Tashkent
Template:Short description Template:For-multiTemplate:Other uses Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox settlement
Tashkent (Template:IPAc-en),Template:Efn also known as Toshkent,Template:Efn is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan.Template:Efn It is the most populous city in Central Asia, with a population of more than 3 million people as of April 1, 2024.<ref name=toshstat/> It is located in northeastern Uzbekistan, near the border with Kazakhstan.
Before the influence of Islam in the mid-8th century AD, Sogdian and Turkic culture was predominant. After Genghis Khan destroyed the city in 1219, it was rebuilt and profited from its location on the Silk Road. From the 18th to the 19th centuries, the city became an independent city-state, before being re-conquered by the Khanate of Kokand. In 1865, Tashkent fell to the Russian Empire; as a result, it became the capital of Russian Turkestan. In Soviet times, it witnessed major growth and demographic changes due to forced deportations from throughout the Soviet Union. Much of Tashkent was destroyed in the 1966 Tashkent earthquake, but it was soon rebuilt as a model Soviet city. It was the fourth-largest city in the Soviet Union at the time, after Moscow, Leningrad and Kyiv.<ref>Praying Through the 100 Gateway Cities of the 10/40 Window, Template:ISBN, p. 89.</ref>
Today, as the capital of an independent Uzbekistan, Tashkent retains a multiethnic population, with ethnic Uzbeks as the majority. In 2009, it celebrated 2,200 years of its written history.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The master plan of Tashkent until 2045 was approved.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
History
[edit]Etymology
[edit]During its long history, Tashkent has undergone various changes in names and political and religious affiliations. Abu Rayhan Biruni wrote that the city's name Tashkent comes from the turkic tash and persian kent, literally translated as "Stone City" or "City of Stones".<ref>Sachau, Edward C. Alberuni's India: an Account of the Religion. Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws and Astrology of India about AD 1030, vol. 1 London: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRtJBNBR & CO. 1910. p.298.</ref>
Ilya Gershevitch (1974:55, 72) (apud Livshits, 2007:179) traces the city's old name Chach back to Old Iranian *čāiča- "area of water, lake" (cf. Čaēčista, the Aral Sea's name in the Avesta) (whence Middle Chinese transcription *źiäk > standard Chinese Shí with Chinese character 石 for "stone"<ref>Template:Iranica</ref><ref>Template:Iranica</ref>), and *Čačkand ~ Čačkanθ was the basis for Turkic adaptation Tashkent, popularly etymologized as "stone city".<ref name = "livshits2007">Livshits, Vladimir (2007). "The Leader of the People of Chach in Sogdian Inscriptions" in Macuch, Maggi, & Sundermann (eds.) Iranian Languages and Texts from Iran and Turan. Ronald E. Emmerick Memorial Volume. p. 179</ref> Livshits proposes that Čač originally designated only the Aral Sea before being used for the Tashkent oasis.<ref name = "livshits2007"/>
Ünal (2022) critiques Gershevitch's and Livshits's etymology as being "based on too many assumptions". He instead derives the name Čač from Late Proto-Turkic *t1iāt2(ă) "stone", which he proposes to be seemingly another translation, besides the apparent Chinese translation 石 shí "stone", of *kaŋk- (whence Chinese transcription 康居 EHC *kʰɑŋ-kɨɑ > standard Chinese Kāngjū), which possibly meant "stone". Against Harold Walter Bailey's and Edwin G. Pulleyblank's suggested Tocharian origin for *kaŋk-, Ünal proposes that it was instead an Iranian word and compares it to Pashto kā́ṇay "stone".<ref>Ünal, Orçun (2022). "On *p- and Other Proto-Turkic Consonants" Sino-Platonic Papers, 325, pp. 45-46</ref>
Early history
[edit]Tashkent was first settled between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC as an oasis on the Chirchik River, near the foothills of the West Tian Shan Mountains. In ancient times, this area contained Beitian, probably the summer "capital" of the Kangju confederacy.<ref>Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "The Consonantal System of Old Chinese," Asia Major 9 (1963), p. 94.</ref> Some scholars believe that a "Stone Tower" mentioned by Ptolemy in his famous treatise Geography, and by other early accounts of travel on the old Silk Road, referred to this settlement (due to its etymology). This tower is said to have marked the midway point between Europe and China. Other scholars, however, disagree with this identification, though it remains one of four most probable sites for the Stone Tower.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
History as Chach
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In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the town and the province were known as Chach. The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi also refers to the city as Chach.
,_and_Chach_(modern_Tashkent)_to_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE,_Afrasiyab,_Samarkand.jpg){kind=link}
The principality of Chach had a square citadel built around the 5th to 3rd centuries BC, some Template:Cvt south of the Syr Darya River. By the 7th century AD, Chach had more than 30 towns and a network of over 50 canals, forming a trade center between the Sogdians and Turkic nomads. The Buddhist monk Xuanzang (602/603? – 664 AD), who travelled from China to India through Central Asia, mentioned the name of the city as Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang). The Chinese chronicles History of Northern Dynasties, Book of Sui, and Old Book of Tang mention a possession called Template:Transliteration Template:Lang ("stone") or Template:Transliteration Template:Lang with a capital of the same name since the fifth century AD.<ref>Bichurin, 1950. v. II</ref>
In 558–603, Chach was part of the Turkic Khaganate. At the beginning of the 7th century, the Turkic Khaganate, as a result of internecine wars and wars with its neighbors, disintegrated into the Western and Eastern Khaganates. The Western Turkic ruler Tong Yabghu Qaghan (618-630) set up his headquarters in the Ming-bulak area to the north of Chach. Here he received embassies from the emperors of the Tang Empire and Byzantium.<ref>Golden, P.B. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. Series: Turcologica. Wiesbaden: Otto-Harrassowitz. 1992</ref> In 626, the Indian Buddhist preacher Prabhakāramitra arrived with ten companions to the Khagan. In 628, Xuanzang arrived in Ming-bulak.
The Turkic rulers of Chach minted their coins with the inscription on the obverse side of the "lord of the Khakan money" (mid-8th century); with an inscription in the ruler Turk (7th century), in Nudjket in the middle of the 8th century, coins were issued with the obverse inscription “Nanchu (Banchu) Ertegin sovereign".<ref>Baratova L. S. Drevnetyurkskiye monety Sredney Azii VI—IKH vv. (tipologiya, ikonografiya, istoricheskaya interpretatsiya). Avtoreferat diss. kand. ist. nauk. — T., 1995, s.12</ref>
Islamic Caliphate
[edit]Template:Further Chach (Arabic: Shash) was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate at the beginning of the 8th century.<ref>O. G. Bol'shakov. Istoriya Khalifata, t. 4: apogey i padeniye. — Moskva: «Vostochnaya literatura» RAN, 2010</ref>
According to the descriptions of the authors of the 10th century, Shash was structurally divided into a citadel, an inner city (madina) and two suburbs - an inner (rabad-dahil) and an outer (rabad-harij). The citadel, surrounded by a special wall with two gates, contained the ruler's palace and the prison.<ref>Filanovich, M.I. Tashkent (zarozhdeniye i razvitiye goroda i gorodskoy kul'tury). Tashkent, 1983, p.188</ref>
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Post Caliphate rule
[edit]Template:Further Under the Samanid Empire, whose founder Ismail Samani was a descendant of Persian Zoroastrian convert to Islam, the city came to be known as Binkath. However, the Arabs retained the old name of Chach for the surrounding region, pronouncing it ash-Shāsh (Template:Lang) instead. Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ali ash-Shashi, known as al-Kaffal ash-Shashi (904-975), was born in Tashkent. He was an Islamic theologian, scholar, jurist of the Shafi'i madhhab, hadith scholar and linguist.Template:Citation needed
After the 11th century, the name evolved from Chachkand/Chashkand to Tashkand. The modern spelling of "Tashkent" reflects Russian orthography and 20th-century Soviet influence.
At the end of the 10th century, Tashkent became part of the possessions of the Turkic state of the Karakhanids. In 998/99 the Tashkent oasis went to the Karakhanid Ahmad ibn Ali, who ruled the north-eastern regions of Mavarannahr. In 1177/78, a separate khanate was formed in the Tashkent oasis. Its center was Banakat, where dirhams of Mu'izz ad-dunya wa-d-din Qilich-khan were minted, in 1195–1197; and of Jalal ad-dunya wa-d-din Tafgach-khakan, in 1197–1206.<ref>Kochnev B. D., Numizmaticheskaya istoriya Karakhanidskogo kaganata (991—1209 gg.). Moskva «Sofiya», 2006, p.157,234</ref>
Mongol conquest
[edit]Template:Main The city was destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1219 and lost much of its population as a result of the Mongols' destruction of the Khwarezmid Empire in 1220.
Timurid period
[edit]Template:Further Under the Timurid and subsequent Shaybanid dynasties, the city's population and culture gradually revived as a prominent strategic center of scholarship, commerce and trade along the Silk Road. During the reign of Amir Timur (1336-1405), Tashkent was restored and in the 14th-15th centuries Tashkent was part of Timur's empire. For Timur, Tashkent was considered a strategic city. In 1391 Timur set out in the spring from Tashkent to Desht-i-Kipchak to fight the Khan of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh Khan. Timur returned from this victorious campaign through Tashkent.<ref>Fasikh Akhmad ibn Dzhalal ad-Din Mukhammad al-Khavafi. Fasikhov svod. Tashkent: Fan. 1980, p.114</ref>
The most famous saint Sufi of Tashkent was Sheikh Khovendi at-Takhur (13th to the first half of the 14th century). According to legend, Amir Timur, who was treating his wounded leg in Tashkent with the healing water of the Zem-Zem spring, ordered to build a mausoleum for the saint. By order of Timur, the Zangiata mausoleum was built.
Uzbek Shaybanid's dynasty period
[edit]In the 16th century, Tashkent was ruled by the Shaybanid dynasty.<ref>Dobromyslov A. I., Tashkent v proshlom i nastoyashchem. Tashkent, 1912, p.9</ref><ref>Istoriya Tashkenta. Tashkent: Fan, 1988, p.70</ref>
Shaybanid Suyunchkhoja Khan was an enlightened Uzbek ruler; following the traditions of his ancestors Mirzo Ulugbek and Abul Khair Khan, he gathered famous scientists, writers and poets at his court, among them: Vasifi, Abdullah Nasrullahi, Masud bin Osmani Kuhistani. Since 1518 Vasifi was the educator of the son of Suyunchhoja Khan Keldi Muhammad, with whom, after the death of his father in 1525, he moved to Tashkent. After the death of his former pupil, he became the educator of his son, Abu-l-Muzaffar Hasan-Sultan.<ref>Yudin V. P. Materialy po istorii kazakhskikh khanstv XV-XVIII vekov. (Izvlecheniya iz persidskikh i tyurkskikh sochineniy). — Alma-Ata : Nauka, 1969, p.174.</ref>
Later the city was subordinated to Shaybanid Abdullah Khan II (the ruler actually from 1557, officially in 1583–1598), who issued his coins here.<ref>Ye. A. Davidovich, Korpus zolotykh i serebryanykh monet Sheybanidov. XVI vek. M., 1992</ref> From 1598 to 1604 Tashkent was ruled by the Shaybanid Keldi Muhammad, who issued silver and copper coins on his behalf.<ref>Burnasheva R. Z., Nekotoryye svedeniya o chekanke mednykh monet v Tashkente v XVI—XIX vv. Izvestiya Natsional'noy akademii nauk Kazakhstana, № 1, 2007, p.153</ref>
Kazakh ruled period
[edit]In 1598, Kazakh Tauekel Khan was at war with the Khanate of Bukhara. The Bukhara troops sent against him were defeated by Kazakhs in the battle between Tashkent and Samarkand. During the reign of Yesim-Khan,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> a peace treaty was concluded between Bukhara and Kazakhs, according to which Kazakhs abandoned Samarkand, but left behind Tashkent, Turkestan and a number of Syr Darya cities.
Yesim-Khan ruled the Kazakh Khanate from 1598 to 1628, his main merit was that he managed to unite the Kazakh khanate. The city was part of Kazakh Khanate between 1598 and 1723.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Tashkent state
[edit]In 1784, Yunus Khoja, the ruler of the dakha (district) Shayhantahur, united the entire city under his rule and created an independent Tashkent state (1784-1807), which by the beginning of the 19th century seized vast lands.<ref>Istoriya Tashkenta (s drevneyshikh vremon do pobedy Fevral'skoy burzhuazno-demokraticheskoy revolyutsii) / Ziyayev KH. Z., Buryakov YU. V. Tashkent: «Fan», 1988</ref>
Kokand Khanate
[edit]In 1809, Tashkent was annexed to the Khanate of Kokand. At the time, Tashkent had a population of around 100,000 and was considered the richest city in Central Asia.
Under the Kokand domination, Tashkent was surrounded by a moat and an adobe battlement (about 20 kilometers long) with 12 gates.<ref>Istoriya Tashkenta (s drevneyshikh vremyon do pobedy Fevralskoy burzhuazno-demokraticheskoy revolyutsii) / Ziyayev Kh. Z., Buryakov Y.F. Tashkent: «Fan», 1988</ref> It prospered greatly through trade with Russia but chafed under Kokand's high taxes. The Tashkent clergy also favored the clergy of Bukhara over that of Kokand. However, before the Emir of Bukhara could capitalize on this discontent, the Russian army arrived.
Colonial period
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In May 1865, Mikhail Grigorevich Chernyayev (Cherniaev), acting against the direct orders of the Tsar and outnumbered at least 15–1, staged a daring night attack against a city with a wall Template:Cvt long with 11 gates and 30,000 defenders. While a small contingent staged a diversionary attack, the main force penetrated the walls, led by a Russian Orthodox priest. Although the defense was stiff, the Russians captured the city after two days of heavy fighting and the loss of only 25 dead as opposed to several thousand of the defenders (including Alimqul, the ruler of the Kokand Khanate). Chernyayev, dubbed the "Lion of Tashkent" by city elders, staged a hearts-and-minds campaign to win the population over. He abolished taxes for a year, rode unarmed through the streets and bazaars meeting common people, and appointed himself "Military Governor of Tashkent", recommending to Tsar Alexander II that the city become an independent khanate under Russian protection.
The Tsar liberally rewarded Chernyayev and his men with medals and bonuses, but regarded the impulsive general as a loose cannon, and soon replaced him with General Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman. Far from being granted independence, Tashkent became the capital of the new territory of Russian Turkistan, with Kaufman as first Governor-General. A cantonment and Russian settlement were built across the Ankhor Canal from the old city, and Russian settlers and merchants poured in. Tashkent was a center of espionage in the Great Game rivalry between Russia and the United Kingdom over Central Asia. The Turkestan Military District was established as part of the military reforms of 1874. The Trans-Caspian Railway arrived in 1889, and the railway workers who built it settled in Tashkent as well, bringing with them the seeds of Bolshevik Revolution.
Effect of the Russian Revolution
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With the fall of the Russian Empire, the Russian Provisional Government removed all civil restrictions based on religion and nationality, contributing to local enthusiasm for the February Revolution. The Tashkent Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies was soon set up, but primarily represented Russian residents, who made up about a fifth of the Tashkent population. Muslim leaders quickly set up the Tashkent Muslim Council (Tashkand Shura-yi-Islamiya) based in the old city. On 10 March 1917, there was a parade with Russian workers marching with red flags, Russian soldiers singing La Marseillaise and thousands of local Central Asians. Following various speeches, Governor-General Aleksey Kuropatkin closed the events with words "Long Live a great free Russia".<ref>Jeff Sahadeo, Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, Indiana University Press, 2007, p188</ref>
The First Turkestan Muslim Conference was held in Tashkent 16–20 April 1917. Like the Muslim Council, it was dominated by the Jadid, Muslim reformers. A more conservative faction emerged in Tashkent centered around the Ulema. This faction proved more successful during the local elections of July 1917. They formed an alliance with Russian conservatives, while the Soviet became more radical. The Soviet attempt to seize power in September 1917 proved unsuccessful.<ref>Rex A. Wade, The Russian Revolution, 1917, Cambridge University Press, 2005</ref>
In April 1918, Tashkent became the capital of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkestan ASSR). The new regime was threatened by White forces, basmachi; revolts from within, and purges ordered from Moscow.
Soviet period
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The city began to industrialize in the 1920s and 1930s.
Violating the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. The government worked to relocate factories from western Russia and Ukraine to Tashkent to preserve the Soviet industrial capacity. This led to great increase in industry during World War II.
It also evacuated most of the German communist emigres to Tashkent.<ref name="shirer">Template:Cite journal</ref> The Russian population increased dramatically; evacuees from the war zones increased the total population of Tashkent to well over a million. Russians and Ukrainians eventually comprised more than half of the total residents of Tashkent.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Many of the former refugees stayed in Tashkent to live after the war, rather than return to former homes.
During the postwar period, the Soviet Union established numerous scientific and engineering facilities in Tashkent.
On 10 January 1966, then Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan President Ayub Khan signed a pact in Tashkent with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin as the mediator to resolve the terms of peace after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. On the next day, Shastri died suddenly, reportedly due to a heart attack. It is widely speculated that Shastri was killed by poisoning the water he drank.Template:Citation needed
Much of Tashkent's old city was destroyed by a powerful earthquake on 26 April 1966. More than 300,000 residents were left homeless, and some 78,000 poorly engineered homes were destroyed,<ref name="tga">Template:Cite book</ref> mainly in the densely populated areas of the old city where traditional adobe housing predominated.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Soviet republics, and some other countries, such as Finland, sent "battalions of fraternal peoples" and urban planners to help rebuild devastated Tashkent.
Tashkent was rebuilt as a model Soviet city with wide streets planted with shade trees, parks, immense plazas for parades, fountains, monuments, and acres of apartment blocks. The Tashkent Metro was also built during this time. About 100,000 new homes were built by 1970,<ref name="tga" /> but the builders occupied many, rather than the homeless residents of Tashkent.Template:Citation needed Further development in the following years increased the size of the city with major new developments in the Chilonzor area, north-east and south-east of the city.<ref name="tga" />
At the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Tashkent was the fourth-largest city in the USSR and a center of learning in the fields of science and engineering. Due to the 1966 earthquake and the Soviet redevelopment, little architectural heritage has survived of Tashkent's ancient history. Few structures mark its significance as a trading point on the historic Silk Road. Such countries of the Soviet Union as Azerbaijan and Armenia, Kazakhstan and Georgia, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan, Latvia, Moldova, Estonia helped restore the city after the earthquake and erected many modern buildings.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Capital of Uzbekistan
[edit]Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan, noted for its tree-lined streets, fountains and parks. In 2009, the local government initiated a controversial tree-cutting campaign.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Since 1991, the city has changed economically, culturally, and architecturally. New development has superseded or replaced icons of the Soviet era. The largest statue ever erected for Lenin was replaced with a globe, featuring a geographic map of Uzbekistan. Buildings from the Soviet era have been replaced with new modern buildings. The "Downtown Tashkent" district includes the 22-story NBU Bank building, international hotels, the International Business Center, and the Plaza Building.
The Tashkent Business district is a special district, established for the development of small, medium and large businesses in Uzbekistan. In 2018, construction began on a new Downtown which would include a business district with skyscrapers of local and foreign companies, world hotels such as Hilton Tashkent Hotel, apartments, malls, shops and other entertainment. The construction of the International Business Center is planned to be completed by the end of 2021.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Fitch assigns “BB−” rating to Tashkent city, “Stable” forecast.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2007, Tashkent was named a "cultural capital of the Islamic world" by Moscow News, as the city has numerous historic mosques and significant Islamic sites, including the Islamic University.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Tashkent holds the Samarkand Kufic Quran, one of the earliest written copies of the Quran, which has been located in the city since 1924.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Tashkent is the most visited city in the country,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and has greatly benefited from increasing tourism as a result of reforms under president Shavkat Mirziyoyev and opening up by abolishing visas for visitors from the European Union and other developing countries or making visas easier for foreigners.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Tashkent over the years
[edit]- Development of Tashkent
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c. 1865
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1913
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1940
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1965
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1966: earthquake and subsequent redevelopment
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1981
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2000
The invention of television
[edit]In the summer of 1928, the first fully electronic TV set was presented to the public in Tashkent. Boris Grabovsky's method, patented in Saratov in 1925, proposed a new model of TV imaging based on the vertical and horizontal electron beam sweeping under high voltage. Nowadays this principle of the TV imaging is used practically in all modern cathode-ray tubes. Historian and ethnographer Boris Golender (Борис Голендер in Russian), in a video lecture, described this event.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This date of demonstration of the fully electronic TV set is the earliest known so far. Despite this fact, most modern historians disputably consider Vladimir Zworykin and Philo Farnsworth<ref>K. Krull, The boy who invented TV: The story of Philo Farnsworth, 2014</ref> as inventors of the first fully electronic TV set. In 1964, the contribution made to the development of early television by Grabovsky was officially acknowledged by the Uzbek government and he was awarded the prestigious degree "Honorable Inventor of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic".
Geography
[edit]Tashkent is situated in a well-watered plain on the road between Samarkand, Uzbekistan's second city, and Shymkent across the border. Tashkent is just 13 km from two border crossings into Kazakhstan.
Closest geographic cities with populations of over 1 million are: Shymkent (Kazakhstan), Dushanbe (Tajikistan), Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan), Kashgar (China), Almaty (Kazakhstan), Kabul (Afghanistan) and Peshawar (Pakistan).
Tashkent sits at the confluence of the Chirchiq River and several of its tributaries and is built on deep alluvial deposits up to Template:Cvt. The city is located in an active tectonic area suffering large numbers of tremors and some earthquakes.
The local time in Tashkent is UTC/GMT +5 hours.
Climate
[edit]Tashkent features a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) with some humid continental climate influences (Köppen: Dsa).<ref name="Koeppen">Updated Asian map of the Köppen climate classification system</ref> As a result, Tashkent experiences cold and often snowy winters not typically associated with most Mediterranean climates and long, hot and dry summers. Most precipitation occurs during the winter, which frequently falls as snow. The city experiences two peaks of precipitation in the early winter and spring. The slightly unusual precipitation pattern is partially due to its Template:Cvt altitude. Summers are long in Tashkent, usually lasting from May to September. Tashkent can be extremely hot during the months of July and August. The city also sees very little precipitation during the summer, particularly from June through September.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Clear Template:Weather box
Ecology
[edit]The level of air pollution in Tashkent, especially in winter, significantly exceeds international norms. According to the World Bank, the average annual pollution level is more than 6 times higher than the WHO recommended level (5 µg/m³). The main sources of air pollution are the heating sector (28 %), transport (16 %) and industry (13 %).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There are 631 heating complexes around the city, according to the Ecological Party of Uzbekistan 60% of them use coal, sometimes rubber tyres and other fuels.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Demographics
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In 1983, the population of Tashkent amounted to 1,902,000 people living in a municipal area of Template:Cvt. By 1991, the year the Soviet Union dissolved, the city's population had grown to approximately 2,136,600. Tashkent was the fourth most populated city in the former USSR, after Moscow, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), and Kyiv. Nowadays, Tashkent remains the fourth most populous city in the CIS.
As of 2020, the city's population was 2,716,176.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 78.0% – Uzbeks
- 5% – Russians
- 4.5% – Tatars
- 2.2% – Koryo-saram (Koreans)
- 2.1% – Tajiks
- 1.2% – Uighurs
- 7.0% – other ethnic backgroundsTemplate:Citation needed
Template:Historical populations
Uzbek is the main spoken language in Tashkent, though Russian is also spoken as a lingua franca. As in much of Uzbekistan, signage in Tashkent often contains a mix of Latin and Cyrillic scripts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Districts
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Since 2020, when Yangihayot District was created,<ref name=yh>Template:Cite web</ref> Tashkent has been divided into the following 12 districts (Template:Langx):
_Bektemir_district_(2018).png){kind=link}
_Chilanzar_district_(2018).png){kind=link}
_Yashnobod_district_(2018).png){kind=link}
_Mirobod_district_(2018).png){kind=link}
_Mirzo_Ulugbek_district_(2018).png){kind=link}
_Sergeli_district_(2018).png){kind=link}
_Shaykhontohur_district_(2018).png){kind=link}
_Olmazar_district_(2018).png){kind=link}
_Uchtepa_district_(2018).png){kind=link}
_Yakkasaray_district_(2018).png){kind=link}
_Yunusabad_district_(2018).png){kind=link}
Before Tashkent was conquered by the Russian Empire, it was divided into four districts, or daha in Uzbek:
- Beshyoghoch
- Kukcha
- Shaykhontokhur
- Sebzor
In 1940 it had the following districts (Russian район):
By 1981, these were reorganized into the following:<ref name="tga"/>
- Bektemir
- Akmal-Ikramov (Uchtepa)
- Khamza (Yashnobod)
- Lenin (Mirobod)
- Kuybishev (Mirzo Ulugbek)
- Sergeli
- Oktober (Shaykhontokhur)
- Sobir Rakhimov (Olmazar)
- Chilanzar
- Frunze (Yakkasaray)
- Kirov (Yunusabad)
Landmarks
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Due to the destruction of most of the ancient city during the 1917 revolution and, later, the 1966 earthquake, little remains of Tashkent's traditional architectural heritage. Tashkent is, however, rich in museums and Soviet-era monuments. They include:
- Kukeldash Madrasah. Dating back to the reign of Abdullah Khan II (1557–1598) it is being restored by the provincial Religious Board of Mawarannahr Moslems. There is talk of making it into a museum, but it is currently being used as a madrassah.
- Chorsu Bazaar, located near the Kukeldash Madrassa. This huge open air bazaar is the center of the old town of Tashkent. Everything imaginable is for sale. It is one of the major tourist attractions of the city.
- Hazrati Imam Complex. It includes several mosques, shrine, and a library which contains a part of the Uthman Qur'an, a manuscript Qur'an in Kufic script that is considered to be the oldest extant Qur'an in the world. Dating from 655 and stained with the blood of murdered caliph, Uthman, it was brought by Timur to Samarkand, seized by the Russians as a war trophy, and taken to Saint Petersburg. It was returned to Uzbekistan in 1924.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Qaffol Shoshi mausoleum built in honor of Imam Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Ismail al-Kaffal ash-Shashi.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The original tomb did not survive in its initial form. In its current state, the mausoleum was constructed in 1542 by the royal architect of that time, Gulyam Husayn. It is an asymmetrical domed portal mausoleum, known as a khanqah.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Yunus Khan Mausoleum. It is a group of three 15th-century mausoleums, restored in the 19th century. The biggest is the grave of Yunus Khan, grandfather of Mughal Empire founder Babur.
- Palace of Prince Romanov. During the 19th century Grand Duke Nikolai Konstantinovich, a first cousin of Alexander III of Russia was banished to Tashkent for some shady deals involving the Russian Crown Jewels. His palace still survives in the center of the city. Once a museum, it has been appropriated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- Alisher Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre, built by the same architect who designed Lenin's Tomb in Moscow, Aleksey Shchusev, with Japanese prisoner of war labor in World War II. It hosts Russian ballet and opera.
- Fine Arts Museum of Uzbekistan. It contains a major collection of art from the pre-Russian period, including Sogdian murals, Buddhist statues, and Zoroastrian art, along with a more modern collection of 19th and 20th century applied art, such as suzani embroidered hangings. Of more interest is the large collection of paintings "borrowed" from the Hermitage by Grand Duke Romanov to decorate his palace in exile in Tashkent, and never returned. Behind the museum is a small park, containing the neglected graves of the Bolsheviks who died in the Russian Revolution of 1917 and to Osipov's treachery in 1919,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> along with first Uzbekistani President Yuldosh Akhunbabayev.
- Museum of Applied Arts. Housed in a traditional house originally commissioned for a wealthy tsarist diplomat, the house itself is the main attraction, rather than its collection of 19th and 20th century applied arts.
- State Museum of History of Uzbekistan the largest museum in the city. It is housed in the ex-Lenin Museum.
- Amir Timur Museum, housed in a building with a brilliant blue dome and ornate interior. It houses exhibits of Timur and of President Islam Karimov. To adjacent south of the museum is Amir Timur Square where there is a statue of Timur on horseback, surrounded by some of the nicest gardens and fountains in the city.
- Navoi Literary Museum, commemorating Uzbekistan's adopted literary hero, Alisher Navoi, with replica manuscripts, Islamic calligraphy and 15th century miniature paintings.
- The Tashkent Metro is known for extravagant design and architecture in the buildings. Taking photos in the system was banned until 2018.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Russian Orthodox church in Amir Temur Square, built in 1898, was demolished in 2009. The building had not been allowed to be used for religious purposes since the 1920s due to the anti-religious campaign conducted across the former Soviet Union by the Bolshevik (communist) government in Moscow. During the Soviet period, the building was used for different non-religious purposes; after independence, it was a bank.
Tashkent also has a World War II memorial park and a Defender of Motherland monument.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Education
[edit]Most important scientific institutions of Uzbekistan, such as the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, are located in Tashkent. There are several universities and institutions of higher education:
- Amity University in Tashkent
- New Uzbekistan University
- Tashkent State Pedagogical University
- TEAM University
- The Branch of the Russian State University of Oil and Gas (NRU) named after I.M. Gubkin
- Tashkent Automobile and Road Construction Institute
- Tashkent State Technical University
- Tashkent Institute of Architecture and Construction
- Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration
- International Business School Kelajak Ilmi
- Tashkent University of Information Technologies
- Westminster International University in Tashkent
- Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent
- National University of Uzbekistan
- University of World Economy and Diplomacy
- Tashkent State Economic University
- Tashkent State Institute of Law
- Tashkent Financial Institute
- State Conservatory of Uzbekistan
- Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute
- Tashkent State Medicine Academy
- Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies
- Tashkent Islamic University
- British Management University in Tashkent
- Management Development Institute of Singapore in Tashkent
- Tashkent Institute of Textile and Light Industry
- Tashkent Institute of Railway Transport Engineers
- National Institute of Arts and Design named after Kamaleddin Bekhzod
- Inha University Tashkent
- Uzbekistan State University of World Languages
- AKFA UNIVERSITY
- Webster University in Tashkent
- Tashkent Professional College of Information Technologies
Media
[edit]- Nine Uzbek language newspapers, four in English, and nine in Russian.
- Several television and cable television facilities, including Tashkent Tower, the second tallest structure in Central Asia.
- Moreover, there are digital broadcasting systems available in Tashkent which is unique in Central Asia.
Transportation
[edit]
- Tashkent Metro
- Tashkent International Airport is the largest in the country, connecting the city to Asia, Europe and North America.
- Tashkent–Samarkand high-speed rail line
- Trolleybus system was closed down in 2010.
- Tram transport ended on 1 May 2016.
Entertainment and shopping
[edit]There are several shopping malls in Tashkent. These include Tashkent City Mall, Next and Samarqand Darvoza shopping malls.<ref>Usbekistan: Entlang der Seidenstraße nach Samarkand, Buchara und Chiwa Template:ISBN p. 111</ref> Most of the malls, including Riviera and Compass mall, were built and are operated by the Tower Management Group.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This is part of the Orient Group of Companies.
The capital's most established theatre is the Alisher Navoi Theater, that has regular ballet and opera performances. Ilkhom Theater, founded by Mark Weil in 1976, was the first independent theater in the Soviet Union. The theater still operates in Tashkent and is known for its historical reputation.
Sport
[edit]
Football is the most popular sport in Tashkent, with the most prominent football clubs being Pakhtakor Tashkent FK, FC Bunyodkor, and PFC Lokomotiv Tashkent, all three of which compete in the Uzbekistan Super League. Footballers Maksim Shatskikh, Peter Odemwingie and Vasilis Hatzipanagis were born in the city. Humo Tashkent, a professional ice hockey team was established in 2019 with the aim of joining Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), a top level Eurasian league in future. Humo joined the second-tier Supreme Hockey League (VHL) for the 2019–20 season. Humo play their games at the Humo Ice Dome; both the team and arena derive their name from the mythical Huma bird.<ref name="Logo">Template:Cite web</ref> Humo Tashkent was a member of the reformed Uzbekistan Ice Hockey League which began play in February 2019.<ref name="Kun.uz">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Humo finished in first place at the end of the regular season. Cyclist Djamolidine Abdoujaparov was born in the city, while tennis player Denis Istomin was raised there. Akgul Amanmuradova and Iroda Tulyaganova are notable female tennis players from Tashkent. Gymnasts Alina Kabaeva and Israeli Olympian Alexander Shatilov were also born in the city. Former world champion and Israeli Olympic bronze medalist sprint canoer in the K-1 500 m event Michael Kolganov was also born in Tashkent.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In Weightlifting, Uzbekistan won the heavyweight class in both the Rio<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> and Tokyo<ref name=":0" /> Olympic Games. Tashkent is hosting the 2021 Weightlifting World Championships.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Notable people
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- Behzod Abduraimov, classical pianist
- Nodirbek Abdusattorov, chess grandmaster
- Turgun Alimatov, Uzbek classic music and shashmaqam player and composer
- Natasha Alam, Uzbekistani–American actress and model
- Abdulla Aripov, politician and Prime Minister of Uzbekistan
- Lola Astanova, Russian-American pianist
- Viktor Bryukhanov, director of Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
- Sogdiana Fedorinskaya, singer and actress
- Gʻafur Gʻulom, poet
- Ravshan Irmatov, football referee
- Arthur Kaliyev, born in Tashkent raised in Staten Island, New York, American ice hockey player for the Los Angeles Kings of the NHL
- Rustam Kasimdzhanov, chess player, former FIDE World Champion
- Moshe Kaveh (born 1943), Israeli physicist and former President of Bar-Ilan University
- Vladimir Kozlov, Ukrainian-American professional wrestler
- Varvara Lepchenko, American professional tennis player
- Olena Lytovchenko, writer
- Naima Mahmudova Soviet Uzbek doctor and stateswoman (1928-2017)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Tohir Malik, novelist
- Boris Mavashev, Israeli seismologist
- Alisher Mirzo, painter
- Eson Kandov, singer and musician
- Abdulla Qodiriy, writer
- Mirjalol Qosimov, former player and head coach of the Uzbekistan national football team
- Igor Povalyayev, former professional footballer
- Svetlana Radzivil, high jumper
- Artur Rozyyev, former Russian professional football player
- Dilorom Saidaminova, composer
- Tursunoy Saidazimova, singer
- Shakhida Shaimardanova, composer
- Iroda Tulyaganova, former tennis player
- Alisher Usmanov, born in Chust, spent his childhood in Tashkent
- Milana Vayntrub, American actress and comedian
- Rita Volk, Uzbekistani–American actress
- Hakim Karimovich Zaripov, circus performer
- Farrukh Zokirov, singer
- Zulfiya, writer and poet
- Sodiq Safoyev, first deputy chairperson of the Senate of Uzbekistan's Parliament
- Ali Hamroyev, actor, film director, screenwriter, and film producer
- Abid Sadykov, organic chemist, academician, and politician
- Behzod Hoshimov, academic
- Umid Iskandarov, Uzbek actor
- Ulugʻbek Qodiriv, actor
- Tohir Sodiroqov, singer
- Alisher Uzoqov, actor
- Zafar Khashimov (born 1968) Uzbekistani businessman
- Abdukodir Khusanov, professional footballer
Twin towns – sister cities
[edit]Template:See also Tashkent is twinned with:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col
- Template:Flagicon Ankara, Turkey<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Ashgabat, Turkmenistan<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Astana, Kazakhstan<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Berlin, Germany
- Template:Flagicon Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Template:Flagicon Cairo, Egypt<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Dnipro, Ukraine
- Template:Flagicon Kyiv, Ukraine
- Template:Flagicon Moscow, Russia
- Template:Flagicon Nagoya, Japan
- Template:Flagicon Riga, Latvia
- Template:Flagicon Seattle, United States<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Seoul, South Korea
- Template:Flagicon Shanghai, China
- Template:Flagicon Sverdlovsk, Ukraine
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Stronski, Paul, Tashkent: Forging a Soviet City, 1930–1966 (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010).
- Jeff Sahadeo, Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865–1923 (Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 2010).
External links
[edit]- Template:Commons category-inline
- Template:Wikivoyage inline
- Photos of historical monuments and modern buildings in Tashkent
- Recent photos of Tashkent with comments in English
- Disability Information Resource Centre in Tashkent
Template:Districts of Tashkent Template:List of Asian capitals by region Template:Provinces of Uzbekistan Template:Cities in Uzbekistan Template:Tashkent Province Template:Authority control