1686

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September 2: The Holy League Alliance of the Holy Roman Empire, Russia and Austria liberates the Hungarian city of Buda (now part of Budapest) from the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Buda.

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Events

January–March

January 3 – In Madras (now Chennai) in India, local residents employed by the East India Company threaten to boycott their jobs after corporate administrator William Gyfford imposes a house tax on residences within the city walls. Gyfford places security forces at all entrances to the city and threatens to banish anyone who fails to pay their taxes, as well as to confiscate the goods of merchants who refuse to make sales.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A compromise is reached the next day on the amount of the taxes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
January 17 – King Louis XIV of France reports the success of the Edict of Fontainebleau, issued on October 22 against the Protestant Huguenots, and reports that after less than three months, the vast majority of the Huguenot population had left the country.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
January 29 – In Guatemala, Spanish Army Captain Melchor Rodríguez Mazariegos leads a campaign to conquer the indigenous Maya people in the rain forests of Lacandona, departing from Huehuetenango to rendezvous with the colonial governor at San Mateo Ixtatán.
January 31 – In the wake of the success of France's campaign against Protestantism, Victor Amadeus II, the Duke of Savoy, issues an edict against the Valdesi, the Duchy's Protestant minority, setting a 15-day deadline for members of the Valdesi to publicly renounce their beliefs as erroneous, or face banishment or death.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The February 15 deadline is ignored.
February 15 – After the Valdesi in the Duchy of Savoy decline to obey the edict to convert to Catholicism, Duke Victor Amadeus dispatches a force of 9,000 French and Piedmontese soldiers to enforce the edict.
February 22 – Sweden's Council of State endorses the reforms proposed by King Charles XI for the Swedish Church Law 1686, after having debated it in three sessions on February 18, 19 and 20.<ref>A. F. Upton, Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism (Cambridge University Press, 1998) p. 110</ref> The law confirms and describes the rights of the Lutheran Church and confirms Sweden as a Lutheran state; all non-Lutherans are banned from immigration unless they convert to Lutheranism; the Romani people are to be incorporated to the Lutheran Church; the poor care law is regulated; and all parishes are forced by law to teach the children within them to read and write, in order to learn the scripture, which closely eradicates illiteracy in Sweden.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
February 27 – Gabriel Milan, the controversial Governor of the Danish West Indies since 1684, is removed from office by order of King Frederick III and placed under arrest for treason. Three years later, after being found guilty in a trial after being brought back to Copenhagen, Milan is beheaded on March 26, 1689.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
March 3 – A group of 107 French Canadian soldiers, under the command of Pierre de Troyes, begins the Hudson Bay expedition, departing from Montreal on an Template:Convert journey to take control of the properties of British North American settlers of the Hudson's Bay Company.<ref>Elle Andra-Warner, Hudson's Bay Company Adventures: Tales of Canada's Fur Traders (Heritage House, 2011)</ref> The group marches for 82 days and arrives at the first Hudson's Bay fort, at Moose Factory on June 19.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

April–June

April 9 – As the Valdesi rebellion continues, the Duke of Savoy issues a second edict, giving the Protestant Valdesi eight days to lay down their arms and allows safe passage into exile for those who agree.
April 22 – In the wake of Savoy's newest repression of the Protestant Valdesi, a third war breaks out and Protestant pastor Henri Arnaud leads the resistance with 3,000 rebel soldiers against 8,500 Savoyard soldiers and mercenaries. The Valdesi are overwhelmed within one month.
May 4 – The Municipality of Ilagan is founded in the Philippines.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
May 6 – The Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1686) is signed between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, recognizing the former's possession of Left-bank Ukraine and the city of Kyiv, as agreed upon in the earlier Treaty of Andrusovo in 1667.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The treaty also brings the Tsardom of Russia into the Great Turkish War, on the side of the Holy League of 1684.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
May 14 – Joseph Dudley formally begins his tenure, as President of the Council of the newly formed Dominion of New England.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
May 25 – The third war against the Protestant Valdesi ends. Soon afterward, 2,000 of the Valdesi are massacred, 8,500 taken prisoner and about 3,000 surviving civilians forcibly resettled and converted to Catholicism.
June 20 – French Canadian soldiers on the Hudson Bay expedition capture the first of the British Hudson's Bay Company outposts, with the surrender the unarmed inhabitants of the fortress at Moose Factory, Ontario.<ref>Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix, History and General Description of New France (F. P. Harper, 2013) p. 970</ref>

July–September

July 9 – The Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg) is founded, in response to claims made by Louis XIV of France on the Electorate of the Palatinate in western Germany. It comprises the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, Sweden, Spain, the electors of Bavaria, Saxony and the Electorate of the Palatinate.<ref>"Augsburg, League of", in The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge (Encyclopedia Americana Corporation, 1918) p. 541</ref><ref>Kenneth M. Setton, Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century (American Philosophical Society, 1991) p. 390</ref>
July 17 – King James II of England appoints four Roman Catholics to the Privy Council of England,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> in defiance of the Test Acts, which bar Catholics from public office. Suspicions about James's intentions lead to a group of conspirators meeting at Charborough House in Dorset, to plan his overthrow and replacement with the Protestant Dutch Stadtholder, William III of Orange-Nassau (James's son-in-law).
July 18 – An army of 3,000 Chinese troops demand Russian surrender of a Russian Empire fortress at Albazino on the Amur River. The fortress is manned by only 736 Russian soldiers and militia but is armed with cannons. Over the next several weeks, the Chinese troops are joined by another 3,000 men in supply boats, but the Russians hold off the attacks for the next five months. By December, only 24 Russians remain, and Albazino is ceded to China in 1689.
July 22 – Albany, New York, is granted a city charter by the colonial governor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
August 4 – Portuguese soldiers hired by the East India Company mutiny rather than follow orders to join the war in Bengal. The ringleaders are quickly arrested and executed, and the mutiny ends.
August 15 – Christina, who had ruled as the monarch of Sweden until her abdication in 1654 in favor of her cousin Charles, responds to the revocation in France of the Edict of Nantz and declares that Jews within Sweden will be under her protection.
August 16 – King James VII of Scotland dismisses the Parliament of Scotland after the members refuse to remove restrictions on Roman Catholics and on Protestants outside of the Church of Scotland and the Church of England. The Parliament does not meet again for more than two and a half years.
August 17 – Spanish troops attack and plunder the Scottish colony of Stuarts Town in the Province of Carolina (now Port Royal, South Carolina) and plunder the city.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After three days, the Spaniards begin a march of over Template:Convert toward the larger port city of Charles Town.
September 2 – Great Turkish War: Battle of Buda – Imperial forces of the Holy League of 1684 (Russia, Saxony, Brandenburg and Bavaria under Austrian leadership) liberate Buda (now part of Budapest) from Ottoman Turkish rule (leading to the end of Ottoman rule in Hungary during subsequent years).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
September 4 – A hurricane saves Charleston, South Carolina from attack by Spanish vessels.<ref>Vance A. Myers, Storm Tide Frequencies on the South Carolina Coast, NOAA Technical Report NWS-16 (National Weather Service Office of Hydrology, June 1975) p. 15</ref>
September 30 – The Ottoman fortress of Sinj in Dalmatia falls to the army of the Republic of Venice.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

October–December

October 17 – As the Savoyard–Waldensian wars, draw to a close, the Duke of Savoy announces that the Protestant Valdisi defenders will be granted safe passage to Switzerland, and that children taken during the war will be allowed to return to their families.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> By January, a little more than 2,500 Valdisi take the offer.
October 22 – In the Great Turkish War, the Siege of Pécs ends when the Ottoman-held city, located across the Danube River from the recent liberated Buda, surrenders<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> to Austrian troops of the Holy League, continuing the Austrian assumption of control of Hungary.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Buda and Pécs are later combined to form the Hungarian city (and now capital) of Budapest.
October 23 – Szeged, now the second largest city in Hungary, is liberated from Turkish Ottoman rule.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
October 31 – Anglurah Agung, the virtual leader of the island of Bali as king of the paramount state of Gelgel, is killed in battle fighting Batu Lepang (who also dies in the fighting), ending the unification of the island (now part of Indonesia) and causing Bali to split into several principalities.
November 26 – The Treaty of Whitehall, more formerly the Treaty of Neutrality for America, is signed at the Palace of Whitehall in Westminster between representatives of King Louis XIV of France and King James II of England, with both sides pledging that "though the two Countries might be at war in Europe their Colonies in America should continue in peace and Neutrality".<ref>Max Savelle, Origins of American Diplomacy: The International History of Angloamerica 1492—1763 (Macmillan, 1967), p. 108</ref> The treaty is broken less than two years later when King William's War breaks out in what is now the U.S. state of Maine.
November 30 – Melchor Portocarrero, 3rd Count of Monclova becomes the new Viceroy of New Spain (encompassing what is now Mexico and much of the southwestern United States) as he arrives in Mexico City to take over at the end of the term of Tomás de la Cerda, 3rd Marquess of la Laguna.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
December 20 – Edmund Andros arrives in Boston to become the British Governor of the newly created Dominion of New England, which includes most of the what are now the U.S. states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont and much of the eastern portion of New York.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The unpopular Andros, who reigns as a dictator after being appointed by King James II, is driven out of office in 1689 after the overthrow of James, and the Dominion of New England is broken up into its constituent colonies.
December 22 – Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, head of the House of Hohenzollern, enters into an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire.

Date unknown

English historian and naturalist Robert Plot publishes The Natural History of Staffordshire, a collection of illustrations and texts detailing the history of the county.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is the first document known to mention crop circles<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and a double sunset.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The Café Procope, which remains in business in the 21st century, is opened in Paris by Procopio Cutò, as a coffeehouse.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>