1816

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May to August: Temperatures drop below freezing in Northern Hemisphere during "Year Without a Summer".

June 19: The Battle of Seven Oaks is fought near Winnipeg between the Hudson's Bay Company and the victorious North West Company.

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This year was known as the Year Without a Summer, because of low temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere, possibly the result of the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, causing severe global cooling, catastrophic in some locations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Events

January–March

January 6 – (December 25, 1815 on the Russian Julian calendar): Tsar Alexander I of Russia signs an order, expelling the Jesuits from St. Petersburg and Moscow.<ref>Who were Czars Alexander I and Alexander II of Russia?, toughissues.org (accessed 2013-12-13). Template:Webarchive.</ref>
January 9 –
- Sir Humphry Davy's Davy lamp is first tested underground as a coal mining safety lamp, at Hebburn Colliery in northeast England;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Ludwig van Beethoven wins the custody battle for his nephew Karl.
January 17 – Fire nearly destroys the city of St. John's, Newfoundland.
February 10 – Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, dies and is succeeded by Friedrich Wilhelm, his son and founder of the House of Glücksburg.
February 20 – Gioachino Rossini's opera buffa The Barber of Seville premières at the Teatro Argentina in Rome.
March 1 – The Gorkha War between the United Kingdom and Nepal is ended after more than a year by the ratification of the Treaty of Sugauli, with Nepal ceding about one-third of its territory to British Indian control.<ref>K. L. Pradhan, Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839 (Concept Publishing, 2012), p. 110.</ref>
March 16 – U.S. Secretary of State James Monroe is nominated by a caucus of Democratic-Republican Party members of Congress, to be its party's representative in the U.S. presidential election; Monroe receives 65 votes, and Secretary of War William H. Crawford receives 54 votes.<ref>The Statesman's Manual: The Addresses and Messages of the Presidents of the United States, Inaugural, Annual, and Special, from 1789 to 1854 (E. Walker, 1849) p321</ref>
March 21 – The Institut de France is reorganized by King Louis XVIII of France into four royal academies: a revived Académie française; the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres; the Royal Academy of Sciences; and the Académie des Beaux-Arts.<ref>Louis L. Bucciarelli and Nancy Dworsky, Sophie Germain: An Essay in the History of the Theory of Elasticity (Springer, 2012), p. 138.</ref>
March 22 – The United States signs a treaty with the Cherokee Nation, acknowledging that it will return land in Alabama and Georgia that had been illegally ceded to the U.S. in 1814 by the Creek Nation; General Andrew Jackson refuses to honor the treaty, and uses the controversy as a justification for removing Indians from the southeastern United States.<ref>Kenneth J. Hagan and Ian J. Bickerton, Unintended Consequences: The United States at War (Reaktion Books, 2007), p. 48.</ref>

April–June

March 29–April 10 – The Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter.
March 30–April 11 – In Philadelphia, the African Methodist Episcopal Church is established by Richard Allen and other African-American Methodists, the first such denomination in the U.S. completely independent of White churches.
April 28 – The French Caisse des dépôts et consignations, a public investment body, is created by Louis XVIII.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
April – Banjul, capital of the Gambia, is founded as a trading post named Bathurst.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
May 2 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later King of the Belgians) marries Charlotte Augusta, daughter of the Prince Regent, at Carlton House in London.
May 8 – Divorce is abolished in France by the Chambre introuvable, after having been permitted following the French Revolution.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
June 4 (N.S.) (May 23 O.S.) – The Governorate of Estonia of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from serfdom.
June 16 – The Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace is founded in London.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
June 19 – Battle of Seven Oaks: The Hudson's Bay Company is defeated by the North West Company, near Winnipeg, Canada.

July–September

July 2 – The French frigate Medusa runs aground off the coast of Senegal, with 140 lives lost in the botched rescue that takes weeks, leading to a scandal in the French government.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
July 9 – The United Provinces of South America (today Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia and southern Brazil) declares independence from Spain.
August 12–24 – The Treaty of St. Louis, between the United States and the Council of Three Fires tribes, is signed in St. Louis.
August 14 – The United Kingdom formally annexes the Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the southern Atlantic Ocean, ruling it from the Cape Colony.
August 27 – Bombardment of Algiers: An anglo-Dutch fleet forces Omar Agha, Dey of Algiers to free Christian slaves.
September 3 – Pope Pius VII sends a directive to Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Mohilev, advising Siestrzeńcewicz not to continue the Russian Bible Society's plans to circulate the Scriptures written in the Russian language, commenting that "if the Sacred Scriptures were allowed in the vulgar tongue, more detriment than benefit would arise."<ref>Roger Steer, Good News for the World: 200 Years of Making the Bible Heard : the Story of Bible Society (Monarch Books, 2004), p. 155.</ref>
September 6 – King Louis XVIII dissolves the Chambre introuvable, the legislature that had been elected after the Second Bourbon Restoration re-established the old monarchy.<ref>Darrin M. McMahon, Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity (Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 157.</ref>

October–December

October 21 – Penang Free School is founded by Rev. Sparke Hutchings, on the island of Penang (in modern-day Malaysia).
October 25–November 6 – 1816 United States presidential election: James Monroe defeats Rufus King.
November 10 – The British troop transport Harpooner, returning from Quebec to Britain, is wrecked at Cape Pine on Newfoundland (island) with the loss of 208 of the 385 people on board.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
November 19 – The University of Warsaw is established.
December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state.
December 12 – The thrones of Sicily and Naples are merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, under King Ferdinand I.
December 9–21 – The American Colonization Society is established, to support the emigration of free African Americans to Africa.

Date unknown

Saint Pierre and Miquelon resettled.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
René Laennec invents the stethoscope.
Robert Stirling patents his Stirling engine, at this time known as "Stirling's air engine", in the United Kingdom.
E. Remington and Sons, the firearm and later typewriter manufacturing company, is founded in the United States.
Mutuelle de L'assurance contre L'incendie ("L'Anciente Mutuelle"), predecessor of Axa, the global insurance and financial services company, is founded in Rouen, France.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>