoğan with then-president Mauricio Macri in Buenos Aires.
  • Argentina has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
  • Both countries are members of G20 and WTO.
  • Flights from Istanbul to Buenos Aires via São Paulo commenced in December 2013 and are taking place on a daily basis.<ref name="auto86">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 455 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 161/294 million USD.<ref name="auto86" />
  • 64,483 Argentine tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 Template:No
Template:Flag 30 January 1926<ref name="chile.gob.cl"/> See Chile–Turkey relations
File:Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Sebastián Piñera.jpg
President Erdoğan and Sebastián Piñera
  • Chile has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Santiago.
  • Both countries are members of OECD and WTO.
  • Chile–Turkey Free Trade Agreement was signed on 14 July 2009 and is in effect since 1 March 2011.<ref name="auto61">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 579 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 344/236 million USD.<ref name="auto61" />
  • 18,509 Chilean tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Chile was the first country in Latin America that recognized Turkey.
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 11 September 1953<ref name="A un año de abrir la embajada de Tu"/> See Paraguay–Turkey relations
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto67">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Asunción.<ref name="auto67" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 82.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 47.1/35 million USD).<ref name="auto67" />
  • 1,328 Paraguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 Template:No
Template:Flag 8 December 1933<ref name="x.com"/> See Turkey–Uruguay relations
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.<ref name="auto9">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Montevideo.<ref name="auto9" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 341.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.8/298.6 million USD).<ref name="auto9" />
  • 7,191 Uruguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 Template:No

North America

[edit]
Country Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Template:Flag 25 November 1943<ref name="ottawa.emb.mfa.gov.tr"/> See Canada–Turkey relations
  • Canada has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Ottawa and Consulates General in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
  • Both countries are members of OECD, G20, NATO and WTO.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver (starting in December 2020).<ref name="auto118">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 2.46 billion USD in 2019.<ref name="auto118" />
  • 139,164 Canadian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Around 65,000 people of Turkish origin live in Canada.<ref name="auto118" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 12 July 1928<ref name="gob.mx"/> See Mexico–Turkey relations
File:Visita de Estado del señor Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Presidente de la República de Turquía. (16328684579).jpg
President Erdoğan visiting Mexico with former Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto
 Template:No
Template:Flag 13 September 1831, relations broke off 20 April 1917, re-established 17 February 1927<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Turkey–United States relations
File:President Trump and the First Lady Visit with the President of Turkey and Mrs. Emine Erdogan (49061400831).jpg
Presidents Erdoğan and Trump with the First Ladies.
 Template:No

Caribbean

[edit]
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Template:Flag June 1999<ref name="caricom.org"/> Template:No
Template:Flag 5 November 1974<ref name="ReferenceM"/> See Bahamas–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 20 September 1972<ref name="foreign.gov.bb"/> Template:No
Template:Flag 25 November 1952<ref name="cubaminrex.cu"/> See Cuba–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Havana.<ref name="auto43">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 54.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.9/11.8 million USD).<ref name="auto43" />
  • The Ottoman Empire Embassy to Cuba opened in 1873.<ref name="kutlu">Kutlu, M. N. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu-Latin Amerika (Başlangıç Dönemi). Ankara: LAMER Yayınları. 2012</ref>
 Template:No
Template:Flag 13 April 2006<ref name="digitallibrary_un_org" /> Template:No
Template:Flag 28 November 1951<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Dominican Republic–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Santo Domingo.<ref name="auto36">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 132.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 118.6/14.1 million USD).<ref name="auto36" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 8 May 1975<ref name="ReferenceN"/> Template:No
Template:Flag 1950<ref name="auto18">Template:Cite web</ref> See Haiti–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Haiti.<ref name="auto18" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 129.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 128.9/0.8 million USD).<ref name="auto18" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 30 March 1971<ref name="mfaft.gov.jm"/> See Jamaica–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Havana to Cuba is also accredited to Jamaica.<ref name="auto41">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 90.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 90/0.5 million USD).<ref name="auto41" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag Template:No
Template:Flag 25 May 2005<ref name="ReferenceR"/> Template:No
Template:Flag 4 April 2002<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 22 May 1972<ref name="ReferenceL"/> See Trinidad and Tobago–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Port of Spain.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 120.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 68.4/52.4 million USD).<ref name="auto" />
 Template:No

Central America

[edit]
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Template:Flag November 1987<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Belize–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 21 September 1950<ref name="rree.go.cr"/> See Costa Rica–Turkey relations
  • Costa Rica has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto58">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in San Jose.<ref name="auto58" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 100 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 58.9/41.8 million USD).<ref name="auto58" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 21 September 1950<ref name="aa.com.tr">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • El Salvador has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in San Salvador.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 17.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 14.8/2.3 million USD).<ref name="auto12">Template:Cite web</ref>
 Template:No
Template:Flag 1952<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Guatemala–Turkey relations
  • Guatemala has an embassy in Ankara and an honorary consulate in Istanbul.<ref name="auto81">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Guatemala City.<ref name="auto81" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 63.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 53.5/10 million USD).<ref name="auto81" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 4 April 1950<ref name="Memoria">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • The Turkish ambassador in Guatemala City to Guatemala is also accredited to Honduras.<ref name="auto84">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 19.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 15/4.8 million USD).<ref name="auto84" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 21 September 1950<ref name="aa.com.tr" /> See Nicaragua–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Managua.<ref name="auto28">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Nicaraguan Embassy in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto28" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 11.6 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 11.1/0.5 million USD).<ref name="auto28" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 14 April 1950<ref name="mire.gob.pa">Template:Cite web</ref> See Panama–Turkey relations
  • Panama has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto79">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Panama.<ref name="auto79" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 260.9 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 248.8/12.1 million USD).<ref name="auto79" />
 Template:No

Latin America, rest of

[edit]
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Template:Flag 26 July 1950<ref name="diputados.bo"/> See Bolivia–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in La Paz.<ref name="auto10">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 130 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 22/108 million USD).<ref name="auto10" />
  • 2,491 Bolivian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 Template:No
Template:Flag 8 September 1927<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Brazil–Turkey relations
File:Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva & Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Brasilia, 27 May 2010 (5).jpg
Prime Minister Erdoğan meets with President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.
  • Brazil has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.<ref name="auto103">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate general in São Paulo.<ref name="auto103" />
  • Both countries are members of G20 and WTO.
  • There are daily direct flights from Istanbul to São Paulo.<ref name="auto103" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.48/2.6 billion USD).<ref name="auto103" />
  • 101,164 Brazilian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 Template:No
Template:Flag 10 April 1959<ref name="turquia.embajada.gov.co"/> See Colombia–Turkey relations
  • Colombia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bogotá.
  • Both countries are members of OECD and WTO.
  • Flights from Istanbul to Bogotá commenced in May 2016.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.7 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.25/1.46 billion USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 70,974 Colombian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
 Template:No
Template:Flag 11 December 1959<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Ecuador–Turkey relations
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Quito and a consulate general in Guayaquil.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 117 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 59/58 million USD).<ref name="auto158">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 8,416 Ecuadorian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 Template:No
Template:Flag 2 May 1973<ref name="minfor.gov.gy"/> Template:No
Template:Flag 1952<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Peru–Turkey relations
  • Peru has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.<ref name="auto75">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Lima.<ref name="auto75" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 250 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 177.4/72.6 million USD).<ref name="auto75" />
  • 11,430 Peruvian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 Template:No
Template:Flag 29 June 1976<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Suriname–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 29 December 1950Template:Citation needed See Turkey–Venezuela relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Caracas and an honorary consulate in Maracaibo.<ref name="auto78">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 150 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 130/20 million USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="auto78" />
 Template:No

Asia and Oceania

[edit]

Turkic states

[edit]
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Template:Flag 14 January 1992<ref name="auto5">Template:Cite web</ref> See Azerbaijan–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 2 March 1992<ref name="auto38">Template:Cite web</ref> See Kazakhstan–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 29 January 1992<ref name="auto122">Template:Cite web</ref> See Kyrgyzstan–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 29 February 1992<ref name="auto65">Template:Cite web</ref> See Turkey–Turkmenistan relations Template:No
Template:Flag 4 March 1992<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Turkey–Uzbekistan relations Template:No

Asia-Pacific

[edit]
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Template:Flag 1 March 1921<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Afghanistan–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 1967<ref name="auto152">Template:Cite web</ref> See Australia–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag See Bangladesh–Turkey relations
  • Bangladesh has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto117">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Dhaka.<ref name="auto117" />
  • Both countries are members of OIC.<ref name="auto117" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 934 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 427/509 million USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
 Template:No
Template:Flag 26 September 2012<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Bhutan and Turkey cooperate through their respective embassies in New Delhi.<ref>"Economic Development and Social Changes in Bhutan." pp. 82–99 in Urmila Phadnis, S.D. Muni, and Kalim Bahadur (eds.), Domestic Conflicts in South Asia. New Delhi: South Asian Publishers, 1986.</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.58 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.1/1.48 million USD).<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>
 Template:No
Template:Flag 27 June 1984<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> See Brunei–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 1959<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Cambodia–Turkey relations
  • Cambodia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Phnom Penh.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 108.4 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 13.7/94.7 million USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
 Template:No
Template:Flag 1971<ref name="auto14">Template:Cite web</ref> See China–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 28 October 2008<ref name="auto557">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to the Cook Islands.<ref name="auto557" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2019.<ref name="auto557" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 20 May 2002<ref name="auto57">Template:Cite web</ref> See East Timor–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Jakarta to Indonesia is also accredited to East Timor.<ref name="auto57" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto57" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 17 December 1975<ref name="auto141">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Fiji.<ref name="auto141" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto141" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 15 August 1947<ref name="auto2">Template:Cite web</ref> See India–Turkey relations
File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the President of the Republic of Turkey, Mr. Recep Tayyip Erdogan, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on May 01, 2017 (1).jpg
Prime Minister Erdoğan meets with Narendra Modi in India.
  • India has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in New Delhi and Consulate General in Hyderabad and Mumbai.<ref name="auto2" />
  • Both countries are members of G20 and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 7.80 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.17/6.64 billion USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 230,131 Indian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 Template:No
Template:Flag 1950<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Indonesia–Turkey relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto13">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Jakarta.<ref name="auto13" />
  • Both countries are members of D-8, G20, MIKTA, OIC and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.85 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.21/1.64 billion USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 127,149 Indonesian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 2,400 Indonesian citizens reside in Turkey.<ref name="auto13" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 1890<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Japan–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 2008<ref name="auto129">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Kiribati.<ref name="auto129" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto129" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 1958<ref name="auto139">Template:Cite web</ref> See Laos–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Laos in Vienna is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto139" />
  • Turkey has an embassy in Vientiane.<ref name="auto139" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 2.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.44/1.48 billion USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
 Template:No
Template:Flag 1979<ref name="auto108">Template:Cite web</ref> See Maldives–Turkey relations
  • The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations Office in Geneva is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto108" />
  • The Turkish ambassador in New Delhi to India is also accredited to the Maldives.<ref name="auto108" />
  • Both countries are members of OIC.<ref name="auto108" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 46.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 28.2/18.3 million USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malé since 24 November 2012.
 Template:No
Template:Flag 1964<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Malaysia–Turkey relations Template:Yes
Template:Flag 9 April 2008<ref name=":6">Template:Cite web</ref> See Marshall Islands–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 6 August 2007<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:No
Template:Flag 24 June 1969<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Mongolia–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 1958<ref name="auto50">Template:Cite web</ref> See Myanmar–Turkey relations
  • The Burmese Embassy in Cairo, Egypt is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto50" />
  • Turkey has an embassy in Yangon.<ref name="auto50" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 38.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 30.7/8 million USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
 Template:No
Template:Flag Template:No
Template:Flag 12 December 1978<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See New Zealand–Turkey relations
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto111">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Wellington.<ref name="auto111" />
  • Both countries are members of OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 152.8 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 90.1/62.7 million USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 20,912 New Zealanders visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 1,700 Turkish citizens reside in New Zealand.<ref name="auto111" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 7 June 2014<ref>Template:Cite news"Joint Declaration concerning the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and Niue, ...were signed."</ref>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.
 Template:No
Template:Flag 15 January 2001<ref name="auto62">Template:Cite web</ref> See North Korea–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of North Korea in Sofia is also accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto62" />
  • The ambassador in Seoul to South Korea is also accredited to North Korea.<ref name="auto62" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto62" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 1947<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Pakistan–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 10 May 2007<ref name="auto114">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkish ambassador in Tokyo to Japan is also accredited to Palau.<ref name="auto114" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.7 million USD in 2014.<ref name="auto114" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 30 May 1979<ref name="auto127">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Papua New Guinea has an honorary consulate in Istanbul.<ref name="auto127" />
  • The Turkish ambassador in Canberra is also accredited to Papua New Guinea.<ref name="auto127" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto127" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 13 June 1949<ref name="auto85">Template:Cite web</ref> See Philippines–Turkey relations
  • Philippines has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto85" />
  • Turkey has an embassy in Manila.<ref name="auto85" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 219.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 104/115.7 million USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 139,126 Filipino tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 2,200 Philippine nationals are residing in Turkey.<ref name="auto85" />
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Manila since March 2015.<ref name="auto85" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 12 April 1979<ref name="auto94">Template:Cite web</ref> See Samoa–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Samoa.<ref name="auto94" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto94" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 12 February 1969<ref name="auto45">Template:Cite web</ref> See Singapore–Turkey relations
  • Singapore has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto45" />
  • Turkey has an embassy in Singapore.<ref name="auto45" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 808 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 443/365 million USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 34,930 Singaporean tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Singapore.<ref name="auto45" />
 Template:Yes
Template:Flag 8 March 1979<ref name="auto136">Template:Cite web</ref> See Solomon Islands–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 11 August 1949<ref name="auto95">Template:Cite web</ref> See South Korea–Turkey relations
  • South Korea has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto95" />
  • Turkey has an embassy in Seoul.<ref name="auto95" />
  • Both countries are members of G20, MIKTA, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 6.53 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.88/5.64 billion USD).<ref name="auto89">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 212,970 South Korean tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto89" />
  • Free Trade Agreement between the two countries entered into force on 1 May 2013 and was updated on 1 August 2018 to include an Investment Agreement.<ref name="auto89" />
  • Turkey ranks third in number of martyrs among the 16 countries that participated in the Korean War. United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan honors 462 of the 966 Turkish soldiers who died during the war.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Seoul.
 Template:Yes
Template:Flag 4 February 1948<ref name="auto99">Template:Cite web</ref> See Sri Lanka–Turkey relations
  • Sri Lanka has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto99" />
  • Turkey has an embassy in Colombo.<ref name="auto99" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 185.7 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 84.3/101.4 million USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
 Template:No
Template:Flag Started in 1934, Ended in 1971 See Taiwan–Turkey relations
  • Diplomatic recognition was withdrawn in 1971 by the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and China.
 Template:No
Template:Flag 29 January 1992<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Tajikistan–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 1958<ref name="auto80">Template:Cite web</ref> See Thailand–Turkey relations
  • Thailand has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto80" />
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bangkok.<ref name="auto80" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.34 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.26/1.09 billion USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 62,192 Thai tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Negotiations on a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) began in 2017.<ref name="auto80" />
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Bangkok and Phuket.<ref name="auto80" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 26 January 1976<ref name="auto11">Template:Cite web</ref> See Tonga–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Tonga since 26 January 1976.<ref name="auto11" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto11" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 19 July 1979<ref name="auto143">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Tuvalu.<ref name="auto143" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto143" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 10 April 1987<ref name=":5">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Vanuatu.<ref name=":5" />
  • Vanuatu has an honorary consulate in Istanbul.<ref name=":5" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 17.4 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 10.3/7.1 million USD).<ref name=":5" />
 Template:No
Template:Flag 1978<ref name="auto98">Template:Cite web</ref> See Turkey–Vietnam relations
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto98" />
  • Turkey has an embassy in Hanoi.<ref name="auto98" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.91 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.16/1.76 billion USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City since 27 June 2016.<ref name="auto98" />
 Template:No

Western Asia

[edit]
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Template:Flag See Armenia–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 12 April 1973<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Bahrain–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag Template:Yes
Template:Flag 1983<ref name="mfa.gov.ct.tr"/> See Northern Cyprus–Turkey relations Template:Free
Template:Flag 21 May 1992<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Georgia–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1835<ref name="tahran-be.mfa.gov.tr">Template:Cite web</ref> See Iran–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 16 January 1928 See Iraq–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 January 1928 when has been accredited the first Iraqi ambassador to Turkey Salih Nishat. The first Turkish ambassador, Lütfi Tokay, also presented his letters of credence in Baghdad on 21 December 1929.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

  • Iraq has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Gaziantep and Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate general in Erbil.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 9.77 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.35/1.42 billion USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 1,374,896 Iraqi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 Template:No
Template:Flag 2001 See Kurdistan Region–Turkey relations
Template:Flag See Israel–Turkey relations

Template:See also

Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 11 January 1947<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Jordan–Turkey relations
  • Jordan has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto96">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Amman.<ref name="auto96" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 962 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 835/127 million USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 474,874 Jordanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto96" />
  • Free Trade Agreement went into force on 11 March.<ref name="auto96" />
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Amman.
 Template:No
Template:Flag 10 January 1964<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Kuwait–Turkey relations
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Kuwait City.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 678 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 534/144 million USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 374,191 Kuwaiti tourists visited Turkey in 2018.
 Template:No
Template:Flag 8 March 1946 See Lebanon–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.<ref name="nytimes.com">Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:Yes-no<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 18 June 1973<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Oman–Turkey relations
  • Oman has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Muscat.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 489 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 422/67 million USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
 Template:No
Template:Flag 15 November 1988<ref name="auto100">Template:Cite web</ref> See Palestine–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 20 March 1973<ref name="ARR: Arab Report and Record"/> See Qatar–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 3 August 1929<ref name="ReferenceA"/> See Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 8 March 1946 See Syria–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1971<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Turkey–United Arab Emirates relations Template:No
Template:Flag 4 March 1946<ref name="Bilateral Political Relations betwe"/> See Turkey–Yemen relations
  • Yemen has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto123">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Sana'a.<ref name="auto123" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.<ref name="auto123" />
 Template:No

Europe

[edit]
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Template:Flag 15 December 1923<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Albania–Turkey relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tirana.
  • Both countries are members of OIC, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 430 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 408/22 million USD).<ref name="auto133">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 125,935 Albanian tourists visited Turkey in 2018.<ref name="auto133" />
  • Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Shkoder and Tirana
  • There are over 500,000 Albanians residing in Turkey.
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 8 October 1998<ref name="auto72">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Turkish ambassador in Madrid to Spain is also accredited to Andorra.<ref name="auto72" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 478 thousand USD in 2010 (Turkish exports/imports: 476/1.4 thousand USD).<ref name="auto72" />
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1526<ref name="Lonnie Johnson 1989">Template:Cite book</ref> See Austria–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 25 March 1992<ref name="auto92">Template:Cite web</ref> See Belarus–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 1838<ref name="auto128">Template:Cite web</ref> See Belgium–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1908<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> See Bulgaria–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 29 August 1992<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 6 August 1992<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Croatia–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1924<ref name="auto4">Template:Cite web</ref> See Czech Republic–Turkey relations
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Prague.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.65 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1/2.65 billion USD).<ref name="auto4" />
  • 4,500 Turkish citizens reside in the Czech Republic.<ref name="auto4" />
  • 311,359 Czech tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto4" />
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Denmark–Turkey relations
  • Denmark has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Copenhagen.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.88 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.1/0.81 billion USD).<ref name="auto23">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 70 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Denmark.<ref name="auto23" /> See Turks in Denmark
  • 335,877 Danish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.<ref name="auto23" />
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1924<ref name="auto6">Template:Cite web</ref> See Estonia–Turkey relations
  • Estonia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tallinn.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 312 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 92/220 million USD).<ref name="auto6" />
  • 77,041 Estonian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto6" />
  • 575 Turkish citizens live in Estonia.<ref name="auto6" />
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1924<ref name="auto59">Template:Cite web</ref> See Finland–Turkey relations
  • Finland has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Helsinki.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Turkey did not support Finland's accession to NATO until March 2023, but accepted its participation.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.32 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.34/0.98 billion USD).<ref name="auto59" />
  • 13 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Finland.<ref name="auto59" /> See Turks in Finland
  • 135,192 Finnish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.<ref name="auto59" />
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1483<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See France–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1790<ref name=":9">Template:Cite web</ref> See Germany–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 24 August 1833<ref name="Greece Liberated: Ottoman Empire">Template:Cite web</ref> See Greece-Turkey relations
File:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and George Papandreou, Turkey November 2009.jpg
Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou and Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Ankara, November 2009
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1960<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Holy See–Turkey relations Template:No
Template:Flag 1521<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Hungary–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 17 June 1944<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Iceland–Turkey relations
  • Bilateral relations between Turkey and Iceland are being coordinated by the Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Oslo and the Embassy of Iceland in Copenhagen.<ref name="auto29">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.<ref name="auto29" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 51 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 24/27 million USD).<ref name="auto29" />
  • 100 Turkish citizens reside in Iceland.<ref name="auto29" />
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 2 October 1951<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Ireland–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 25 September 1856<ref name="books.google.com">Template:Cite book</ref> See Italy–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 18 February 2008<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Kosovo–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1925<ref name="auto159">Template:Cite web</ref> See Latvia–Turkey relations
  • Latvia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Riga.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • 200 Turkish citizens reside in Latvia.<ref name="auto159" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 291 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 126/165 million USD).<ref name="auto159" />
  • 86,051 Latvian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name=":11" />
  • Bilateral relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein are being coordinated by the Embassies of the Republic of Turkey and Liechtenstein in Bern.<ref name="auto88">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Both countries are members of WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 7 million USD in 2017.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1930<ref name="auto151">Template:Cite web</ref> See Lithuania–Turkey relations
  • Lithuania has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Vilnius.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 687 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 277/410 million USD).<ref name="auto151" />
  • 229,704 Lithuanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 350 Turkish citizens reside in Lithuania.<ref name="auto151" />
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 10 July 1946<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Luxembourg–Turkey relations
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Luxembourg.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 160 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 36/124 million USD).<ref name="auto154">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 900 Turkish citizens reside in Luxembourg.<ref name="auto154" />
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 10 October 1967<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Malta–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 3 February 1992<ref name="auto47">Template:Cite web</ref> See Moldova–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1954<ref name="auto147">Template:Cite web</ref> See Monaco–Turkey relations
  • Bilateral relations between Turkey and Monaco are being coordinated by the Consulates General of Turkey and Monaco in Marseille.<ref name="auto147" />
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 15.1 million USD in 2017.<ref name="auto147" />
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 3 July 2006<ref name="auto134">Template:Cite web</ref> See Montenegro–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1612<ref name="mfa.gov.tr">Template:Cite web</ref> See Netherlands–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 26 August 1992.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See North Macedonia–Turkey relations
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Skopje and a consulate general in Bitola.
  • Both countries are members of NATO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 503 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 396/107 million USD).<ref name="auto63">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 209,519 Macedonian tourists visited Turkey in 2018.<ref name="auto63" />
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Skopje.
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1926<ref name="auto126">Template:Cite web</ref> See Norway-Turkey relations
  • Norway has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.28 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 513/765 million USD).<ref name="auto126" />
  • 20 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Norway .<ref name="auto126" />
  • 208,330 Norwegian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto126" />
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1414<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Poland–Turkey relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Warsaw.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 6.45 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.34/3.34 billion USD).<ref name="auto135">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 880,839 Polish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.<ref name="auto135" />
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />

See also Polonezköy

Template:Flag 1843<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Portugal–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 22 October 1879<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Romania–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1699<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Russia–Turkey relations
File:Putin meets Erdogan (2024-06-03) (1).jpg
President Erdoğan meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin in July 2024
 Template:No
Template:Flag 1879<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Serbia–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1993<ref name="auto44">Template:Cite web</ref> See Slovakia–Turkey relations
  • Slovakia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bratislava.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.29 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 532/767 million USD).<ref name="auto44" />
  • 207,108 Slovak tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto44" />
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 6 February 1992<ref name="auto155">Template:Cite web</ref> See Slovenia–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1782<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Spain–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1603<ref name="auto97">Template:Cite web</ref> See Sweden–Turkey relations
  • Sweden has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Stockholm.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Turkey did not support Sweden's accession to NATO until January 2024, but accepted its participation.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.2 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.5/1.7 billion USD).<ref name="auto97" />
  • 115 thousand people of Turkish origin reside in Sweden.<ref name="auto97" /> See also Turks in Sweden
  • 444,285 Swedish tourists visited Turkey in 2019.<ref name="auto97" />
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 1899<ref name="auto21">Template:Cite web</ref> See Switzerland–Turkey relations Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />
Template:Flag 3 February 1992<ref name="auto42">Template:Cite web</ref> See Turkey–Ukraine relations Template:Yes-no<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag 2 September 1924<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Turkey–United Kingdom relations
File:Prime Minister Keir Starmer attends NATO Summit (53850724928).jpg
Turkish President Erdoğan and British Prime Minister Keir Starmer at the 2024 NATO Summit in Washington, D.C.
 Template:Yes<ref name="auto82" />

International organizations

[edit]

Template:Main Template:Colbegin

Template:Colend

Turkey is a founding member of the UN (1945),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (1969),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (1973),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the G20 industrial nations (1999). Turkey is a member state of the Council of Europe (1949) and NATO (1952) as well as being in full accession negotiations with the European Union since 2005, having been an associate member since 1963. Turkey was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to 2011, and signed the E.U. Customs Union agreement in 1995.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves an strategic eastern anchor. Its strategic importance lies in its control of the Turkish Straits which lead from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and its borders with Syria, Iraq, and Iran. A NATO headquarters is located in İzmir and the United States has maintained a military presence via the Incirlik Air Base in the province of Adana.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Turkey is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995. It has signed free trade agreements with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Israel, and many other countries. In 1992, Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the BSEC to expand regional trade and economic cooperation. In 2017, ASEAN-Turkey Sectoral Dialogue Partnership<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> was recognized by the 50th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Manila, Philippines.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

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Template:Portal

References

[edit]

Template:Reflist Template:CIA World Factbook

Further reading

[edit]

European Union–Turkey relations

[edit]
  • Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.
  • Aydin-Duzgit, Senem and Keyman, Fuat, "EU–Turkey Relations and the Stagnation of Turkish Democracy," IAI/IPC, Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper 2 (2012).
  • Barchard, David. "Turkey and the West." (Chatham House Papers, No. 27, published for the Royal Institute of International Affairs.) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985.
  • Cakir, A.E. (ed.), Fifty Years of EU–Turkey Relations (Oxon: Routledge, 2011).
  • Dixon, Jeffrey C., "Turkey, Islam and the EU," Contexts, 8.4 (2009).
  • Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010).
  • Esfahani, Hadi Salehi and Ceviker-Gurakar, Esra, "Fading Attraction: Turkey's Shifting Relationship with the European Union," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 53.4 (November 2013).
  • Fuller, Graham E. Turkey's New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China. (A Rand Study.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1993.
  • Gocek, Fatma Muge. East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the 18th Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
  • Goffman, Daniel. Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990.
  • International Crisis Group, "Turkey and Europe: The Way Ahead," Europe Report No. 184 (17 August 2007).
  • Kramer, Heinz, A Changing Turkey: A Challenge to Europe and the US (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000).
  • Kubicek, Paul, "Turkey's Inclusion in the Atlantic Community: Looking Back, Looking Forward," Turkish Studies, 9.1 (March 2008).
  • Kuniholm, Bruce R. "Turkey and the West," Foreign Affairs, 70, No. 2, Spring 1991, pp. 34–48.
  • Kuniholm, Bruce R., "Turkey and NATO," in Kaplan, L., Clawson, R. and Luraghi, R. (eds.), NATO and the Mediterranean (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1985).
  • McGhee, George C. "Turkey Joins the West." Foreign Affairs, July 1954, pp. 617–30.
  • Oguzlu, Tarik, "Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy?" Political Science Quarterly, 125.4 (Winter 2010/2011).
  • Pierini, Marc, "Options for the EU–Turkey Relationship," Carnegie Europe, 3 May 2019.
  • Pierini, Marc and Ulgen, Sinan, "A Moment of Opportunity in the EU–Turkey Relationship," Carnegie Europe (Brussels, December 2014).
  • Reuther, Helmut (ed.). Deutschlands Aussenpolitik seit 1955. With a contribution by Franz von Cancig, "Die Türkei, Griechenland und die deutsche Aussenpolitik." Stuttgart-Degerloch: Seewald Verlag, 1965.
  • Steinbach, Udo. "Turkey-ECC Relations: Cultural Dimension." pp. 13–24 in Erol Manisali, ed., Turkey's Place in Europe: Economic, Political, and Cultural Dimensions. Istanbul: Ucer, 1990.
  • Tocci, Nathalie, "New Doubts and Uncertainties in Turkey–EU Relations," Paper, Centre for European Policy Studies (October 2000).
  • Narbone, Luigi and Tocci, Nathalie, "Running Around in Circles? The Cyclical Relationship Between Turkey and the European Union," in Verney, S. and Infantis, K. (eds.), Turkey's Road to European Union Membership: National Identity and Political Change (London: Routledge, 2009).

Greece–Turkey relations

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  • "Der Zypern-Konflikt, eine Bewahrungsprobe westlicher Friedensordnung." Europa-Archiv, 1964, pp. 713–26.
  • Bahcheli, Tozun. Greek–Turkish Relations since 1955. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.
  • Balci, Ali, "Foreign Policy as Politicking in the Sarikiz Coup Plot: Cyprus Between the Coup Plotters and the JDP," Middle East Critique, 21.2 (Summer 2012).
  • Brus, Marcel et al., "A Promise to Keep: Time to End the International Isolation of the Turkish Cypriots," TESEV, Foreign Policy Analysis Series, No. 7 (Istanbul, June 2008).
  • Couloumbis, Theodore A. The United States, Greece, and Turkey: The Troubled Triangle. New York: Praeger, 1983.
  • Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010).
  • Ertekün, Necati M. The Cyprus Dispute and the Birth of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Nicosia, Northern Cyprus: Rustem, 1984.
  • International Crisis Group, "Reunifying Cyprus: The Best Chance Yet," Europe Report No. 194 (23 June 2008).
  • International Crisis Group, "The Cyprus Stalemate: What Next?" Europe Report No. 171 (8 March 2006).
  • Migdalovitz, Carol, "Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations and Related Issues," CRS Report (Washington, DC, 20 July 2007).
  • Ozcan, Gencer, "The Military and the Making of Foreign Policy in Turkey," in Kirisci, K. and Rubin, B. (eds.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
  • Pipinelis, Panayotis. "The Greco-Turkish Feud Revived." Foreign Affairs, January 1959, pp. 306–16.
  • Psomiades, Harry J. The Eastern Question: The Last Phase. A Study in Greek Turkish Diplomacy. Salonika (Greece): Institute for Balkan Studies, 1968.
  • Qicek, Kemal. "Living Together: Muslim-Christian Relations in 18th-Century Cyprus as Reflected by the Shari'a Court Record," Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations [Birmingham, United Kingdom], 4, No. 1, 1993.
  • Sozen, Ahmet, "The Cyprus Challenge in Turkey–EU Relations: Heading Towards the Defining Moment?" in Cengiz, F. and Hoffmann, L. (eds.), Turkey and the European Union: Facing New Challenges and Opportunities (London: Routledge, 2014).
  • Stearns, Monteagle. Entangled Allies: US Policy toward Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992.
  • Turkeş, Alpaslan. Dış Politikamız ve Kıbrıs (Our Foreign Policy and Cyprus). Istanbul: Publication of the Istanbul Cypriote-Turkish Society, 1966.

Middle East–Turkey relations

[edit]
  • Ayoob, Mohammed, "Beyond the Democratic Wave in the Arab World: The Middle East's Turko-Persian Future," Insight Turkey, 13.2 (2011).
  • Bank, André and Karadag, Roy, "The 'Ankara Moment': The Politics of Turkey's Regional Power in the Middle East," Third World Quarterly, 34.2 (2013).
  • Bengio, Ofra and Ozcan, Gencer, "Old Grievances, New Fears: Arab Perceptions of Turkey and Its Alignment with Israel," Middle Eastern Studies, 37.2 (April 2001).
  • Bolukbasi, Suha. "Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and the Euphrates Dam," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 16, No. 4, June 1993, pp. 9–32.
  • Brummett, Palmira. Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
  • Burton, J.A. "Relations Between the Khanate of Bukhara and Ottoman Turkey, 1558–1702," International Journal of Turkish Studies, 5, 1990–91, pp. 83–103.
  • Fuller, Graham, The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2008).
  • Haddad, Benjamin, "Time for Turkey and Europe to Face Reality: Turkey Is Not Going to Join the EU. And That Is OK," Foreign Policy, 23 May 3016.
  • Nafi, Basheer M., "The Arabs and Modern Turkey: A Century of Changing Perceptions," Insight Turkey, 11.1 (2009).
  • Hale, William M. "Turkey, the Middle East, and the Gulf Crisis," International Affairs [London], 68, No. 2, Spring 1992, pp. 679–692.
  • International Crisis Group, "Turkey and the Middle East: Ambitions and Constraints," Europe Report No. 203 (7 April 2010).
  • Jennings, Ronald C. Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640. New York: New York University Press, 1993.
  • Karpat, Kemal H., "Turkish and Arab-Israeli Relations," in Karpat, K. (ed.), Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975).
  • Kirisci, Kemal, Tocci, Nathalie, and Walker, Joshua, "A Neighborhood Rediscovered: Turkey's Transatlantic Value in the Middle East," The German Marshall Fund of the United States, Paper Series (Washington, DC, 2010).
  • Kirisci, Kemal, "The EU, Turkey and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities for Regional Integration," IAI/IPC, Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper 1 (2012).
  • Kirisci, Kemal and Winrow, Gareth M., The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-State Ethnic Conflict (London: Frank Cass, 1997).
  • Levy, Aviador. The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Darwin Press and Washington: Institute of Turkish Studies, 1992.
  • Robins, Philip. Turkey and the Middle East. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs and New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991.
  • Sayari, Sabri. "Turkey: The Changing European Security Environment and the Gulf Crisis," Middle East Journal, 46, No. 1, Winter 1992, pp. 9–21.
  • Shaw, Stanford. The Jews of the Ottoman Emire and Modern Turkey. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

Russia–Turkey relations and the Turkish Straits

[edit]
  • "The Turkish Straits in the Light of Recent Turkish-Soviet Russian Correspondence." American Journal of International Law, October 1947, pp. 727–47.
  • Bayazit, Vural. "Black Sea and Mediterranean Challenges for the Turkish Navy," NATO's Sixteen Nations [Brussels], 39, January 1994, pp. 67–69.
  • DeLuca, Anthony R. The Great Power Rivalry at the Turkish Straits: The Montreux Conference and the Convention of 1936. (East European Monographs.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1981.
  • Dranov, B. Chernomorskie Prolivy-Mezhdunarodno-pravovoi rezhim (The Black Sea Straits-International-legal regime). Moscow: Yurid, izd-vo, 1948.
  • Edmonds, Martin, and John Skitt. "Current Soviet Maritime Strategy and NATO." International Affairs, January 1969, pp. 28–43.
  • Eren, Nuri. "Die türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1965, pp. 337–48.
  • Erkin, Feridun Cerna. Les Relations Turco-Soviétiques et la Question des Detroits. Ankara: Banur Matbaas1, 1968.
  • Esmer, Ahmed Şükrü. "The Straits: Crux of World Politics." Foreign Affairs, January 1947, pp. 290–302.
  • Fernau, Friedrich-Wilhelm. "Nachbarschaft am Schwarzen Meer. Wendepunkte in den türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1967, pp. 613–20.
  • Howard, Harry N. "The United States and the Question of the Turkish Straits." Middle East Journal, January 1947, pp. 59–72.
  • Hurewitz, J. C. The Background of Russia's Claims to the Turkish Straits. Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1964.
  • Imhoff, Christoph von. Duell in Mittelmeer: Moskau greift nach dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten. Freiburg i. Br.: Rombach, 1968.
  • Rohn, Peter H. "Turkish Treaties in Global Perspective." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1965, pp. n9-60.
  • Routh, D. A. "The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Black Sea Straits." Survey of International Affairs, 1936. London: Oxford University Press, 1937.
  • Sadak, Necmeddin. "Turkey Faces the Soviets." Foreign Affairs, April 1949, pp. 449–461.
  • Shotwell, James T., and Francis Deak. Turkey at the Straits: A Short History. New York: Macmillan, 1940.
  • Yanik, Lerna. "Allies or Partners An Appraisal of Turkey's Ties to Russia 1991–2007", East European Quarterly 41#3 (2007), pp. 349–370.

Turkey–Turkic world relations

[edit]
  • Contessi, Nicola P. "Turkey and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Common values, economics or pure geopolitics?" in Emre Erşen, Seçkin Köstem, eds. Turkey's Pivot to Eurasia. Geopolitics and Foreign Policy in a Changing World Order, (Routledge, 2019), pp. 93–110.
  • Gokalp, Ziya. The Principles of Turkism. Trans., Robert Devereux. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1968.
  • Kubilay Yado Arin. The AKP's Foreign Policy, Turkey's Reorientation from the West to the East? (Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, 2013).
  • Landau, Jacob M. Pan-Turkism in Turkey: A Study of Irredentism. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1981.
  • Robins, Philip. "Between Sentiment and Self-interest: Turkey's Policy toward Azerbaijan and the Central Asian States," Middle East Journal, 47, No. 4, Autumn 1993, pp. 593–610.

Turkey–United States relations

[edit]
  • Armaoglu, Fahir H. "Turkey and the United States: A New Alliance." The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1965, pp. 1–15.
  • Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.
  • Barkey, Henri. "Turkish-American Relations in the Post-War Era: An Alliance of Convenience," Orient [Leverkusen, Germany], 33, No. 3, 1992, pp. 447–464.
  • Barlas, Dilek, and Şuhnaz Yilmaz. "Managing the transition from Pax Britannica to Pax Americana: Turkey's relations with Britain and the US in a turbulent era (1929–47)." Turkish Studies (2016): pp. 1–25.
  • Bolukbasi, Suha. The Superpowers and the Third World: Turkish–American Relations and Cyprus. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1988.
  • Couloumbis, Theodore A. The United States, Greece, and Turkey: The Troubled Triangle. New York: Praeger, 1983.
  • Yilmaz, Şuhnaz. Turkish-American Relations, 1800–1952: Between the Stars, Stripes and the Crescent (Routledge, 2015).

Foreign relations (1923–1945)

[edit]
  • "Türk Dış Politikasına Yon Veren Etkenler (1923–1968)" ("Controlling Factors of Turkish Foreign Policy, 1923–1968"). Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi (Review of the Political Science Faculty), 23 (1968).
  • Ataöv, Türkkaya. "Turkish Foreign Policy: 1923–1938." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1961, pp. 103–42.
  • Ataöv, Türkkaya. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1939–1945. Ankara: Publication of the Faculty of Political Sciences of the University of Ankara, 1965.
  • Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
  • Howard, Harry N. The Partition of Turkey: A Diplomatic History, 1913–1923. New York: Ferig, 1966.
  • Kohn, Hans. "Ten Years of the Turkish Republic." Foreign Affairs, October 1933, pp. 141–155.
  • Sousa, Nasim. The Capitulatory Regime of Turkey: Its History, Origin, and Nature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1957.
  • Vere-Hodge, Edward Reginald. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1918–1948. Ambilly Annemasse: Imprimerie Franco-Suisse, 1950.

Foreign relations (1945–2002)

[edit]
  • Abramowitz, Morton. "Dateline Ankara: Turkey after Özal," Foreign Policy, No. 91, 1993, pp. 164–81.
  • Balci, Ali and Mis, Nebi, "Turkey's Role in the Alliance of Civilizations: A New Perspective in Turkish Foreign Policy?" Turkish Studies, 9.3 (September 2008).
  • Batu, Hamit. "La politique étrangère de la Turquie." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1964, pp. 1–12.
  • Black, Joseph E., and Kenneth W. Thompson (eds.). Foreign Policies in a World of Change. New York: Harper & Row, 1963. With a contribution by Nuri Eren, "The Foreign Policy of Turkey."
  • Danforth, Nicholas. 2021. The Remaking of Republican Turkey: Memory and Modernity since the Fall of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press.
  • Deshocquets, Claude. "La Turquie de 1960 et la stratégie globale." Revue de Defense Nationale, 17 (1961), pp. 222–236.
  • Dodd, Clement H., ed. Turkish Foreign Policy: New Prospects. Huntingdon, United Kingdom: Eothen Press, 1992.
  • Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
  • Hartmann, Hans Walter. Die auswärtige Politik der Türkei, pp. 923–940. Zurich: Leemann & Co., 1999.
  • Karpat, Kemal H. (ed.), Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975).
  • Kirisci, Kemal and Rubin, Barry (eds.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
  • Robins, Philip, "Turkish Foreign Policy Under Erbakan," Survival, 39.2 (Summer 1997).
  • Rouleau, Eric. "The Challenges to Turkey," Foreign Affairs, 72, No. 5, November–December 1993, pp. 110–126.

Foreign relations (2002–present)

[edit]
  • Duran, Burhanettin, "JDP and Foreign Policy as an Agent of Transformation," in Yavuz, H.M. (ed.), The Emergence of a New Turkey: Democracy and the AK Party (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2006).
  • Dursun-Özkanca, Ova. 2019. Turkey–West Relations: The Politics of Intra-Alliance Opposition. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
  • Kirisci, Kemal, "Turkey's Foreign Policy in Turbulent Times," Chaillot Paper 92 (Paris, EUISS, 2006).
  • Kutlay, Mustafa, "Economy as the 'Practical Hand' of 'New Turkish Foreign Policy': A Political Economy Explanation," Insight Turkey, 13.1 (2011).
  • Renda, Kadri Kaan, "Turkey's Neighborhood Policy: An Emerging Complex Interdependence?" Insight Turkey, 13.1 (2011).
  • Sandole, Dennis J.D., "Turkey's Unique Role in Nipping in the Bud the 'Clash of Civilizations'," International Politics, 46.5 (September 2009).
  • Schenkkan, Nate, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia and Emerging Threats, Foreign Affairs Committee, United States House of Representatives, Hearings on "The Future of Turkish Democracy," 15 July 2014.
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