Bissau

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Bissau (Template:IPA) is the capital and largest city of Guinea-Bissau. Template:As of it had a population of 492,004.<ref name="internetworldstats.com">Template:Cite web</ref> Bissau is located on the Geba River estuary, off the Atlantic Ocean, and is Guinea-Bissau's largest city, major port, its administrative and military center.

Etymology

The term Bissau may have come from the name of a clan N'nssassun, in its plural form Bôssassun.<ref name="Nanque"/> Intchassu (Bôssassu) was the name given to the nephew of King Mecau—the first sovereign of the island of Bissau—son of his sister Pungenhum. Bôssassu formed a clan of the Papel peoples.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

Template:See also From well before the arrival of Europeans to the early 20th century, the island of Bissau was governed as a kingdom inhabited by the Papel people. According to oral tradition, the kingdom was founded by Mecau, the son of the king of Quinara (Guinala), who moved to the area with his pregnant sister, six wives, and subjects of his father's kingdom. The kingdom was composed of seven clans, descended from the sister and six wives. The Bossassun clan, which descends from the sister, inherited the throne.<ref name="Nanque">Template:Cite thesis</ref> The Kingdom of Bissau was highly stratified.Template:Sfn The king's coronation involved the practice of binding and beating the king, as the king should know what punishment felt like before administering it, as well as the presentation of a spear, the royal badge of office.Template:Sfn When the Portuguese began to trade there in the 16th century, the king of Bissau was among the most supportive monarchs of the region. In 1680 Bissau even helped the Portuguese in a conflict with the Papels of Cacheu.Template:Sfn

The city was founded in 1687 as a Portuguese trading post.<ref name=Europa2001>Template:Cite book</ref> During this same period French activities in the area were increasing. Although the king of Bissau Bacompolco refused them permission to build a fort, he did grant them a trading factory, from which they shipped thousands of slaves, among other things. In response the Portuguese Template:Ill established the captaincy-general of Bissau, and by 1696 the town had a fort, a church, and a hospital.Template:Sfn It was the main emporium for trade on and south of the Geba river,Template:Sfn and was rivaling if not eclipsing Cacheu in importance.Template:Sfn

Bacompulco died in 1696. King Incinhate emerged from the ensuing succession dispute despite tacit Portuguese opposition, and relations rapidly deteriorated.Template:Sfn When Captain-General Pinheiro tried to enforce Portugal's monopoly in defiance of the Papel policy of free trade, Incinhate surrounded the incomplete fort and threatened to massacre the inhabitants. Pinheiro later died in Papel custody.Template:Sfn Unable to enforce a trading monopoly or collect duties from foreign shipping, the Portuguese soon abandoned the fort.Template:Sfn They returned in 1753 but, faced with determined Papel resistance, were unable to build a new fort and left two years later.Template:Sfn

The fort was rebuilt by the Grão Pará and Maranhão Company in 1775 to better project Portuguese power and store more slaves for shipment to Brazil.Template:Sfn Real control of the area, however, remained in the hands of the Papel kings.Template:Sfn In 1869, as part of an effort to more efficiently govern the territory, Bissau was raised to the status of commune.Template:Sfn

The decades on either side of the turn of the 20th century saw fierce resistance on the part of the Papels to colonial 'pacification campaigns.' In 1915, after 30 years of war, the Portuguese under the command of Officer Teixeira Pinto and warlord Abdul Injai defeated the Kingdom of Bissau and permanently incorporated it into Portuguese Guinea.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp In 1941 the capital was transferred from Bolama to Bissau.<ref name=Europa2001/> 1959 saw the bloody repression of a dockworkers' strike, a key event that pushed the nationalists towards armed resistance.Template:Sfn

After the declaration of independence by the anti-colonial guerrillas of PAIGC in 1973, the capital of the rebel territories was declared to be Madina do Boe, while Bissau remained the colonial capital. The city was attacked in 1968 and 1971 by nationalist forces.Template:Sfn When Portugal granted independence, following the military coup of 25 April in Lisbon, Bissau became the capital of the newly independent state.

Bissau was the scene of intense fighting during the beginning and end of the Guinea-Bissau Civil War in 1998 and 1999.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Much of the infrastructure was destroyed and most of the population fled. The city rebounded after peace returned, holding more than 25% of the country's population during the 2009 census and witnessing the erection of many new and rehabilitated buildings.Template:Sfn

In 2023, the Turkish electric company Karpowership cut power to the city, due to an unpaid bill exceeding $15 million. Power delivery stopped early on the morning of 17 October, and was resumed late the following day, after Guinea-Bissau had made a payment of $6 million.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Geography and climate

File:DC - Foto Serra No 142 - Vista aérea parcial e Ilhéu do Rei - Bissau.jpg

View of downtown Bissau in the 1960s as the capital of Portuguese Guinea

Bissau is located on the Geba River estuary, off the Atlantic Ocean. The land surrounding the city is extremely low-lying, and the river is accessible to ocean-going vessels despite its modest discharge for about Template:Convert beyond the city.

Bissau has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw), not quite wet enough to qualify as a tropical monsoon climate (Am) but much wetter than most climates of its type.

Almost no rain falls from November to May, but during the remaining five months of the year, the city receives around Template:Convert of rain.

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Demographics

At the 1979 census, Bissau had a population of 109,214. By the 2015 census, Bissau had a population of 492,004.<ref name="internetworldstats.com" />

Economy

Bissau is the country's largest city, major port, and educational, administrative, industrial and military center. Peanuts, hardwoods, copra, palm oil, milk products, and rubber are the chief products. Bissau is also the main city of the fishing and agricultural industry in the country.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>

Transportation

Air

Bissau is served by Osvaldo Vieira International Airport, the country's sole international airport, which currently offers flights from six different airlines.

Highways

The main highway connecting Bissau to the rest of the nation and the continent is the Trans–West African Coastal Highway. There are also many smaller national highways that connect to other big cities such as Bafatá and Gabu.

Education

The main secondary school institutions in Bissau are the National Lyceum Kwame N'Krumah<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> and the Bethel-Bissau Adventist School.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The main higher education institutions in the city are the Amílcar Cabral University,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Catholic University of Guinea Bissau, and the Jean Piaget University of Guinea-Bissau.

The city of Bissau still has two international schools:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Escola Portuguesa da Guiné-Bissau
Escola Portuguesa Passo a Passo

Culture

Attractions include the Portuguese-built Fortaleza de São José da Amura barracks from the 18th century, containing Amílcar Cabral's mausoleum, the Pidjiguiti Memorial to the dockers killed in the Bissau dockers' strike on 3 August 1959, the Guinea-Bissau National Arts Institute, Bissau New Stadium and local beaches.

Many buildings in the city were ruined during the Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999), including the Guinea-Bissau Presidential Palace and the Bissau French Cultural Centre (now rebuilt), and the city center is still underdeveloped. Because of the large population of Muslims in Bissau, Ramadan is also an important celebration.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>