1952 Winter Olympics

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox Olympic games The 1952 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VI Olympic Winter Games (Template:Langx; Template:Langx) and commonly known as Oslo 1952, were a winter multi-sport event held from 14 to 25 February 1952 in Oslo, the capital of Norway.

Discussions about Oslo hosting the Winter Olympic Games began as early as 1935; the city was keen to host the 1948 Winter Olympics, but that was made impossible by World War II. Instead, Oslo won the right to host the 1952 Games in a contest that included Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy and Lake Placid in the United States. All of the Olympic venues were in Oslo's metropolitan area, except for the alpine skiing events, which were held at Norefjell, Template:Convert from the capital. A new hotel was built for the press and dignitaries, along with three dormitories to house athletes and coaches, creating the first modern athlete's village. Oslo bore the financial burden of hosting the Games in return for the revenue they generated. The 1952 Winter Olympics was the first of the two consecutive Olympics to be held in Northern Europe, preceding the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland.

The 1952 Winter Games attracted 694 athletes representing 30 countries, who participated in four sports and 22 events.<ref name=oslo>Template:Cite web</ref> Japan and Germany made their returns to Winter Olympic competition after being forced to miss the 1948 Games in the aftermath of World War II. Germany was represented solely by West German athletes after East Germany declined to compete as a unified team. Portugal and New Zealand made their Winter Olympic debuts, and women were allowed to compete in cross-country skiing for the first time.

Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen won three out of four speed skating events to become the most decorated athlete of the 1952 Winter Olympics. Germany resumed its former prominence in bobsleigh, with wins in the four- and two-man events. Dick Button of the United States performed the first triple jump in international competition to claim his second consecutive men's figure skating Olympic title. The popular Nordic sport bandy featured as a demonstration sport, but only three Nordic countries competed in the tournament. Norway dominated the overall medal count with 16 medals, including seven golds. The Games closed with the presentation of a flag that would be passed to the host city of the next Winter Olympics. The flag, which became known as the "Oslo flag", has been displayed in the host city during subsequent Winter Games.

Host city selection

Template:Location map Oslo had unsuccessfully bid to host the 1936 Winter Olympics, losing to Germany, which had hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics. At that time, the nation that hosted the Summer Olympics also hosted the Winter Olympics.<ref name=fp252>Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 252</ref> After the 1936 Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to award the Winter and Summer Games to different countries, but the Games were suspended during World War II. London hosted the first post-war Games, the 1948 Summer Olympics, and recommended Oslo as the host city for the 1948 Winter Games, but the city council declined.<ref name=fp252/> Instead, the 1948 Winter Olympics were held in St. Moritz, Switzerland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Norwegians were undecided about hosting a Winter Olympics.<ref>Klausen (1999), p. 28</ref> Culturally, they were opposed to competitive winter sports, particularly skiing events, despite the success of Norwegian athletes at previous Winter Games.<ref>Klausen (1999), pp. 28–29</ref> But the organizers believed the 1952 Games could be an opportunity to promote national unity and to show the world that Norway had recovered from the war.<ref>Klausen (1999), p. 29</ref> Vying with Oslo for the right to host the Games were Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, and Lake Placid, New York, United States.<ref name=fp252/> The IOC voted to award the 1952 Winter Games to Oslo on 21 June 1947 at the 40th IOC Session in Stockholm, Sweden.<ref name=osloor20>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 20</ref> Later, Cortina d'Ampezzo was awarded the 1956 Games, and Lake Placid—which had hosted the 1932 Winter Olympics—was chosen to host the 1980 Winter Games. Norway became the first Scandinavian country to host a Winter Olympics,<ref name=fp252/> and the 1952 Winter Games were the first to be held in a nation's capital.<ref name=oslo/>

Results

1952 Winter Olympics bidding result<ref name=votes>Template:Cite web</ref>

City	Country	Round 9
Oslo	Template:Flagicon Norway	17
Cortina d'Ampezzo	Template:Flagicon Italy	9
Lake Placid	Template:Flagicon United States	1

Organization

A special committee was assigned to organize the 1952 Games, which consisted of four Norwegian sports officials and four representatives from the municipality of Oslo, including mayor Brynjulf Bull.<ref name=osloor20/> The committee was in place by December 1947.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 21</ref> The city of Oslo funded the Games entirely, in exchange for keeping all the revenue generated.<ref name=osloor57>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 57</ref> To accommodate the influx of athletes and coaches, quarters for competitors and support staff were designed and constructed, with three new facilities (forerunners of the athlete's villages of later Games) built.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 23</ref> The city of Oslo paid to have a new hotel constructed, the Viking, used for IOC delegates, out-of-town dignitaries, and as the communication hub of the Games.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 42–43</ref><ref name=telecom71>Template:Cite journal</ref> For the first time in a Winter Games, an indoor ice hockey arena was constructed, which hosted the eight-team tournament.<ref name=oslosr>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="fp256"/> Oslo's existing central arena, Bislett Stadium, was used for the opening and closing ceremonies, and for speed skating events. Improvements to the arena included better sound and lighting systems, remodeled club house and press rooms, and the addition of a medical center.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 29–30</ref>

Politics

In the aftermath of the German occupation of Norway during World War II, anti-German sentiment began to affect preparations for the 1952 Olympics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Discussions were held to consider whether Germany should be allowed to participate in the Games.<ref name=fp254/> When in 1950, the West German Olympic Committee requested recognition by the IOC, it raised the question of whether their participation would cause political boycotts in the upcoming Games.<ref>Espy (1981), p. 32</ref> Once the IOC recognized the West German Olympic Committee, West Germany was then formally invited to compete at the 1952 Winter Games.<ref>Hill (1992), p. 34</ref> East Germany was invited to participate with West Germany, as a unified team, but they declined.<ref>Hill (1992), p. 35</ref>

At first Norway was reluctant to welcome German athletes and others considered Nazi sympathizers. For example, Norwegian speed skater Finn Hodt was not allowed to compete in the Norwegian speed skating team because he collaborated with the Nazis during the war. Eventually, despite the concern, Norway agreed to allow German and Japanese athletes to compete.<ref name=fp254/> The Soviet Union sent no athletes to Oslo, despite being recognized by the IOC, sending observers instead.<ref>Findling and Pelle (1996), pp. 254–255</ref><ref name=fp255/>

Events

Medals were awarded in 22 events contested in four sports (eight disciplines).

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• Skating
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• Skiing
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Demonstration sport

• File:Bandy pictogram.svg Bandy (1) (details)

Opening ceremonies

Long-shot of Olympic stadium with many athletes standing in neat formation behind their national flags

A scene from the opening ceremony at Bislett Stadium

The opening ceremonies were held in Bislett Stadium on 15 February.<ref name=oslosr/> King George VI of Great Britain had died on 6 February 1952 with his daughter Elizabeth II taking the throne as Queen, eight days before the start of the Games.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As a result, all national flags were flown at half-mast, and Princess Ragnhild opened the Games in place of her grandfather, King Haakon VII, who was in London attending the state funeral.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 175</ref> This was the first time an Olympic Games had been declared open by a female official.<ref name=oslo/> The parade of nations was held according to tradition, with Greece first and the rest of the nations proceeding by alphabetical order in the Norwegian language, with the host nation last.<ref name=osloor176>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 176</ref> The British, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand teams all wore black arm bands at the opening ceremonies in memory of their monarch.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 178</ref> Following the parade of nations, the Olympic flame was lit.<ref name=oslosr/> On 13 February, at the start of the inaugural Winter Olympics torch relay, the torch was lit in the hearth of the Morgedal House, birthplace of skiing pioneer Sondre Norheim.<ref name=oslo/> The torch relay lasted two days and was conducted entirely on skis.<ref name=oslo/><ref name=osloor176/> At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer, Eigil Nansen, received the Olympic torch and skied to a flight of stairs where he removed his skis, ascended, and ignited the flame.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 177</ref>

The bobsleigh and alpine skiing events were held the day before the opening ceremonies.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 172</ref> Competitors in these events were unable to attend the festivities in Oslo; consequently simple opening ceremonies were held at Frognerseteren, site of the bobsleigh events, and Norefjell, site of the alpine skiing events.<ref name=osloor180>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 180</ref>

Bobsleigh

metallic sled with the word Deutschland 1 emblazoned on the front

The gold medal-winning four-man bobsleigh from Germany

After a 16-year hiatus from the Olympics, Germany made a triumphant return to the bobsleigh competition, winning the two- and four-man events.<ref name=srbob>Template:Cite web</ref> The results for both bobsleigh events were the same, with the United States and Switzerland taking silver and bronze respectively.<ref name=srbob/> Fritz Feierabend from Switzerland competed in both the two- and four-man competitions. His two bronze medals were the fourth and fifth in an Olympic career that spanned 16 years and three Olympics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There were no weight restrictions on the bobsleigh athletes, and the average weight for each member of the winning German four-man team was Template:Convert, which was more than the Olympic heavyweight boxing champion in 1952.<ref name=srbob/> Seeing the undue advantage overweight athletes brought to their teams, the International Federation for Bobsleigh and Toboganning instituted a weight limit for future Olympics.<ref>Findling and Pelle (1996), pp. 255–256</ref>

Speed skating

All of the speed skating events were held at Bislett Stadium.<ref name=srss>Template:Cite web</ref> Americans Ken Henry and Don McDermott placed first and second in the 500-meter race, but Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen electrified the partisan crowd by winning the 1,500, 5,000 and 10,000-meter events;<ref name=srss/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> his margins of victory were the largest in Olympic history.<ref name=oslo/> Dutchman Wim van der Voort placed second in the 1,500 meters and his countryman Kees Broekman placed second to Andersen in the 5,000 and 10,000-meter races, becoming the first Olympic speed skating medalists from the Netherlands.<ref name=srss/> Absent from the competition was former world champion Kornél Pajor. The Hungarian-born speed skater had won both long-distance races at the World Championships held in Oslo in 1949 and then defected to Sweden,<ref name=srss/> but was unable to obtain Swedish citizenship in time to compete in 1952.<ref name=srss/>

Alpine skiing

File:18673 Vinter-OL 1952 - slalåm.jpg

Stein Eriksen in the alpine skiing during the Olympics

There were three alpine skiing events on the Olympic program: the slalom, giant slalom and downhill. Both men and women competed in all three events, held at Norefjell and Rødkleiva.<ref name=sras>Template:Cite web</ref> The giant slalom made its Olympic debut at the 1952 Games.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 37</ref> Austrian skiers dominated the competition, winning seven out of a possible 18 medals, including Othmar Schneider who won gold and silver in the men's slalom and downhill. Norwegian Stein Eriksen won gold in the men's giant slalom and silver in the slalom.<ref name=sras/> Greek slalom skier Antoin Miliordos fell 18 times on his run and crossed the finish line backwards.<ref name=Wallechinsky>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> American skier Andrea Mead Lawrence was the only double gold medalist, winning the giant slalom and the slalom. She was the first skier from the United States to win two alpine skiing gold medals.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Cross-country skiing

Template:Main All the cross-country events were held next to the ski jump hill at Holmenkollbakken. As had been the case in 1948 there were three men's events: 18 kilometers, 50 kilometers, and a relay.<ref name=srcc>Template:Cite web</ref> Added to the Olympic program for the first time was a ten-kilometer race for women.<ref name=judd27>Judd (2008), p. 27</ref> All the cross-country medals were won by Nordic countries, and Finnish skiers won eight of the twelve possible.<ref name=srcc/> Lydia Wideman of Finland became the first female Olympic champion in cross-country skiing; her teammates Mirja Hietamies and Siiri Rantanen won silver and bronze respectively. Veikko Hakulinen won the 50-kilometer men's race to begin an Olympic career that would culminate in seven medals, three of them gold.<ref name=judd27/> Hallgeir Brenden won the 18-kilometer race and helped Norway take the silver in the 4 × 10-kilometer relay. Brenden went on to win another gold in the men's 15-kilometer race in 1956, and a silver in the relay in 1960.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Nordic combined

The nordic combined event was held at the cross-country and ski jump venues. For the first time, the ski jump part took place first with competitors taking three jumps from the Holmenkollbakken. The 18-km cross country skiing event took place the next day. Results were tallied by the best two marks were scored, along with the results of the cross-country race, to determine a winner.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 203</ref> Norwegians Simon Slåttvik and Sverre Stenersen won the gold and bronze respectively.<ref name=srnc>Template:Cite web</ref> Stenersen went on to win the gold at the 1956 Games in the same event.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Heikki Hasu from Finland won the silver, preventing a Norwegian sweep of the medals.<ref name=srnc/>

Ski jumping

Crowds in excess of 100,000 greeted the ski jumpers as they competed at Holmenkollbakken.<ref name=osloor207>Organising committee for VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 207</ref> In 1952 there was only one event, the men's normal hill, which was held on 24 February.<ref>Organising committee for VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 206</ref> The King, Prince Harald, and Princess Ragnhild were in attendance.<ref name=osloor207/> The Norwegian athletes did not disappoint the crowd, as Arnfinn Bergmann and Torbjørn Falkanger placed first and second; Swedish jumper Karl Holmström took the bronze.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Norwegian athletes won the ski jumping gold medal in every Winter Olympics from 1924 to 1952.<ref>Judd (2008), p. 230</ref>

Figure skating

There were three events in the Olympic figure skating competition: men's singles, women's singles and mixed pairs. The events were held at Bislett Stadium on a rink constructed inside the speed skating track.<ref name=srfs>Template:Cite web</ref>

Dick Button of the United States won the men's singles event. Helmut Seibt of Austria took silver and James Grogan of the United States won bronze.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Button became the first figure-skater to land a triple jump in competition when he performed the triple loop in the men's free skate.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Judd (2008), p. 95</ref> British skater Jeannette Altwegg won the gold medal in the women's singles, the silver was won by American Tenley Albright, who went on to win gold at the 1956 Winter Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Jacqueline du Bief of France won the bronze.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The German husband and wife pair of Ria and Paul Falk won the mixed pairs competition.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They defeated Americans Karol and Peter Kennedy, who placed second,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Hungarian siblings Marianna and László Nagy, who won the bronze medal.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ice hockey

File:Jersey of the Edmonton Mercurys.jpg

The jersey of Canada's Edmonton Mercurys, the ice hockey gold medal winners

A majority of the ice hockey matches took place at Jordal Amfi, a new hockey stadium built for the Olympics.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 41</ref> Nine teams played in the tournament and Canada again won the gold medal.<ref name=srhockey>Template:Cite web</ref> Canada had won all but one Olympic hockey tournament thus far, but in 1956 the Soviet team began to compete and ended Canadian dominance.<ref name=canadahockey/> Canada was represented by the Edmonton Mercurys, an amateur hockey team sponsored by the owner of a Mercury automobile dealership.<ref name=canadahockey>Template:Cite web</ref> Canada played the United States to a three all tie on the final day to clinch the gold, and the Americans won silver.<ref name=JO>Template:Cite web</ref> The official report of the USOC for the 1952 Olympics covers the game in great detail. According to the report, by the end of the game against Canada, the Americans were mentally and physically exhausted and after scoring the third goal and tying the game they decided to focus on defense in order not to lose silver. It is important to note that Canadians at the time were considered unbeatable and even tying that team was almost impossible.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Sweden and Czechoslovakia ended up tied for third (Czechoslovakia defeated the Swedes in the head-to-head game, but according to the rules at the time they had to play a tiebreaker game because they were tied in points). Sweden won that game and avenged the loss in the round-robin.<ref name=srhockey/> The Czechs believed they had already won the bronze when they defeated the Swedes in the round-robin, calling the decision to play a tie-breaking game a "plot of the capitalist countries".<ref name=JO/> Canadian team was criticized for its rough play; although body checking was legal, it was not often used by European teams, and opponents and spectators alike took a dim view of that style of play.<ref name=fp256>Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 256</ref><ref name=srhockey/>

Bandy

The IOC lobbied the organizing committee to host either military patrol or curling as a demonstration sport.<ref name=fp255>Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 255</ref> The committee instead selected bandy, which had never been included in the Winter Games.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 215</ref> Popular in Nordic countries, bandy is played by teams of eleven on an outdoor soccer field-sized ice rink, using a small ball and sticks about Template:Convert long.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As it was a demonstration sport, the players were ineligible for medals. Three nations participated: Finland, Norway and Sweden.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 147</ref> Each of the three teams won one game and lost one game; with Sweden winning the competition based on number of goals scored, followed by Norway in second place, and Finland in third place. Two of the games were played at Dæhlenenga Stadium and one at Bislett Stadium.<ref name=osloor216>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 216</ref>

Closing ceremonies

White flag hanging from the ceiling with the five interlocking rings symbolic of the Olympic Games. The rings are each a different color with blue, yellow, black, green, and red.

The "Oslo flag"

At the 1952 Winter Games, the closing ceremonies were a distinct program listing, unlike previous Winter Games when the closing ceremonies were held directly after the final event. The closing ceremonies were held in Bislett Stadium, on Monday evening, 25 February.<ref name=osloor183>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 182–183</ref> The flag bearers entered the stadium in the same order they followed for the opening ceremonies. That evening four medal ceremonies were also held for the women's cross-country race, the men's cross-country relay, the ski jumping competition, and the ice hockey tournament.<ref name=osloor183/>

Since 1920, the "Antwerp flag" has been passed from host city to host city during closing ceremonies for the Summer Games.<ref name=flag>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 187</ref> The city of Oslo gave an Olympic flag to establish the same tradition for the Winter Games. Brynjulf Bull, Oslo's mayor, passed the flag to the president of the IOC, Sigfrid Edström, who declared the flag was to pass from host city to host city for future Winter Games. The flag, which came to be known as the "Oslo Flag", has since been preserved in a display case, with the name of every Winter Olympics host city engraved on brass plaques, and is brought to each Winter Games to be displayed. A replica is used during the closing ceremonies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

After the flag ceremony the Olympic flame was extinguished, a special speed skating race was held, and the figure skating competitors gave an exhibition, followed by 40 children dressed in national costumes performing an ice dance.<ref name=osloor184>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 184–185</ref> For a finale, to the close the Games, the lights were extinguished and a 20-minute fireworks display lit up the night sky.<ref name=osloor184/>

Venues

File:25461 Vinter-OL 1952 - Holmenkollen.jpg

Holmenkollbakken ski jumping hill during the Olympics

With a seating capacity of 29,000, Bislett Stadium became the centrepiece of the Games. It was the venue for the speed skating events and the figure skating competition. Bislett was large enough for a Template:Convert speed skating track, and a figure skating ice-rink of Template:Convert; a snow bank separated the track and the rink.<ref name=osloor28>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 28</ref> Because Bislett was an outdoor arena, the organizing committee chose Tryvann Stadion and Hamar Stadion as secondary alternative skating venues to be used the case of bad weather.<ref name=osloor3132>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 31–32</ref> In 1994 Hamar became the venue for the speed skating events at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer.<ref name=oslo/>

The Oslo Winter Games were the first to feature an Olympic ice hockey tournament held on artificial ice.<ref name=oslosr/> A new stadium was built for the hockey tournament in a residential area of eastern Oslo, called Jordal Amfi, which accommodated 10,000 spectators in stands rising steeply from the rink.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 30–31</ref> 23 of the 36 hockey matches were played at Jordal Amfi, with the remaining matches played at Kadettangen, Dælenenga idrettspark, Lillestrøm Stadion and Marienlyst Stadion.<ref name=osloor3132/>

The cross-country races and ski-jump competition were held at Holmenkollbakken, located roughly Template:Convert from the center of Oslo.<ref name=osloor32>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 32</ref> The expected number of spectators caused concerns about traffic, so a new road was constructed and the existing thoroughfare widened.<ref name=osloor34>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 34</ref> Holmenkollbakken was built in 1892 and improvements were needed to meet international standards. The original wood ski-jump was replaced with a concrete tower and jump that was Template:Convert long.<ref name="osloor32"/> New stands were built to seat 13,000 people, and an area was added at the base of the hill to accommodate 130,000 spectators.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 32–33</ref>

The hills and terrain in the surrounding area met the competitive demands for an elite cross-country ski event. A notice board was posted at the start and finish lines to help spectators monitor the progress of the competitors.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 35</ref> The cross-country and Nordic combined races began and ended at the base of the ski jump hill. The stands for the ski jump competition had to be removed during the cross-country races; spectators had only a small area from which to watch the races but were allowed on the course to cheer on the competitors.<ref name=osloor34/>

The alpine skiing events were split between Norefjell and Rødkleiva. The slalom courses were at Rødkleiva, located on the same mountain as Holmenkollen and Frognerseteren. The course had an elevation difference, from start to finish, of Template:Convert and was Template:Convert in length.<ref name=osloor3536>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 35–37</ref> A rope tow had to be built to bring the skiers from the bottom to the top of the hill. The downhill race and the giant slalom—which made its Olympic debut in 1952—were held at Norefjell, which was Template:Convert from Oslo and the only venue located away from the capital city.<ref name=telecom71/> Work had to be done to make the area suitable for Olympic competition. A bridge across Lake Krøderen was built to help alleviate transportation congestion. A new hotel, two ski lifts, and a new road were also constructed.<ref name=osloor3536/>

There was no permanent bobsleigh run in Norway.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 38</ref> Instead the organizers built a temporary course out of snow and ice.<ref name=fp254>Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 254</ref> This is often wrongly assumed to have been built at Korketrekkeren.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> From Frognerseteren a separate Template:Convert long, 13-turn course was designed and built.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 39</ref> The bobsleigh run was first constructed and tested in 1951, then rebuilt for the Games in 1952.<ref name=fp254/> A car was used to return the bobsleighs to the start of the track.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Participating nations

Thirty nations sent competitors, which was the highest number of participants at a Winter Games.<ref name=oslosr/> New Zealand and Portugal took part in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time. Australia, Germany, and Japan returned after a 16-year absence. South Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey competed in 1948 but did not participate in the 1952 Games.

Calendar

All dates are in Central European Time (UTC+1)

The official opening ceremonies were held on 15 February, although two smaller ceremonies were held on 14 February to conform with competition schedules.<ref>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 180–181</ref> From 15 February until 25 February, the day of the closing ceremonies, at least one event final was held each day.<ref name=Calendar>Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 75</ref>

<section begin="Calendar"/>

OC

Opening ceremonies

●

Event competitions

1

Event finals

CC

Closing ceremonies

February	14 Thu	15 Fri	16 Sat	17 Sun	18 Mon	19 Tue	20 Wed	21 Thu	22 Fri	23 Sat	24 Sun	25 Mon	Events
File:Olympic Rings Icon.svg Ceremonies		OC										CC	Template:N/a
File:Bobsleigh pictogram.svg Bobsleigh	●	1						●	1				2
File:Ice hockey pictogram.svg Ice hockey		●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	1	1
File:Figure skating pictogram.svg Figure skating			●	●		●	1	1	1				3
File:Speed skating pictogram.svg Speed skating			1	1	1	1							4
File:Alpine skiing pictogram.svg Alpine skiing	1	1	1	1		1	1						6
File:Cross country skiing pictogram.svg Cross-country skiing					1		1			2			4
File:Nordic combined pictogram.svg Nordic combined				●	1								1
File:Ski jumping pictogram.svg Ski jumping											1		1
Demonstration sport
File:Bandy pictogram.svg Bandy						●	●		1				1
Daily medal events	1	2	2	3	2	2	3	1	2	2	1	1	22
Cumulative total	1	3	5	7	10	12	15	16	18	20	21	22
February	14 Thu	15 Fri	16 Sat	17 Sun	18 Mon	19 Tue	20 Wed	21 Thu	22 Fri	23 Sat	24 Sun	25 Mon	Total events

<section end="Calendar"/>

Medal count

Template:Main These are the nations that topped the medal count at the 1952 Winter Games.<ref name=oslosr/> Template:Medals table

Podium sweeps

Date	Sport	Event	NOC	Gold	Silver	Bronze
23 February	Cross-country skiing	Women's 10 kilometre	Template:FlagIOC	Lydia Wideman	Mirja Hietamies	Siiri Rantanen

See also

• 1952 Summer Olympics
• List of 1952 Winter Olympics medal winners

References

Citations Template:Reflist Sources Template:Refbegin

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External links

• Template:IOC games
• The program of the 1952 Oslo Winter Olympics
• la84.org official games report