1936 Winter Olympics

Template:Short description Template:No footnotes Template:Infobox Olympic games The 1936 Winter Olympics, officially known as the IV Olympic Winter Games (Template:Langx) and commonly known as Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936, were a winter multi-sport event held from 6 to 16 February 1936 in the market town of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. The country also hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics, which were held in Berlin. It was the last year in which the Summer and Winter Games both took place in the same country (the cancelled 1940 Olympics would have been held in Japan, with Tokyo hosting the Summer Games and Sapporo hosting the Winter Games).

The 1936 Winter Games were organized on behalf of the German League of the Reich for Physical Exercise (DRL) by Karl Ritter von Halt, who had been named president of the committee for the organization of the Fourth Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen by Reichssportführer Hans von Tschammer und Osten.

Organization and politics

While the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin months later have attracted extensive examination for the Nazi Party's spectacles and the accompanying racial controversies – including the exclusion of most Jewish athletes and Jesse Owens's achievements – the Winter Games took place five months earlier and saw some of the same efforts by Adolf Hitler's propaganda machine.

Globally, there had been efforts to initiate boycotts from different countries, and a number of Jewish athletes faced pressure not to participate in an event held in a nation ruled by a blatantly antisemitic regime.<ref>Marsha Lederman, "A Glimpse of Canada at the 1936 Nazi Games," The Globe and Mail, October 13, 2009</ref>

The Nazis took steps to soften the appearance of their harsher policies before visitors from other nations arrived, such as removing antisemitic signage that was common in Germany, and – under pressure from a potential American boycott and Olympic officials – allowing the Jewish athlete Rudi Ball to play on Germany's ice hockey team.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A few weeks before the Games began, William L. Shirer, the Berlin correspondent for the Universal wire service, wrote a series of articles describing preparations for the competition. "I had written... that the Nazis at Garmisch had pulled down all the signs saying that Jews are unwanted (they're all over Germany) and that the Olympic visitors would thus be spared any signs of the kind of treatment meted out to Jews in this country."<ref>William L. Shirer, Berlin Diary, ©1941 reprinted 2011 by Rosetta Books, entry for January 23, 1936</ref>

File:Bundesarchiv R 8076 Bild-0019, Olympische Winterspiele.- Eröffnung.jpg

Opening Ceremony with Rudolf Hess, IOC president Henri de Baillet-Latour, and Adolf Hitler

None of the member nations boycotted the Winter Games, and 49 in all participated, the greatest number at that time.<ref name="A Glimpse of Canada at the 1936 Nazi Games">Lederman, "A Glimpse of Canada at the 1936 Nazi Games"</ref> The Games were completed with a minimum of political controversy, although the Canadian skiing team raised their arms in what appeared to be a Nazi salute as they entered the opening ceremonies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The German crowd erupted in applause at the salute, which was later explained as the "Olympic Salute" that was identical to the Nazi version but with the arm extended laterally instead of forward.<ref name="A Glimpse of Canada at the 1936 Nazi Games" />

However, even Shirer was impressed by the effectiveness of the Nazis' efforts, writing:

Twelve days after the Games closed, Hitler sent German troops to remilitarize the Rhineland, his first territorial violation of the Treaty of Versailles and a critical test of European resolve to resist Germany's military expansion. None of the Western powers lifted a finger and Europe's first steps towards World War Two were taken.

Highlights

• German skier Willy Bogner took the Olympic oath during the opening ceremonies.
• Alpine skiing made its first appearance in the Winter Olympics as the combined, which added a skier's results in both the downhill and slalom. German athletes Franz Pfnür and Christl Cranz won the men's and women's alpine events, respectively.
• Ivar Ballangrud won three out of the four speed skating races.
• Sonja Henie won her third consecutive gold medal in woman's figure skating.
• Switzerland won the four-man bobsled competition with a time of 5:19.85.
• Great Britain upset 1932 gold medalists Canada in ice hockey when Edgar Brenchley scored the winning goal within the last 90 seconds.
• Norway won the overall games with a total of seven gold medals, five silver medals and three bronze medals.
• The 1936 Winter Olympics presented the largest and heaviest medals ever awarded to athletes: Template:Convert diameter, Template:Convert thick and weighing Template:Convert.

Sports

Medals were awarded in 17 events contested in four sports (eight disciplines).

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• Skating
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• Skiing
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Demonstration sports

• Military patrol
• Ice stock sport

Venues

• Große Olympiaschanze – Cross-country skiing, Nordic combined, Opening and Closing Ceremonies, and Ski Jumping.
• Gudiberg – Alpine skiing (combined – slalom)
• Kreuzjoch – Alpine skiing (combined – downhill)
• Kreuzeck – Alpine skiing (downhill finish line)
• Olympia-Kunsteisstadion – Figure skating and Ice hockey
• Riessersee and surrounding areas – Bobsleigh, Ice hockey, and Speed skating

Participating nations

A total of 28 nations sent athletes to compete in Germany. Australia, Bulgaria, Greece, Liechtenstein, Spain and Turkey all made their Winter Olympics debut, and Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Yugoslavia returned after having missed the 1932 Winter Olympics.

Medal count

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Norwegian figure skater Sonja Henie

Podium sweeps

Date	Sport	Event	NOC	Gold	Silver	Bronze
13 February	Nordic combined	Individual	Template:FlagIOC	Oddbjørn Hagen	Olaf Hoffsbakken	Sverre Brodahl
15 February	Cross-country skiing	Men's 50 kilometre	Template:FlagIOC	Elis Wiklund	Axel Wikström	Nils-Joel Englund

See also

• National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise

References

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External links

• Template:IOC games
• Complete official IOC report. In German
• The program of the 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Winter Olympics

Further reading

• Berlin Games – How Hitler Stole the Olympic Dream, by Guy Walters; Template:ISBN (UK), Template:ISBN (US)