1545

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July 18 – July 19: The Battle of the Solent ends with the sinking of the English flagship Mary Rose.

Template:C16 year in topic Year 1545 (MDXLV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

January 1 – King Francis I of France issues the "Arrêt de Mérindol", to destroy the Protestant Waldensians of Provence.
January 4 – Giovanni Battista De Fornari begins a 2-year term as the Doge of Genoa, succeeding Andrea Centurione Pietrasanta.
February 22 – A firman of the Ottoman Empire is issued for the dethronement of Radu Paisie as Prince of Wallachia.
February 27 – Battle of Ancrum Moor: The Scots are victorious over numerically superior English forces.<ref name=CBH1545>Template:Cite book</ref>
March 17 – Mircea the Shepherd enters Bucharest as the new ruler of Wallachia, now in Romania.
March 24 – At a diet in Worms, Germany, summoned by Pope Paul III, the German Protestant princes demand a national religious settlement for Germany. Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V refuses.

April–June

April 1 – Potosí is founded by the Spanish as a mining town after the discovery of huge silver deposits in this area of modern-day Bolivia. Silver mined from Huayna Potosí Mountain provides most of the wealth on which the Spanish Empire is based until its fall in the early 19th century.
May 20 –
- Sher Shah Suri, King of the Sur Empire in northern India, is fatally injured by an explosion from one of his own cannons while leading the siege of the Kalinjar Fort and dies two days later.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- In Vietnam, warlord Nguyễn Kim of the Lê dynasty leads troops toward an attack on Ninh Binh when he is invited by Dương Chấp Nhất of the Mạc dynasty to dinner. General Kim is treated to a watermelon by Duong and dies the next day.
May 27 – Prince Jalal Khan, the second son of the late Sher Shah Suri, is crowned as the new King of the Suri Empire and takes the regnal name of Islam Shah Suri.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
May 31 – During the Italian War, a French expeditionary force under the direction of Claude d'Annebault begins an invasion of Britain by landing in Scotland.<ref>Robert Knecht Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I (Cambridge University Press, 1994) pp.501—502. Template:ISBN.</ref>
June 13 – Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez sets out to navigate the northern coast of New Guinea.
June 20 – Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez arrives at a large island in the South Pacific Ocean. Stopping at the Mamberamo River, Ortiz claims the island for Spain and christens it "Nueva Guinea" after concluding that the natives resemble the people on the coast of the Guinea coast of West Africa.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

July–September

July 18– The Battle of the Solent begins between the English and French navies in The Solent, the strait between the British mainland and the Isle of Wight.
July 19 – The Royal Navy's flagship, the Mary Rose, is sunk along with 365 of its 400 crew<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> before the Battle of the Solent ends inconclusively. The wreckage will be located in 1971, more than 400 years after the sinking, and raised on October 11, 1982.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">Template:Cite book</ref>
July 21 – Italian Wars: Battle of Bonchurch – The English reverse an attempted French invasion of the Isle of Wight, off the coast of England.<ref name=CBH1545/>
August 5 – Scottish nobleman Domhnall Dubh, also called "Black Donald", secures an alliance with King Henry VIII of England and plans an invasion of Scotland (Dubh's Rebellion) seeking to install the Earl of Lennox as the regent for Mary, Queen of Scots, rather than the incumbent Regent Arran.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The rebellion attracts little support from other nobles and Dubh dies of a fever while in Ireland, before an invasion can take place.
August 8 – King Injong of Joseon, ruler of the Korean Empire, dies at the age of 30, after only eight months as monarch. His allies suspect that he had slowly been poisoned by his stepmother, Queen Janggyeong, who had been Queen consort as the wife of King Jungjong. Queen Janggyeong's 12-year-old son Myeongjong is enthroned as the new King, with Janggyeong as the regent.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Sher Shah Suri Tomb.jpg

Sher Shah's tomb

August 16 – The elaborate Tomb of Sher Shah Suri is completed in Sasaram, three months after Sher Shah's death, in what is now India's Bihar state.
September 16 –
- The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza is created in Italy by order of Pope Paul III, formerly Alessandro Farnese, to be ruled by his son, Pier Luigi Farnese.<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref>
- In a one-day campaign in the Rough Wooing border war between England and Scotland, the English generals Lord Hertford and Robert Bowes carry out a mission of burning Scottish towns along the River Teviot. He writes later that with 1,500 light horsemen from 5:00 in the morning to 3:00 in the afternoon, his army "burnt 14 or 15 towns" including "Rowle, Spittel, Bedrowle, Rowlewood, The Wolles, Crossebewghe, Donnerles, Fotton, West Leas, Troonyhill, and Dupligi.<ref>David Laing, 'Account of the Earl of Hertford's Second Expedition to Scotland', PSAS, p. 277: Samuel Haynes, Collection of State Papers (London, 1740), p. 53.</ref>
c. September – Mobye Narapati succeeds as ruler of the Ava Kingdom and offers peace to the Taungoo dynasty, ending the Taungoo–Ava War (1538–45), and leaving the Taungoo as the dominant rulers in Burma.

October–December

October 20 – The "New Laws"(Leyes Nuevas), officially the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians are repealed less than a year after being issued by King Carlos of Spain.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
October 31 – (26th day of 9th month of Tenbun 14) The Siege of Kawagoe Castle begins, as part of an unsuccessful attempt by the Uesugi clan to regain Kawagoe Castle from the Late Hōjō clan in Japan.
November 9 – Pietro Lando, the Doge of the Republic of Venice since 1538, dies and Francesco Donato is elected in his place.
November 10 – A truce is signed between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire following the Siege of Nice, as Emperor Charles V acknowedges the Ottoman conquests.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
November 15 – (10 Ramadan 952 AH) Hamida Banu Begum, Empress consort of India's Mughal Empire and wife of the Emperor Humayun, returns to the capital, Agra, after a three-year absence.<ref>Annemarie Schimmel and Burzine K. Waghmar, The Empire of the Great Mughals (Reaktion Books, 2004) p. 146. ISBN 1-86189-185-7</ref> She is accompanied by an army provided to Humayun by Tahmasp I, Shah of Iran.
November 23 – King Henry VIII opens the Parliament of England for the ninth time, in a session that lasts until December 24.
December 13 – The Council of Trent officially opens in northern Italy (it closes in 1563).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
December 24 – King Henry VIII gives royal assent to multiple acts passed by the English Parliament on its final day, including the Dissolution of Colleges Act and the Custos Rotulorum Act.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Undated

Battle of Sokhoista: The army of the Ottoman Empire defeats an alliance of Georgian dynasties.
Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi overthrows his uncle Pedro I of Kongo to become manikongo.
In China, a large failure of the harvest in Henan province occurs due to excessive rainfall, which drives up the price of wheat, and forces many to flee their rural counties; those who stay behind are forced to survive by eating leaves, bark, and human flesh.
In the territory of New Spain in modern-day Mexico, the Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548 begins.
St. Anne's Church, Augsburg converts to Lutheranism.
The Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano published a book on algebra, Ars Magna, that contained the first published algebraic solutions to cubic and quartic equations.