Cape Town
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use South African English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox settlement
Cape TownTemplate:Efn is the legislative capital of South Africa. It is the country's oldest city and the seat of the Parliament of South Africa.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Cape Town is the country's second-largest city, after Johannesburg, and the largest in the Western Cape.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The city is part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality.
The city is known for its harbour, its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region, and for landmarks such as Table Mountain and Cape Point. In 2014, Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by The New York Times,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and was similarly ranked number one by The Daily Telegraph in both 2016 and 2023.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Located on the shore of Table Bay, the City Bowl area of Cape Town is the oldest urban area in the Western Cape, with a significant cultural heritage. It was founded by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) as a supply station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa, India, and the Far East. Jan van Riebeeck's arrival on 6 April 1652 established the VOC Cape Colony, the first permanent European settlement in South Africa.
Cape Town outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope, becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony. Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg, Cape Town was the largest city in southern Africa.
The metropolitan area has a long coastline on the Atlantic Ocean, which includes False Bay, and extends to the Hottentots Holland Mountains to the east. The Table Mountain National Park is within the city boundaries and there are several other nature reserves and marine-protected areas within, and adjacent to, the city, protecting the diverse terrestrial and marine natural environment.
History
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Early period
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The earliest known remnants of human occupation in the region were found at Peers Cave in Fish Hoek and have been dated to between 15,000 and 12,000 years old.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Better source needed
Bartolomeu Dias, the first European to reach the area, arrived in 1488 and named it "Cape of Storms" (Template:Lang). It was later renamed by John II of Portugal as "Cape of Good Hope" (Template:Lang) because of the great optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to the Indian subcontinent and East Indies.
In 1497, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama recorded a sighting of the Cape of Good Hope.
In 1510, at the Battle of Salt River, the Portuguese admiral Francisco de Almeida and sixty-four of his men were killed and his party was defeated<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> by the "Goringhaiqua" in Dutch approximate spelling) using cattle that were specially trained to respond to whistles and shouts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Gorinaiqua were one of the Khoikhoi clans who inhabited the area.
In the late 16th century French, Danish, Dutch, and English, but mainly Portuguese, ships regularly continued to stop over in Table Bay en route to the Indies. They traded tobacco, copper, and iron with the Khoikhoi clans of the region in exchange for fresh meat and other essential traveling provisions.
Dutch period
[edit]Template:See also In 1652, Jan van Riebeeck and other employees of the United East India Company (Template:Langx, VOC) were sent to the Cape Colony to establish a way-station for ships travelling to the Dutch East Indies, and the Fort de Goede Hoop (later replaced by the Castle of Good Hope). The settlement grew slowly during this period, as it was hard to find adequate labour. This labour shortage prompted the local authorities to import enslaved people from Indonesia and Madagascar. Many of these people are ancestors of modern-day Cape Coloured and Cape Malay communities.<ref>Template:Cite web Template:Dead link</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Under Van Riebeeck and his successors, as VOC commanders and later governors at the Cape, a wide range of agricultural plants were introduced to the Cape. Some of these, including grapes, cereals, ground nuts, potatoes, apples and citrus, had a large and lasting influence on the societies and economies of the region.<ref>Pooley, S. 'Jan van Riebeeck as Pioneering Explorer and Conservator of Natural Resources at the Cape of Good Hope (1652–62),' Environment and History 15 (2009): 3–33. Template:Doi</ref>
British period
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With the Dutch Republic being transformed into Revolutionary France's vassal Batavian Republic, Great Britain moved to take control of Dutch colonies, including the colonial possessions of the VOC.
Britain captured Cape Town in 1795, but it was returned to the Dutch by treaty in 1803. British forces occupied the Cape again in 1806 following the Battle of Blaauwberg when the Batavian Republic allied with Britain's rival, France, during the Napoleonic Wars. Following the conclusion of the war Cape Town was permanently ceded to the United Kingdom in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814.
The city became the capital of the newly formed Cape Colony, whose territory expanded very substantially through the 1800s, partially as a result of numerous wars with the amaXhosa on the colony's eastern frontier. In 1833 slavery was abolished in the colony freeing over 5500 slaves in the city, almost a third of the city's population at the time.<ref name="Martin 1836 113">Template:Cite book</ref> The Convict Crisis of 1849, marked by substantial civil upheaval, bolstered the push for self-governance in the Cape.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":8">RFM Immelman: Men of Good Hope, 1804-1954. CTCC: Cape Town, 1955. Chapter 6 The Anti-convict Agitation. p.154.</ref>
With expansion came calls for greater independence from the UK, with the Cape attaining its own parliament (1854) and a locally accountable Prime Minister (1872). Suffrage was established according to the non-racial Cape Qualified Franchise.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
During the 1850s and 1860s, additional plant species were introduced from Australia by the British authorities. Notably rooikrans was introduced to stabilise the sand of the Cape Flats to allow for a road connecting the peninsula with the rest of the African continent<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and eucalyptus was used to drain marshes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1859 the first railway line was built by the Cape Government Railways and a system of railways rapidly expanded in the 1870s. The discovery of diamonds in Griqualand West in 1867, and the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in 1886, prompted a flood of immigration into South Africa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1895 the city's first public power station, the Graaff Electric Lighting Works, was opened.
Conflicts between the Boer republics in the interior and the British colonial government resulted in the Second Boer War of 1899–1902. Britain's victory in this war led to the formation of a united South Africa. From 1891 to 1901, the city's population more than doubled from 67,000 to 171,000.<ref name="C1875">Template:Cite book</ref>
As the 19th century came to an end, the economic and political dominance of Cape Town in the Southern Africa region during the 19th century started to give way to the dominance of Johannesburg and Pretoria in the 20th century.<ref name="AMad">Template:Cite book</ref>
South African period
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In 1910, Britain established the Union of South Africa, which unified the Cape Colony with the two defeated Boer Republics and the British colony of Natal. Cape Town became the legislative capital of the Union, and later of the Republic of South Africa.
By the time of the 1936 census, Johannesburg had overtaken Cape Town as the largest city in the country.
In 1945 the expansion of the Cape Town foreshore was completed adding an additional Template:Cvt to the City Bowl area to the city centre.<ref name="sahris_sahra_org_za" />
Apartheid era
[edit]Prior to the mid-twentieth century, Cape Town was one of the most racially integrated cities in South Africa.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the 1948 national elections, the National Party won on a platform of apartheid (racial segregation) under the slogan of "swart gevaar" (Afrikaans for "black danger"). This led to the erosion and eventual abolition of the Cape's multiracial franchise.
In 1950, the apartheid government first introduced the Group Areas Act, which classified and segregated urban areas according to race. Formerly multi-racial suburbs of Cape Town were either purged of residents deemed unlawful by apartheid legislation, or demolished. The most infamous example of this in Cape Town was the suburb of District Six. After it was declared a whites-only area in 1965, all housing there was demolished and over 60,000 residents were forcibly removed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Many of these residents were relocated to the Cape Flats.
The earliest of the Cape Flats forced removals saw the expulsion of Black South Africans to Langa, Cape Town's first and oldest township, in line with the 1923 Native Urban Areas Act.
Under apartheid, the Cape was considered a "Coloured labour preference area", to the exclusion of "Bantus", i.e. Black Africans. The implementation of this policy was widely opposed by trade unions, civil society and opposition parties. It is notable that this policy was not advocated for by any Coloured political group, and its implementation was a unilateral decision by the apartheid government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
During the student-led Soweto Uprising of June 1976, school students from Langa, Gugulethu and Nyanga in Cape Town reacted to the news of the protests against Bantu Education by organising gatherings and marches of their own. A number of school buildings were burnt down and the protest action was met with forceful resistance from the police.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Cape Town has been home to many leaders of the anti-apartheid movement. In Table Bay, Template:Cvt from the city is Robben Island. This penitentiary island was the site of a maximum security prison where many famous apartheird-era political prisoners served long prison sentences. Famous prisoners include activist, lawyer and future president Nelson Mandela who served 18 of his 27 years of imprisonment on the island, as well as two other future presidents, Kgalema Motlanthe and Jacob Zuma.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In one of the most famous moments marking the end of apartheid, Nelson Mandela made his first public speech since his imprisonment, from the balcony of Cape Town City Hall, hours after being released on 11 February 1990. His speech heralded the beginning of a new era for the country. The first democratic election, was held four years later, on 27 April 1994.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Nobel Square in the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront features statues of South Africa's four Nobel Peace Prize winners: Albert Luthuli, Desmond Tutu, F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela.Template:Relevance inline
Post-apartheid era
[edit]Cape Town has undergone significant changes in the years since Apartheid. Cape Town has experienced economic growth and development in the post-apartheid era. The city has become a major economic hub in South Africa, attracting international investment and tourism. The Democratic Alliance (DA), a liberal political party which came to power in Cape Town in 2006, has been credited with improving bureaucratic efficiency, public safety and fostering economic development.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>
Opinion polls show that South Africans see it as the best governed province and city in the country.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Of South Africa's 257 municipalities, only 38 received a clean financial audit in 2022 from the Auditor-General. Of those, 21 were in the Western Cape.<ref name=":0" />
The city's economy has diversified, with growth in sectors such as finance, real estate, and tourism. The establishment of the City Centre Improvement District (CCID) has been particularly successful in revitalizing the city center, bringing businesses and people back into the area. This initiative has transformed public spaces such as Greenmarket Square, Company's Garden, and St George's Mall, attracting both locals and tourists.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2014, Cape Town was named World Design Capital of the Year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Cape Town was voted the best tourist destination in Africa at the 2023 World Travel Awards in Dubai and continues to be the most important tourist destination in the country.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Cape Town has been named the best travel city in the world every year since 2013 in the Telegraph Travel Awards.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The legacy of apartheid's spatial planning is still evident, with significant disparities between affluent areas and impoverished townships.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref> 60% of the city's population live in townships and informal settlements far from the city centre.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The legacy of Apartheid means Cape Town remains one of the most racially segregated cities in South Africa.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Many Black South Africans continue to live in informal settlements with limited access to basic services such as healthcare, education, and sanitation.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">Template:Cite news</ref> The unemployment rate remains high at 23% (though nearly 10 points lower than the nationwide average), particularly among historically disadvantaged groups, and economic opportunities are unevenly distributed.<ref name=":1" />
Cape Town faced a severe water shortage from 2015 to 2018.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to Oxfam, "in the face of an imminent water shortage, the city of Cape Town in South Africa successfully reduced its water use by more than half in three years, cutting it from 1.2bn litres per day in February 2015 to 516m litres per day in 2018."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 2021 Cape Town also experienced a violent turf war between rival mini-bus taxi firms which led to the deaths of 83 people. Two years later a strike by the mini-bus taxi firms resulted in 5 deaths.
Since the 2010s, Cape Town and the wider Western Cape province have seen the rise of a small secessionist movement.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Support for parties "which have formally adopted Cape independence" was around 5% in the 2021 municipal elections.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Geography and the natural environment
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Cape Town is located at latitude 33.55° S (approximately the same as Sydney and Buenos Aires and equivalent to Casablanca and Los Angeles in the northern hemisphere) and longitude 18.25° E.
Table Mountain, with its near vertical cliffs and flat-topped summit over Template:Cvt high, and with Devil's Peak and Lion's Head on either side, together form a dramatic mountainous backdrop enclosing the central area of Cape Town, the so-called City Bowl.
A thin strip of cloud, known colloquially as the "tablecloth" ("Karos" in Afrikaans), sometimes forms on top of the mountain. To the immediate south of the city, the Cape Peninsula is a scenic mountainous spine jutting Template:Cvt southward into the Atlantic Ocean and terminating at Cape Point.
There are over 70 peaks above Template:Cvt within Cape Town's official metropolitan limits. Many of the city's suburbs lie on the large plain called the Cape Flats, which extends over Template:Cvt to the east and joins the peninsula to the mainland. The Cape Town region is characterised by an extensive coastline, rugged mountain ranges, coastal plains and inland valleys.
Extent
[edit]The extent of Cape Town has varied considerably over time. It originated as a small settlement at the foot of Table Mountain and has grown beyond its city limits as a metropolitan area to encompass the entire Cape Peninsula to the south, the Cape Flats, the Helderberg basin and part of the Steenbras catchment area to the east, and the Tygerberg hills, Blouberg and other areas to the north. Robben Island in Table Bay is also part of Cape Town. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and False Bay to the south. To the north and east, the extent is demarcated by boundaries of neighbouring municipalities within the Western Cape province.
The official boundaries of the city proper extend between the City Bowl and the Atlantic Seaboard to the east and the Southern Suburbs to the south. The City of Cape Town, the metropolitan municipality that takes its name from the city covers the Greater Cape Town metropolitan area, known as the Cape Metropole, extending beyond the city proper itself to include a number of satellite towns, suburbs and rural areas such as Atlantis, Bellville, Blouberg, Brackenfell, Durbanville, Goodwood, Gordon's Bay, Hout Bay, Khayelitsha, Kraaifontein, Kuilsrivier, Macassar, Melkbosstrand, Milnerton, Muizenberg, Noordhoek, Parow, Philadelphia, Simon's Town, Somerset West, and Strand among others.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Cape Peninsula is Template:Cvt long from Mouille Point in the north to Cape Point in the south,<ref name="Map 3318" /> with an area of about Template:Cvt, and it displays more topographical variety than other similar sized areas in southern Africa, and consequently spectacular scenery. There are diverse low-nutrient soils, large rocky outcrops, scree slopes, a mainly rocky coastline with embayed beaches, and considerable local variation in climatic conditions.<ref name="Cowling et al 1996" />
The sedimentary rocks of the Cape Supergroup, of which parts of the Graafwater and Peninsula Formations remain, were uplifted between 280 and 21S million years ago, and were largely eroded away during the Mesozoic. The region was geologically stable during the Tertiary, which has led to slow denudation of the durable sandstones. Erosion rate and drainage has been influenced by fault lines and fractures, leaving remnant steep-sided massifs like Table Mountain surrounded by flatter slopes of deposits of the eroded material overlaying the older rocks,<ref name="Cowling et al 1996" />
There are two internationally notable landmarks, Table Mountain and Cape Point, at opposite ends of the Peninsula Mountain Chain, with the Cape Flats and False Bay to the east and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The landscape is dominated by sandstone plateaux and ridges, which generally drop steeply at their margins to the surrounding debris slopes, interrupted by a major gap at the Fish Hoek–Noordhoek valley.
In the south much of the area is a low sandstone plateau with sand dunes. Maximum altitude is 1113Template:Spacesm on Table Mountain.<ref name="Cowling et al 1996" /> The Cape Flats (Afrikaans: Kaapse Vlakte) is a flat, low-lying, sandy area, area to the east the Cape Peninsula, and west of the Helderberg much of which was wetland and dunes within recent history. To the north are the Tygerberg Hills and the Stellenbosch district.
The Helderberg area of Greater Cape Town, previously known as the "Hottentots-Holland" area, is mostly residential, but also a wine-producing area east of the Cape Flats, west of the Hottentots Holland mountain range and south of the Helderberg mountain, from which it gets its current name. The Helderberg consists of the previous municipalities of Somerset West, Strand, Gordons Bay and a few other towns. Industry and commerce is largely in service of the area.
After the Cape Peninsula, Helderberg is the next most mountainous part of Greater Cape Town, bordered to the north and east by the highest peaks in the region along the watershed of the Helderberg and Hottentots Holland Mountains, which are part of the Cape Fold Belt with Cape Supergroup strata on a basement of Tygerberg Formation rocks intruded by part of the Stellenbosch granite pluton. The region includes the entire catchment of the Lourens and Sir Lowry's rivers, separated by the Schapenberg hill, and a small part of the catchment of the Eerste River to the west. The Helderberg is ecologically highly diverse, rivaling the Cape Peninsula, and has its own endemic ecoregions and several conservation areas.
To the east of the Hottentots Holland mountains is the valley of the Steenbras River, in which the Steenbras Dam was built as a water supply for Cape Town. The dam has been supplemented by several other dams around the western Cape, some of them considerably larger. This is almost entirely a conservation area, of high biodiversity. Bellville, Brackenfell, Durbanville, Kraaifontein, Goodwood and Parow are a few of the towns that make up the Northern Suburbs of Cape Town. In current popular culture these areas are often referred to as being beyond the "boerewors curtain," a play on the term "iron curtain."
UNESCO declared Robben Island in the Western Cape a World Heritage Site in 1999. Robben Island is located in Table Bay, some Template:Cvt west of Bloubergstrand, a coastal suburb north of Cape Town, and stands some 30m above sea level. Robben Island has been used as a prison where people were isolated, banished, and exiled for nearly 400 years. It was also used as a leper colony, a post office, a grazing ground, a mental hospital, and an outpost.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Geology
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The Cape Peninsula is a rocky and mountainous peninsula that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean at the south-western extremity of the continent. At its tip is Cape Point and the Cape of Good Hope. The peninsula forms the west side of False Bay and the Cape Flats. On the east side are the Helderberg and Hottentots Holland mountains.
The three main rock formations are the late-Precambrian Malmesbury group (sedimentary and metamorphic rock), the Cape Granite suit, comprising the huge Peninsula, Kuilsrivier-Helderberg, and Stellenbosch batholiths, that were intruded into the Malmesbury Group about 630 million years ago, and the Table Mountain group sandstones that were deposited on the eroded surface of the granite and Malmesbury series basement about 450 million years ago.
The sand, silt and mud deposits were lithified by pressure and then folded during the Cape Orogeny to form the Cape Fold Belt, which extends in an arc along the western and southern coasts. The present landscape is due to prolonged erosion having carved out deep valleys, removing parts of the once continuous Table Mountain Group sandstone cover from over the Cape Flats and False Bay, and leaving high residual mountain ridges.<ref name="Compton 2004" />
At times the sea covered the Cape Flats and Noordhoek valley and the Cape Peninsula was then a group of islands. During glacial periods the sea level dropped to expose the bottom of False Bay to weathering and erosion, with the last major regression leaving the entire bottom of False Bay exposed.
During this period an extensive system of dunes was formed on the sandy floor of False Bay. At this time the drainage outlets lay between Rocky Bank Cape Point to the west, and between Rocky Bank and Hangklip Ridge to the east, with the watershed roughly along the line of the contact zone east of Seal Island and Whittle Rock.<ref name="Compton 2004" /><ref name="Brown and Magoba 2009 part 1" />Template:Rp
Climate
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Cape Town has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb, bordering Csa),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> with mild, moderately wet winters and dry, warm summers. Winter, which lasts from June to September, may see large cold fronts entering for limited periods from the Atlantic Ocean with significant precipitation and strong north-westerly winds. Winter months in the city average a maximum of Template:Cvt and minimum of Template:Cvt.
Winters are snow and frost free, except on Table Mountain and on other mountain peaks, where light accumulation of snow and frost can sometimes occur.<ref name="WMO">Template:Cite web</ref> Total annual rainfall in the city averages Template:Cvt although in the Southern Suburbs, close to the mountains, rainfall is significantly higher and averages closer to Template:Cvt.
Summer, which lasts from December to March, is warm and dry with an average maximum of Template:Cvt and minimum of Template:Cvt. The region can get uncomfortably hot when the Berg Wind, meaning "mountain wind", blows from the Karoo interior.
Spring and summer generally feature a strong wind from the south-east, known locally as the south-Template:Not a typo or the Cape Doctor, so called because it blows air pollution away. This wind is caused by a persistent high-pressure system over the South Atlantic to the west of Cape Town, known as the South Atlantic High, which shifts latitude seasonally, following the sun, and influencing the strength of the fronts and their northward reach. Cape Town receives about 3,100 hours of sunshine per year.<ref name=NOAA/>
Water temperatures range greatly, between Template:Cvt on the Atlantic Seaboard, to over Template:Cvt in False Bay. Average annual ocean surface temperatures are between Template:Cvt on the Atlantic Seaboard (similar to Californian waters, such as San Francisco or Big Sur), and Template:Cvt in False Bay (similar to Northern Mediterranean temperatures, such as Nice or Monte Carlo).
Unlike other parts of the country the city does not have many thunderstorms, and most of those that do occur, happen around October to December and March to April. Template:Weather box
Climate change
[edit]A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, a "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~Template:Cvt by 2100, the climate of Cape Town in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Perth in Australia.
The annual temperature would increase by Template:Cvt, and the temperature of the coldest month by Template:Cvt, while the temperature of the warmest month would be Template:Cvt higher.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to Climate Action Tracker, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with Template:Cvt, which closely matches RCP 4.5.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Moreover, according to the 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Cape Town is one of 12 major African cities (Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda and Maputo) which would be the most severely affected by future sea level rise. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of US$65 billion under RCP 4.5 and US$86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050.
Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from marine ice sheet instability at high levels of warming would involve up to US$137.5 billion in damages,Template:Clarify while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to US$187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, US$206 billion for RCP8.5 and US$397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.<ref>Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: Chapter 9: Africa Template:Webarchive. In Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Template:Webarchive [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 2043–2121</ref>
Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.Template:Clarify<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Hydrology
[edit]Sea surface temperatures
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Cape Town's coastal water ranges from cold to mild, and the difference between the two sides of the peninsula can be dramatic. While the Atlantic Seaboard averages annual sea surface temperatures around Template:Cvt, the False Bay coast is much warmer, averaging between Template:Cvt annually.Template:Citation needed
In summer, False Bay water averages slightly over Template:Cvt, with Template:Cvt an occasional high. Beaches located on the Atlantic Coast tend to have colder water due to the wind driven upwellings which contribute to the Benguela Current which originates off the Cape Peninsula, while the water at False Bay beaches may occasionally be warmer by up to Template:Cvt at the same time in summer.
In summer False Bay is thermally stratified, with a vertical temperature variation of 5 to 9˚C between the warmer surface water and cooler depths below 50Template:Spacesm, while in winter the water column is at nearly constant temperature at all depths. The development of a thermocline is strongest around late December and peaks in late summer to early autumn.<ref name="Coleman 2019" />Template:Rp In summer the south easterly winds generate a zone of upwelling near Cape Hangklip, where surface water temperatures can be 6 to 7 °C colder than the surrounding areas, and bottom temperatures below 12 °C.<ref name="Coleman 2019" />Template:Rp
In the summer to early autumn (January–March), cold water upwelling near Cape Hangklip causes a strong surface temperature gradient between the south-western and north-eastern corners of the bay. In winter the surface temperature tends to be much the same everywhere. In the northern sector surface temperature varies a bit more (13 to 22Template:Spaces°C) than in the south (14 to 20Template:Spaces°C) during the year.<ref name="Pfaff et al 2019" />
Surface temperature variation from year to year is linked to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. During El Niño years the South Atlantic high is shifted, reducing the south-easterly winds, so upwelling and evaporative cooling are reduced and sea surface temperatures throughout the bay are warmer, while in La Niña years there is more wind and upwelling and consequently lower temperatures. Surface water heating during El Niño increases vertical stratification. The relationship is not linear.<ref name="Pfaff et al 2019" /> Occasionally eddies from the Agulhas current will bring warmer water and vagrant sea life carried from the south and east coasts into False Bay.
Flora and fauna
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Located in a Conservation International biodiversity hotspot as well as the unique Cape Floristic Region, the city of Cape Town has one of the highest levels of biodiversity of any equivalent area in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="fri1">Template:Cite news</ref>
These protected areas are a World Heritage Site, and an estimated 2,200 species of plants are confined to Table Mountain – more than exist in the whole of the United Kingdom which has 1200 plant species and 67 endemic plant species.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Many of these species, including a great many types of proteas, are endemic to the mountain and can be found nowhere else.<ref>A.G. Rebelo, C. Boucher, N. Helme, L. Mucina, M.C. Rutherford et al. 2006. Fynbos Biome, in: L. Mucina & M.C. Rutherford (eds). The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland.</ref>
It is home to a total of 19 different vegetation types, of which several are endemic to the city and occur nowhere else in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is also the only habitat of hundreds of endemic species,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and hundreds of others which are severely restricted or threatened. This enormous species diversity is mainly because the city is uniquely located at the convergence point of several different soil types and micro-climates.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Table Mountain has an unusually rich biodiversity. Its vegetation consists predominantly of several different types of the unique and rich Cape Fynbos. The main vegetation type is endangered Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos, but critically endangered Peninsula Granite Fynbos, Peninsula Shale Renosterveld and Afromontane forest occur in smaller portions on the mountain.
Rapid population growth and urban sprawl has covered much of these ecosystems with development. Consequently, Cape Town now has over 300 threatened plant species and 13 which are now extinct. The Cape Peninsula, which lies entirely within the city of Cape Town, has the highest concentration of threatened species of any continental area of equivalent size in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Tiny remnant populations of critically endangered or near extinct plants sometimes survive on road sides, pavements and sports fields.<ref>[1]Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> The remaining ecosystems are partially protected through a system of over 30 nature reserves – including the massive Table Mountain National Park.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Cape Town reached first place in the 2019 iNaturalist City Nature Challenge in two out of the three categories: Most Observations, and Most Species. This was the first entry by Capetonians in this annual competition to observe and record the local biodiversity over a four-day long weekend during what is considered the worst time of the year for local observations.<ref name="Two Oceans">Template:Cite web</ref>
A worldwide survey suggested that the extinction rate of endemic plants from the City of Cape Town is one of the highest in the world, at roughly three per year since 1900 – partly a consequence of the very small and localised habitats and high endemicity.<ref name="Rebelo 2019">Template:Cite web</ref>
Government
[edit]Template:Main Template:Politics of Western Cape Cape Town is governed by a 231-member city council elected in a system of mixed-member proportional representation. The city is divided into 116 wards, each of which elects a councillor by first-past-the-post voting. The remaining 115 councillors are elected from party lists so that the total number of councillors for each party is proportional to the number of votes received by that party.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the 2021 Municipal Elections, the Democratic Alliance (DA) kept its majority, this time diminished, taking 136 seats. The African National Congress lost substantially, receiving 43 of the seats.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Seat Calculation Detail: City of Cape Town. Electoral Commission of South Africa [2] Template:Webarchive</ref> The Democratic Alliance candidate for the Cape Town mayoralty, Geordin Hill-Lewis was elected mayor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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The Old Cape Town City Hall as seen from the Grand Parade in front of the building.
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The Cape Town Civic Centre, the central offices of the City of Cape Town.
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South Africa's national parliament building is located in Cape Town.
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International relations
[edit]Cape Town has nineteen active sister city agreements<ref name="International agreements City of Cape Town">Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col
- Template:Flagicon Aachen, Germany
- Template:Flagicon Accra, Ghana
- Template:Flagicon Atlanta, United States
- Template:Flagicon Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Template:Flagicon Bujumbura, Burundi
- Template:Flagicon Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Template:Flagicon Hangzhou, China
- Template:Flagicon Houston, United States
- Template:Flagicon Huangshan, China
- Template:Flagicon İzmir, Turkey
- Template:Flagicon Los Angeles, United States
- Template:Flagicon Malmö, Sweden
- Template:Flagicon Miami-Dade County, United States
- Template:Flagicon Monterrey, Mexico
- Template:Flagicon Munich, Germany
- Template:Flagicon Nairobi, Kenya
- Template:Flagicon Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Template:Flagicon Shenzhen, China
- Template:Flagicon Varna, Bulgaria
- Template:Flagicon Wuhan, China
2022 invasion of Ukraine
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The City of Cape Town has expressed explicit support for Ukraine during the 2022 invasion of the country by Russia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> To show this support the City of Cape Town lit up the Old City Hall in the colours of the Ukrainian flag on 2 March 2022.<ref name="Evans 2022">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This has differentiated the city from the officially neutral foreign policy position taken by the South African national government.<ref name="Evans 2022" />
Demographics
[edit]Template:Historical populations
According to the South African National Census of 2011, the population of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipalityTemplate:Dashan area that includes suburbs and exurbsTemplate:Dashis 3,740,026 people. This represents an annual growth rate of 2.6% compared to the results of the previous census in 2001 which found a population of 2,892,243 people.<ref name="wc-muni-report">Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Rp
Of those residents who were asked about their first language, 35.7% spoke Afrikaans, 29.8% spoke Xhosa and 28.4% spoke English. 24.8% of the population is under the age of 15, while 5.5% is 65 or older.<ref name="wc-muni-report" />Template:Rp The sex ratio is 0.96, meaning that there are slightly more women than men.<ref name="wc-muni-report" />Template:Rp
Of those residents aged 20 or older, 1.8% have no schooling, 8.1% have some schooling but did not finish primary school, 4.6% finished primary school but have no secondary schooling, 38.9% have some secondary schooling but did not finish Grade 12, 29.9% finished Grade 12 but have no higher education, and 16.7% have higher education.
Overall, 46.6% have at least a Grade 12 education.<ref name="wc-muni-report" />Template:Rp Of those aged between 5 and 25, 67.8% are attending an educational institution.<ref name="wc-muni-report" />Template:Rp Amongst those aged between 15 and 65 the unemployment rate is 23.7%.<ref name="wc-muni-report" />Template:Rp The average annual household income is R161,762.<ref name="wc-muni-report" />Template:Rp
The total number of households grew from 653,085 in 1996 to 1,068,572 in 2011, which represents an increase of 63.6%.<ref name="wc-muni-report" />Template:Rp The average number of household members declined from 3,92 in 1996 to 3,50 in 2011.<ref name="Cape Town 2016">Template:Cite book</ref> Of those households, 78.4% are in formal structures (houses or flats), while 20.5% are in informal structures (shacks).<ref name="wc-muni-report" />Template:Rp
97.3% of City-supplied households have access to electricity,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and 94.0% of households use electricity for lighting.<ref name="wc-muni-report" />Template:Rp 87.3% of households have piped water to the dwelling, while 12.0% have piped water through a communal tap.<ref name="wc-muni-report" />Template:Rp 94.9% of households have regular refuse collection service.<ref name="wc-muni-report" />Template:Rp
91.4% of households have a flush toilet or chemical toilet, while 4.5% still use a bucket toilet.<ref name="wc-muni-report" />Template:Rp 82.1% of households have a refrigerator, 87.3% have a television and 70.1% have a radio. Only 34.0% have a landline telephone, but 91.3% have a cellphone. 37.9% have a computer, and 49.3% have access to the Internet (either through a computer or a cellphone).<ref name="wc-muni-report" />
In 2011 over 70% of cross provincial South African migrants coming into the Western Cape settled in Cape Town; 53.64% of South African migrants into the Western Cape came from the Eastern Cape, the old Cape Colony's former native reserve, and 20.95% came from Gauteng province.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
According to the 2016 City of Cape Town community survey, there were 4,004,793 people in the City of Cape Town metro. Out of this population, 45.7% identified as Black African, 35.1% identified as Coloured, 16.2% identified as White and 1.6% identified as Asian.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
During the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa, local media reported that increasing numbers of wealthy and middle-class South Africans have started moving from inland areas to coastal regions of the country, most notably Cape Town, in a phenomenon referred to as "semigration" – short for "semi-emigration"<ref name="Staff Writer">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Declining municipal services in the rest of the country and the South African energy crisis are other cited reasons for semigration.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
In 2022, the city expected its population to grow by an additional 400,000 residents between 2020 and 2025 with 76% of those new residents falling into the low-income bracket earning less than Template:Currency a month.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
According to the United Nations' World Urbanization Prospects (2018), Cape Town's population is projected to continue growing steadily over the next decade. Based on estimates compiled by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs in 2018, the city's population is expected to reach approximately 5.468 million by 2030, and roughly 5.845 million by 2035.<ref name="UNWUP2018">Template:Cite web</ref>
Religion
[edit]
In the 2015 General Household Survey 82.3% of respondents self identified as Christian, 8% as Muslim, 3.8% as following a traditional African religion and 3.1% as "nothing in particular."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Most places of worship in the city are Christian churches and cathedrals: Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK), Zion Christian Church, Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa, Assemblies of God, Baptist Union of Southern Africa (Baptist World Alliance), Methodist Church of Southern Africa (World Methodist Council), Anglican Church of Southern Africa (Anglican Communion), Presbyterian Church of Africa (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cape Town (Catholic Church),<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> the Orthodox Archbishopric of Good Hope (Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St George)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Islam is the city's second largest religion with a long history in Cape Town,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> resulting in a number of mosques and other Muslim religious sites spread across the city,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> such as the Auwal Mosque, South Africa's first mosque.
Cape Town's significant Jewish population supports a number of synagogues most notably the historic Gardens Shul, the oldest Jewish congregation in South Africa.<ref name="forward">Cape Town's Jewish History on Display Forward. 29 April 2013</ref> Marais Road Shul in the city's Jewish hub, Sea Point, is the largest Jewish congregation in South Africa.<ref>Mandela Visits Cape Town Shul and Reassures Jews on Their Future Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 10 May 1994</ref> Temple Israel (Cape Town Progressive Jewish Congregation) also has three temples in the city.<ref>Congregations South African Union for Progressive Judaism. Accessed on 6 December 2019</ref> There is also a Chabad centre in Sea Point and a Chabad on Campus at the University of Cape Town, catering to Jewish students.<ref>A first for Cape Town Cape Jewish Chronicle. 1 December 2015</ref>
Other religious sites in the city include Hindu and Buddhist temples and centres.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Crime
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In recent years, Cape Town has experienced a resurgence in violent crime, particularly driven by gang violence in areas like the Cape Flats. This increase in violence is attributed to various factors including economic inequality (which can be linked to the legacy of apartheid's spatial and social divisions), unemployment, alcohol abuse, the prevalence of illegal firearms], a lack of rehabilitation and support services for offenders leading to recidivism, a lack of community safety organizations.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name= "Violent crime in South Africa happens mostly in a few hotspots: police resources should focus there – criminologist">Template:Cite web</ref>
Crime in Cape Town is a serious problem which affects the quality of life and safety of its residents and visitors. Between 2022 and 2023, Cape Town recorded the highest number of murders in a single year of any city in the world at 2,998, followed by Johannesburg and Durban, an increase of 8.6% year-on-year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Household crimes including burglary also increased in the same period.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mexico's Citizen Council for Public Security and Criminal Justice ranks it among the most violent cities in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
While the UK Foreign Office considers Cape Town safe to travel to, it notes the extremely high crime rates and highlights a particular increase on violent attacks and murders on the roads to and from Cape Town International Airport.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
As with other major metropolitan areas in South Africa, the majority of crime in Cape Town tends to be concentrated in very specific areas, indicating the potential success of place-based crime intelligence methods.<ref name= "Violent crime in South Africa happens mostly in a few hotspots: police resources should focus there – criminologist"></ref> In Cape Town, a lot of the crime that occurs takes place in the neighborhoods of Philippi East, Delft, Nyanga, Mfuleni, Gugulethu, Elsies River, Bishop Lavis, Kleinvlei, and Mitchell's Plain, which are best avoided (even during transit) by tourists and locals alike.<ref name= "Crime stats: Murder down nearly 10%, but an average of 75 people killed daily">Template:Cite web</ref>
In early 2025, the City of Cape Town announced that progress had been made in combatting crime, with crime levels in certain notorious areas decreasing, according to statistics based on community reporting of incidents of crime. Daily patrol officers were complimented for their efforts, and the City said it was working closely with the Western Cape Government and the South African Police Service to adjust its law enforcement efforts according to changes in the city's crime statistics.<ref name= "Cape Town police stations lead in SA murder statistics">Template:Cite web</ref>
Despite the crime levels, the city's economy has grown, as a result of good governance, investments in infrastructure, and an attractive business environment, as well as due to growth in the local tourism and real estate industries.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Since July 2019 widespread violent crime in poorer gang dominated areas of greater Cape Town has resulted in an ongoing military presence in these neighbourhoods.<ref>"South Africa Deploys Army to Gang-Hit Cape Town" Template:Webarchive (12 July 2019). BBC News. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The minibus taxi industry has been the source of a number of violent confrontations in the city. The northern and eastern sections of the city was the scene of the 2021 Cape Town taxi conflict, a violent turf war which led to 83 deaths. The 2023 Cape Town taxi strike resulted in 5 recorded deaths.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2025, Cape Town's Mayoral Committee Member (MCM) for Safety and Security, JP Smith, said that the expanded use of digital tools to complement law enforcement efforts has become part of the city's public safety operations. These tools include a vast network of CCTV cameras and drones, which have already proven successful in assisting with both arrests and prosecution.<ref name= "Large South African city using cameras and drones to stop crime">Template:Cite web</ref>
Economy
[edit]| Top publicly traded companies in the Cape Town/Stellenbosch region for 2021 (ranked by market capitalisation) with Metropolitan and JSE ranks | |||||
| Metro | corporation | JSE | |||
| 1 | Naspers | 4 | |||
| 2 | Capitec | 14 | |||
| 3 | Sanlam | 20 | |||
| 4 | Shoprite | 24 | |||
| 5 | Pepkor | 30 | |||
| 6 | Clicks | 32 | |||
| 7 | Woolworths | 35 | |||
| 8 | Remgro | 37 | |||
| Source: JSE top 40<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | |||||
Cape Town is South Africa's second main economic centre and Africa's third main economic hub city. It serves as the regional manufacturing centre in the Western Cape. In 2019, the city's GMP of R489 billion<ref name="Cape Town 2020">Template:Cite web</ref> (US$33.04 billion)<ref name="SARS 2019">Template:Cite web</ref> represented 71.1% of the Western Cape's total GRP and 9.6% of South Africa's total GDP;<ref name="Cape Town 2020" /> the city also accounted for 11.1%<ref name="Cape Town 2020" /> of all employed people in the country and had a citywide GDP per capita of R111,364<ref name="Cape Town 2020" /> (US$7,524).<ref name="SARS 2019" />
Since the Great Recession, the city's economic growth rate has mirrored South Africa's decline in growth; the population growth rate for the city has remained steady at around 2% a year.<ref name="Cape Town 2020" /> Around 80% of the city's economic activity is generated by the tertiary sector of the economy with the finance, retail, real-estate, food and beverage industries being the four largest contributors to the city's economic growth rate.<ref name="Cape Town 2020" />
In 2008, the city was considered the most entrepreneurial city in South Africa, with the percentage of Capetonians pursuing business opportunities almost three times higher than the national average. Capetonians aged between 18 and 64 were 190% more likely to pursue new business, whilst in Johannesburg, the same demographic group was only 60% more likely than the national average to pursue a new business.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
With the highest number of successful information technology companies in Africa, Cape Town is an important centre for the industry on the continent.<ref name="IT leads">Template:Cite web</ref> This includes an increasing number of companies in the space industry.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Growing at an annual rate of 8.5% and an estimated worth of R77Template:Spacesbillion in 2010, nationwide the high tech industry in Cape Town is becoming increasingly important to the city's economy.<ref name="IT leads" /> A number of entrepreneurial initiatives and universities hosting technology startups such as Jumo, Yoco, Aerobotics, Luno, Rain telecommunication and The Sun Exchange are located in the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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The city has the largest film industry in the Southern Hemisphere<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> generating R5 billion (US$476.19 million) in revenue and providing an estimated 6,058 direct and 2,502 indirect jobs in 2013.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Much of the industry is based out of the Cape Town Film Studios.
As of 2024, Cape Town's labor force consists of 1.1 million workers. The largest sector in Cape Town is the professional and business services industry, which accounts for 29.61% of the city's workforce.
Within this sector, the professional, scientific, and technical services industry accounts for 23.34% (about 254,600 people) of the city's employment, which is the highest of any other industry.
The construction industry is the second-largest by number of employees, as it accounts for 9.29% (around 101,300 people) of the city's employment. The manufacturing sector, the second largest sector, also accounts for a large part of the city's employment opportunities as it provides 18.15% of the city's employment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Cape Town has significantly above-average economic performance amongst its South African metropolitan peers. In 2025, according to Statistics South Africa (Stats SA), Cape Town had the lowest unemployment rate out of all South African cities. Whereas unemployment increased in some cities across the country, in Cape Town, employment increased, with the city diverging from a national trend and adding 86,000 jobs. The Mayor of Cape Town attributed this growth to good governance and infrastructure investments, creating an attractive business environment and an increase in tourism.<ref name= "Cape Town Deviates from National Labour Trends">Template:Cite web</ref>
Major companies
[edit]
Cape Town is home to the headquarters of many of South Africa's largest companies, across a variety of industries. One major industry is retail, with the city housing the headquarters of 9 of South Africa's major retail companies, including most of its largest supermarket chains. Another major industry for the city is tech, with Cape Town being considered South Africa's tech hub. Other industries include insurance, publishing, design, fashion, shipping, petrochemicals, architecture, advertising, real estate, and tourism.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Some of the most notable companies headquartered in the city are food and fashion retailer Woolworths,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> major supermarket chains Pick n Pay, Checkers, and Shoprite,<ref>Template:Cite web,</ref> healthcare and personal care retail chain Clicks, fashion retailers Pepkor, Ackermans, Truworths, and Foschini Group,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> internet service provider MWEB, Mediclinic Group, eTV, multinational mass media giant Naspers, major financial services organizations Sanlam,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Old Mutual Park,<ref name="OM_history">Template:Cite web</ref> Allan Gray, Coronation, airline LIFT, major real estate company Pam Golding, South Africa's largest e-commerce company, Takealot, and the country's largest fuel company, Engen Petroleum.
Other notable companies include Stodels, Travelstart, Wootware, Xneelo, Yuppiechef, Belron, Ceres Fruit Juices, Coronation Fund Managers, Vida e Caffè, and Capitec Bank. The city is a manufacturing base for several multinational companies including, Johnson & Johnson, GlaxoSmithKline, Levi Strauss & Co., Adidas, Bokomo Foods, Yoco, and Nampak.Template:Citation needed Amazon Web Services maintains one of its largest facilities in the world in Cape Town, with the city serving as the Africa headquarters for its parent company, Amazon.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Inequality
[edit]The city of Cape Town's Gini coefficient of 0.58<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> is lower than South Africa's Gini coefficient of 0.7. This makes it more equal than the rest of the country, including any other major South African city, although still highly unequal by international standards.<ref name="IOL inequality">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Geni2000">Template:Cite web</ref>
Between 2001 and 2010 the city's Gini coefficient, a measure of inequality, improved by dropping from 0.59 in 2007 to 0.57 in 2010<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> only to increase to 0.58 by 2017.<ref name="Socio-economic profile">Template:Cite web</ref>
Tourism
[edit]
The Western Cape is a highly important tourist region in South Africa; the tourism industry accounts for 9.8% of the GDP of the province and employs 9.6% of the province's workforce. In 2010, over 1.5Template:Spacesmillion international tourists visited the area.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Cape Town is not only a popular international tourist destination in South Africa, but Africa as a whole. This is due to its mild climate, natural setting, costal geography and well-developed infrastructure.
The city has several well-known natural features that attract tourists, most notably Table Mountain,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which forms a large part of the Table Mountain National Park and is the back end of the City Bowl. Reaching the top of the mountain can be achieved either by hiking up, or by taking the Table Mountain Cableway. Cape Point is the dramatic headland at the end of the Cape Peninsula.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Many tourists also drive along Chapman's Peak Drive, a narrow road that links Noordhoek with Hout Bay, for the views of the Atlantic Ocean and nearby mountains. It is possible to either drive or hike up Signal Hill for closer views of the City Bowl and Table Mountain.<ref>"South Africa National Botanical Gardens Template:Webarchive" .Vibescout.com. Retrieved 4 October 2017</ref>
Many tourists also visit Cape Town's beaches, which are popular with local residents.<ref name="CTbeaches">Template:Cite web</ref> It is possible to visit several different beaches in the same day, each with a different setting and atmosphere. Both coasts are popular, although the beaches in affluent Clifton and elsewhere on the Atlantic Coast are better developed with restaurants and cafés, with a strip of restaurants and bars accessible to the beach at Camps Bay.
The Atlantic seaboard, known as Cape Town's Riviera, is regarded as one of the most scenic routes in South Africa; along the slopes of the Twelve Apostles to the boulders and white sand beaches of Llandudno, with the route ending in Hout Bay, a diverse suburb with a fishing and recreational boating harbour near a small island with a breeding colony of African fur seals.
This suburb is also accessible by road from the Constantia valley over the mountains to the northeast, and via the picturesque Chapman's Peak drive from the residential suburb Noordhoek in the Fish Hoek valley to the south-east.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Boulders Beach near Simon's Town is known for its colony of African penguins.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The city has several notable cultural attractions. The Victoria & Alfred Waterfront, built on top of part of the docks of the Port of Cape Town, is the city's most visited tourist attraction. It is also one of the city's most popular shopping venues, with several hundred shops as well as the Two Oceans Aquarium.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Sinclair 2011">Template:Cite web</ref>
The V&A also hosts the Nelson Mandela Gateway, through which ferries depart for Robben Island.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is possible to take a ferry from the V&A to Hout Bay, Simon's Town and the Cape fur seal colonies on Seal and Duiker Islands. Several companies offer tours of the Cape Flats, a region of mostly Coloured & Black townships.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Within the metropolitan area, the most popular areas for visitors to stay include Camps Bay, Sea Point, the V&A Waterfront, the City Bowl, Hout Bay, Constantia, Rondebosch, Newlands, and Somerset West.<ref name="CTtourismstats">Template:Cite web</ref> In November 2013, Cape Town was voted the best global city in The Daily Telegraph's annual Travel Awards.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Cape Town offers tourists a range of air, land and sea-based adventure activities, including helicopter rides, paragliding and skydiving, snorkelling and scuba diving, boat trips, game-fishing, hiking, mountain biking and rock climbing. Surfing is popular and the city hosts the Red Bull Big Wave Africa surfing competition every year, and there is some local and international recreational scuba tourism.<ref>Cape Town Tourism capetown.travel Template:Webarchive, retrieved 26 December 2019</ref>
The City of Cape Town works closely with Cape Town Tourism to promote the city both locally and internationally. The primary focus of Cape Town Tourism is to represent Cape Town as a tourist destination.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Fin24">Template:Cite web</ref> Cape Town Tourism receives a portion of its funding from the City of Cape Town while the remainder is made up of membership fees and own-generated funds.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Tristan da Cunha government owns and operates a lodging facility in Cape Town which charges discounted rates to Tristan da Cunha residents and non-resident natives.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Cape Town's transport system links it to the rest of South Africa; it serves as the gateway to other destinations within the province. The Cape Winelands and in particular the towns of Stellenbosch, Paarl and Franschhoek are popular day trips from the city for sightseeing and wine tasting.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Housing
[edit]Cape Town has a mix of detached homes of various sizes, townhouses, and apartments. Certain neighborhoods (especially older ones and those in the Southern Suburbs, Cape Town) tend to be dominated by larger, detached houses on separate plots of land, with parks and tree-lined streets. Newer suburbs, and those in the Northern Suburbs feature more of a mix of housing types, including low- and high-rise buildings and townhouse developments.<ref name= "Cape Town Property Trends and Statistics">Template:Cite web</ref>
Home ownership
[edit]The city has for years had the most expensive average home price in South Africa. In September 2024, the average property price in Cape Town was R2.23 million. This was an increase of 36% from the average price of R1.63 million in 2014 (a decade before), indicating consistently strong returns on investment for those in the Cape Town property market. Sellers often get their asking price, or within 5% of it.<ref name= "Airbnb trend hiking property sales in Cape Town’s CBD">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name= "Dark clouds for Cape Town property and its residents">Template:Cite web</ref>
The local property market grows at a rate far exceeding that of other major metropolitan areas in the country. For example, Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) reported that between January 2010 and November 2022, Cape Town property prices increased at around double the rate of those in Johannesburg.<ref name= "Stats SA’s new property price index: Cape Town has become more expensive">Template:Cite web</ref>
To afford the average home in Cape Town, a salary of over R80,000 per month is required, which is significantly higher than in other provinces, and around 3 times the national average salary in South Africa.<ref name= "56 jobs that pay more than the average salary of R28,300 in South Africa">Template:Cite web</ref> The Western Cape province in general requires far higher salaries for affording to purchase the average property than in other provinces.<ref name= "Here’s what it takes to afford a home in South Africa">Template:Cite web</ref>
Property in the Southern Suburbs offers a peaceful lifestyle and is generally more expensive, as is property in the Atlantic Seaboard area, for its ocean views, and property in the City Bowl region, for its proximity to Cape Town's CBD and amenities. Conversely, property in the Cape Flats is cheaper on average, as the region is less desirable to live in. The same goes for property in the Northern Suburbs region, where lower costs are as a result of living further from central Cape Town, and more space to build outwards (both inland and up the west coast).
Some suburbs in Cape Town have had exceptionally high property value growth in recent years. For example, in 2025, it was reported that Kalk Bay, an old fishing village in the False Bay area of Cape Town, had its house prices grow by around R1 million every year since 2020, due to an increase in demand for property in the Western Cape. The average price of a home in the suburb rose from R4.9 million in 2020 to R9 million at the start of 2025; an 83% increase over that 4-year period, or over 20% per year. One reason for this kind of housing price growth in Cape Town is the local municipality's investments in maintaining and upgrading neighborhoods, to create an attractive environment for residents to live.<ref name= "The South African fishing village where house prices increased by R1 million every year since 2020">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name= "One area where house prices increased by over R4 million in 5 years">Template:Cite web</ref>
Property prices in Cape Town are around double the national average of R1.41 million, according to home loan statistics. In the fourth quarter of 2023, the national average home price recorded its second consecutive decrease. Meanwhile, Cape Town property prices have continued to increase.<ref name= "What the average house price in South Africa gets you in Joburg, Durban and Cape Town">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name= "Super luxury home-sales boom, Joburg buyers pay more for Cape Town houses">Template:Cite web</ref>
Cape Town's property values increase on average around 10% per year. The consistently strong property prices and growth thereof can be attributed to numerous factors, including good service delivery by local government, a strong local economy, the coastal lifestyle that Capetonians enjoy, and semigration (individuals moving from other South African provinces into the Western Cape).<ref name= "What the average house price in South Africa gets you in Joburg, Durban and Cape Town"></ref><ref name= "Super luxury home-sales boom, Joburg buyers pay more for Cape Town houses"></ref>
Cape Town trends among the top 20 cities worldwide for capital value growth, further increasing the attractiveness of owning a home in the city.<ref name= "Cape Town's foreign buyer hotspots and top prices paid for luxury homes">Template:Cite web</ref>
Cape Town housing is in short supply due to a number of issues, including NIMBYISM, delays in approvals for social housing, a lack of space to build outwards, and an increase in properties listed as short-term Airbnb rentals.<ref name= "Dark clouds for Cape Town property and its residents"></ref><ref name= "Cape Town's Southern Suburbs: Rising prices and shorter listing times">Template:Cite web</ref>
In early 2025, 14% of homes listed for sale were new to the market. The most common size of properties for sale was 2-bedroom, followed by 3-bedroom properties.<ref name= "Cape Town Property Trends and Statistics"></ref>
The city is home to some of South Africa's most expensive neighborhoods, including Constantia and Bishopscourt in the Southern Suburbs; Tamboerskloof and Higgovale in the City Bowl; and Fresnaye, Camps Bay, Clifton, Llandudno, and Bantry Bay in the Atlantic Seaboard. Affluent areas are popular with international buyers from countries including the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, and France, with some purchasing homes around R60 million (~ £2.5 million / €3 million / US$3.3 million).<ref name= "Clifton Remains Cape Town's Most Expensive Suburb to Buy Property">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name= "Super luxury home-sales boom, Joburg buyers pay more for Cape Town houses"></ref><ref name= "Cape Town's foreign buyer hotspots and top prices paid for luxury homes"></ref> 9 out of South Africa's 10 most expensive suburbs are in Cape Town.<ref name= "Cape Town tops R21billion in transactions">Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2021, Cape Town's residential property market was valued at R1.22 trillion, the highest out of all major South African metropolitan areas. The city's property market constituted 72% of the entire Western Cape's residential property market value, and 21% of the national property market value. The city had significantly more homes valued in the luxury market segment (at 43% of the total) than in any other major South African metro area. In the same year, there were around 800,000 residential properties located in Cape Town. 76% of those were detached homes, 15% were apartments, and 9% were semi-detached homes.<ref name= "Cape Town Housing Market Report - 2021">Template:Cite web</ref>
As of April 2025, Cape Town had a home ownership rate of 6.6% among those aged 18 to 35; 22.7% among those aged 36 to 49; 35.7% for those aged 50 to 64; and 35% for those aged 65 or older. In the same month, 25.8% of new home buyers in Cape Town were aged 18 to 35.<ref name= "Cape Town Property Trends and Statistics"></ref>
Rentals
[edit]In 2025, the average rent price in Cape Town for a 2-bedroom apartment was approximately R12,000 per month. However, this value varies significantly between suburbs. For a property of the same size, some neighborhoods offer rent as low as R7,000 per month, while in other, more desirable areas, this may be as high as R30,000 per month. The city has excellent gross rental yields, with some properties generating as much as a 10.5% return on investment for owners.<ref name= "Cape Town’s Rental Market in 2025: Key Trends & Insights for Landlords & Tenants">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name= "Demand for SA rental property on the rise">Template:Cite web</ref>
Rental prices for apartments in affluent areas can often exceed the city's average by multiples. For example, in 2024, three areas in the Atlantic Seaboard - Camps Bay, Clifton, and Bantry Bay - averaged rental prices of R40,000 per month for a 1-bedroom apartment, and R120,000 per month for a 3-bedroom apartment. In Cape Town, popular rental website Property24 lists almost 100 rentals per month at prices over R100,000 per month, and some rentals cost as much as R300,000 per month.<ref name= "These Cape Town suburbs charge an average of R120 000 for rent">Template:Cite web</ref>
Average rent prices in Cape Town increased by 5.2% in 2025, in line with the national average.<ref name= "Fibonacci development set to attract property investors and to aid CPT rental shortage">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2024, the city has the lowest rental vacancy rate out of all major South African metropolitan areas.<ref name= "These Cape Town suburbs charge an average of R120 000 for rent"></ref>
In 2021, approximately 18% of Cape Town residents rented.<ref name= "Cape Town Housing Market Report - 2021"></ref>
With nearly 5,000 students from over 100 countries studying at the University of Cape Town (UCT), 18% of the student body is international, which increases demand for rental properties in Cape Town. Student housing - accommodation provided by the University of Cape Town - has a shortfall, which is made up by the private rental market. In 2023, there were 28,000 registered UCT students, with 8,400 of them securing UCT residence places.<ref name= "Fibonacci development set to attract property investors and to aid CPT rental shortage"></ref>
As of 2025, rental prices in the Western Cape were the highest in South Africa, and 23% above the national average. It has been the most expensive province in South Africa for renting since 2016.<ref name= "Dangerous proposal for properties in Cape Town">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name= "One South African province where rental prices shot up">Template:Cite web</ref> The Western Cape’s reputation as South Africa’s best-run province, with efficient governance and high-quality, well-maintained infrastructure, has made it an attractive destination for tenants.<ref name= "Fibonacci development set to attract property investors and to aid CPT rental shortage"></ref>
The average rent price in the Western Cape in the fourth quarter of 2024 was R11,141. This was the first time the figure had gone beyond the R11,000 mark. The Western Cape also has the lowest number of tenants in arrears (those who are behind on rental payments) out of all South African provinces.<ref name= "New record for the average rent paid in South Africa">Template:Cite web</ref> The Western Cape had a record-low vacancy rate of 1.07% in the third quarter of 2024.<ref name= "Fibonacci development set to attract property investors and to aid CPT rental shortage"></ref>
Infrastructure and services
[edit]Most goods are handled through the Port of Cape Town or Cape Town International Airport. Most major shipbuilding companies have offices in Cape Town.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The province is also a centre of energy development for the country, with the existing Koeberg nuclear power station providing energy for the Western Cape's needs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Greater Cape Town has four major commercial nodes, with the city's Central Business District (CBD) containing the majority of its office space.Template:Citation needed Century City, the Bellville/Tygervalley strip, and Claremont commercial nodes are well-established and contain many offices and corporate headquarters.
Health
[edit]The city contains many well-equipped clinics and hospitals.
- The Alexandra Hospital is a specialist mental health care hospital in Cape Town, it provides care for complex mental health issues and intellectual disability.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Groote Schuur Hospital is a large, government-funded, teaching hospital situated on the slopes of Devil's Peak. It was founded in 1938 and is famous for being the institution where the first human-to-human heart transplant took place. Groote Schuur is the chief academic hospital of the University of Cape Town's medical school, providing tertiary care and instruction in all the major branches of medicine. The hospital underwent major extension in 1984 when two new wings were added.
- The Hottentots Holland Hospital, also known as Helderberg Hospital, is a district hospital for the Helderberg basin located in Somerset West, and also serves surrounding areas in the Overberg district.
Numerous of South Africa's major private medical services groups operate hospitals in the city, including those below.
- Mediclinic Group: 7 facilities (Cape Town, Milnerton, Louis Leipoldt, Constantiaberg, Cape Gate, Durbanville, and Vergelegen) <ref name= "Hospitals & Day Clinics">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Netcare: 4 facilities (Christiaan Barnard, UCT Private Academic, Blaawberg, and N1 City)<ref name= "Netcare Smart Search">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Melomed: 5 facilities (Gatesville, Bellville, Tokai, Mitchells Plain, and Claremont)<ref name= "Melomed">Template:Cite web</ref>
Education
[edit]
Public primary and secondary schools in Cape Town are run by the Western Cape Education Department. This provincial department is divided into seven districts; four of these are "Metropole" districts – Metropole Central, North, South, and East – which cover various areas of the metropolis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There are also many private schools, both religious and secular. Cape Town has a well-developed higher system of public universities.
Cape Town is served by three public universities: the University of Cape Town (UCT), the University of the Western Cape (UWC) and the Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT). Stellenbosch University, while not based in the metropolitan area itself, has its main campus and administrative section 50Template:Spaceskilometres from the City Bowl and has additional campuses, such as the Tygerberg Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and the Bellville Business Park, north-west of the city in the town of Bellville.
Both the University of Cape Town and Stellenbosch University are leading universities in South Africa. This is due in large part to substantial financial contributions made to these institutions by both the public and private sector. UCT is an English-language tuition institution. It has over 21,000 students and has an MBA programme that was ranked 51st by the Financial Times in 2006.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
It is also the top-ranked university in Africa, being the only African university to make the world's Top 200 university list at number 146.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Since the African National Congress has become the country's ruling party, some restructuring of Western Cape universities has taken place and as such, traditionally non-white universities have seen increased financing, which has evidently benefitted UWC.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Cape Peninsula University of Technology was formed on 1 January 2005, when two separate institutions – Cape Technikon and Peninsula Technikon – were merged. The new university offers education primarily in English, although one may take courses in any of South Africa's official languages. The institution generally awards the National Diploma.
Students from the universities and high schools are involved in the South African SEDS, Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. This is the South African SEDS, and there are many SEDS branches in other countries, preparing enthusiastic students and young professionals for the growing Space industry.Template:Citation needed
As well as the universities, there are also several colleges in and around Cape Town. Including the College of Cape Town, False Bay College and Northlink College. Many students use NSFAS funding to help pay for tertiary education at these TVET colleges.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Cape Town has also become a popular study abroad destination for many international college students. Many study abroad providers offer semester, summer, short-term, and internship programs in partnership with Cape Town universities as a chance for international students to gain intercultural understanding.
Water supply
[edit]Template:Main The Western Cape Water Supply System (WCWSS) is a complex water supply system in the Western Cape region of South Africa, comprising an inter-linked system of six main dams, pipelines, tunnels and distribution networks, and a number of minor dams, some owned and operated by the Department of Water and Sanitation and some by the City of Cape Town.<ref name="Kasrils">Address by Mr Ronnie Kasrils, MP, minister of Water Affairs and Forestry, at the Berg Water Project signing ceremony on 15 April 2003, in Cape Town, accessed on 11 December 2009</ref>
Water crisis of 2017 to 2018
[edit]
The Cape Town water crisis of 2017 to 2018 was a period of severe water shortage in the Western Cape region, most notably affecting the City of Cape Town. While dam water levels had been declining since 2015, the Cape Town water crisis peaked during mid-2017 to mid-2018 when water levels hovered between 15 and 30 percent of total dam capacity.
In late 2017, there were first mentions of plans for "Day Zero", a shorthand reference for the day when the water level of the major dams supplying the city could fall below 13.5 percent.<ref name="USA today" /><ref name="Globe and Mail" /><ref name="Poplak 2018" /> "Day Zero" would mark the start of Level 7 water restrictions, when municipal water supplies would be largely switched off and it was envisioned that residents could have to queue for their daily ration of water. If this had occurred, it would have made the City of Cape Town the first major city in the world to run out of water.<ref name="Booysen et al 2019" /><ref name="Booysen et al 2019a" />
The city of Cape Town implemented significant water restrictions in a bid to curb water usage, and succeeded in reducing its daily water usage by more than half to around 500 million litres (130,000,000 US gal) per day in March 2018.<ref name="Narrandes 2018" /> The fall in water usage led the city to postpone its estimate for "Day Zero", and strong rains starting in June 2018 led to dam levels recovering.<ref name="Myburgh 2018" />
In September 2018, with dam levels close to 70 percent, the city began easing water restrictions, indicating that the worst of the water crisis was over.<ref name="reduce-sep2018" /> Good rains in 2020 effectively broke the drought and resulting water shortage when dam levels reached 95 percent.<ref name="After drought" /> Concerns have been raised, however, that unsustainble demand and limited water supply could result in future drought events.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Transport
[edit]Air
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Cape Town International Airport serves both domestic and international flights.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is the second-largest airport in South Africa and serves as a major gateway for travellers to the Cape region. Cape Town has regularly scheduled services to Southern Africa, East Africa, Mauritius, Middle East, Far East, Europe, Brazil and the United States as well as eleven domestic destinations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
As tourism numbers increased in the lead-up to the tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Cape Town International Airport opened a brand new central terminal building that was developed to handle an expected increase in air traffic.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Other renovations include several large new parking garages, a revamped domestic departure terminal, a new Bus Rapid Transit system station and a new double-decker road system. The airport's cargo facilities are also being expanded and several large empty plots are being developed into office space and hotels.
Cape Town is one of five internationally recognised Antarctic gateway cities with transportation connections. Since 2021, commercial flights have operated from Cape Town to Wolf's Fang Runway, Antarctica.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Cape Town International Airport was among the winners of the World Travel Awards for being Africa's leading airport.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Cape Town International Airport is located 18Template:Spaceskm from the Central Business District.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Sea
[edit]
Cape Town has a long tradition as a port city, and its role as a re-provisioning stop at the midpoint of the Cape Route gained it the nicknames "Tavern of the Seas" and "Tavern of the Indian Ocean".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Port of Cape Town, the city's main port, is in Table Bay directly to the north of the CBD.
The port is a hub for ships in the southern Atlantic: it is located along one of the busiest shipping corridors in the world, and acts as a stopover point for goods en route to or from Latin America and Asia. It is also an entry point into the South African market.<ref name="EU Handbook 2020">Template:Cite book</ref> It is the second-busiest container port in South Africa after Durban. In 2004, it handled 3,161 ships and 9.2Template:Spacesmillion tonnes of cargo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Simon's Town Harbour on the False Bay coast of the Cape Peninsula is the main operational base of the South African Navy.
Until the 1970s the city was served by the Union Castle Line with service to the United Kingdom and St Helena.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The RMS St Helena provided passenger and cargo service between Cape Town and St Helena until the opening of St Helena Airport.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The cargo vessel M/V Helena, under AW Shipping Management, takes a limited number of passengers,<ref name="Cargoships">Template:Cite web</ref> between Cape Town and St Helena and Ascension Island on its voyages.<ref>Template:Cite web – see Routes and Prices Template:Webarchive which confirms its destinations</ref> Multiple vessels also take passengers to and from Tristan da Cunha, inaccessible by aircraft, to and from Cape Town.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In addition, NSB Niederelbe Schiffahrtsgesellschaft takes passengers on its cargo service to the Canary Islands and Hamburg, Germany.<ref name=Cargoships/>
Rail
[edit]
The Shosholoza Meyl is the passenger rail operations of Spoornet and operates one long-distance passenger rail service from Cape Town as of 2024: a weekly service to and from Johannesburg via Kimberley. These trains terminate at Cape Town railway station and make a stop at Bellville. Cape Town also terminates 2 luxury tourist train routes as of 2024 operated by the Ceres Rail Company, traveling from the Waterfront to Simon's Town and Grabouw respectively.
Metrorail operates a commuter rail service in Cape Town and the surrounding area. The Metrorail network consists of 96 stations throughout the suburbs and outskirts of Cape Town.
Road
[edit]Cape Town is the origin of three national roads. The N1 and N2 begin in the foreshore area near the City Centre and the N7, which runs North toward Namibia. The N1 runs East-North-East from Cape Town through the towns of Goodwood, Parow, Bellville, Brackenfell and Kraaifontein before continuing towards Paarl. It connects Cape Town to major cities further inland, namely Bloemfontein, Johannesburg, and Pretoria An older at-grade road, the R101, runs parallel to the N1 from Bellville.
The N2 runs East-South-East through Rondebosch, Guguletu, Khayelitsha, Macassar to Somerset West. It becomes a multiple-carriageway, at-grade road from the intersection with the R44 onward. The N2 continues east along the coast, linking Cape Town with Somerset West and the coastal cities of Mossel Bay, George, Port Elizabeth, East London and Durban. An older at-grade road, the R102, runs parallel to the N1 initially, before veering south at Bellville, to join the N2 at Somerset West via the towns of Kuilsrivier and Eersterivier. The N7 originates from the N1 at Wingfield Interchange near Edgemead. It begins, initially as a highway, but becoming an at-grade road from the intersection with the M5 onward.
There are also a number of regional routes linking Cape Town with surrounding areas. The R27 originates from the N1 near the Foreshore and runs north parallel to the N7, but nearer to the coast. It passes through the suburbs of Milnerton, Table View and Bloubergstrand and links the city to the West Coast, ending at the town of Velddrif.
The R44 enters the east of the metro from the north, from Stellenbosch. It connects Stellenbosch to Somerset West, then crosses the N2 to Strand and Gordon's Bay. It exits the metro heading south hugging the coast, leading to the towns of Betty's Bay and Kleinmond.
Of the three-digit routes, the R300 is an expressway linking the N1 at Brackenfell to the N2 near Mitchells Plain and the Cape Town International Airport. The R302 runs from the R102 in Bellville, heading north across the N1 through Durbanville leaving the metro to Malmesbury. The R304 enters the northern limits of the metro from Stellenbosch, running NNW before veering west to cross the N7 at Philadelphia to end at Atlantis at a junction with the R307. This R307 starts north of Koeberg from the R27 and, after meeting the R304, continues north to Darling. The R310 originates from Muizenberg and runs along the coast, to the south of Mitchell's Plain and Khayelitsha, before veering north-east, crossing the N2 west of Macassar, and exiting the metro heading to Stellenbosch.
Cape Town, like most South African cities, uses Metropolitan or "M" routes for important intra-city routes, a layer below National (N) roads and Regional (R) routes. Each city's M roads are independently numbered. Most are at-grade roads. The M3 splits from the N2 and runs to the south along the eastern slopes of Table Mountain, connecting the City Bowl with Muizenberg.
Except for a section between Rondebosch and Newlands that has at-grade intersections, this route is a highway. The M5 splits from the N1 further east than the M3, and links the Cape Flats to the CBD. It is a highway as far as the interchange with the M68 at Ottery, before continuing as an at-grade road. Cape Town has the worst traffic congestion in South Africa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Buses
[edit]Golden Arrow Bus Services operates scheduled bus services in the Cape Town metropolitan area. Several companies run long-distance bus services from Cape Town to the other cities in South Africa.
MyCiTi
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Cape Town has a public transport system in about 10% of the city, running north to south along the west coastline of the city, comprising Phase 1 of the IRT system. This is known as the MyCiTi service.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
MyCiTi Phase 1 includes services linking the Airport to the Cape Town inner city, as well as the following areas: Blouberg / Table View, Dunoon, Atlantis and Melkbosstrand, Milnerton, Paarden Eiland, Century City, Salt River and Walmer Estate, and all suburbs of the City Bowl and Atlantic Seaboard all the way to Llandudno and Hout Bay.Template:Citation needed
The MyCiTi N2 Express service consists of four routes each linking the Cape Town inner city and Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain on the Cape Flats.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The service use high floor articulated and standard size buses in dedicated busways, low floor articulated and standard size buses on the N2 Express service, and smaller Template:Cvt Optare buses in suburban and inner city areas. It offers universal access through level boarding and numerous other measures, and requires cashless fare payment using the EMV compliant smart card system, called myconnect. Headway of services (i.e. the time between buses on the same route) range from three to twenty minutes in peak times to an hour in off-peak times.Template:Citation needed
Taxis
[edit]
Cape Town has various kinds of taxis available, including those obtained through ride-hailing services such as Bolt and Uber.
Taxis are either metered taxis or minibus taxis. Metered taxis can be found at transport hubs as well as other tourist establishments, while minibus taxis can be found at taxi ranks, and, commonly, travelling along main streets.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Minibus taxis can be hailed from the road.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Cape Town metered taxi cabs mostly operate in the city bowl, suburbs and Cape Town International Airport areas. Large companies that operate fleets of cabs can be reached by phone and are cheaper than the single operators that apply for hire from taxi ranks and Victoria and Alfred Waterfront.
There are about 1,000 meter taxis in Cape Town. Their rates vary from R8 per kilometre to about R15 per kilometre. The larger taxi companies in Cape Town are Excite Taxis, Cabnet and Intercab and single operators are reachable by cellular phone. The seven seated Toyota Avanza are the most popular with larger Taxi companies. Meter cabs are mostly used by tourists and are safer to use than minibus taxis.Template:Citation needed
Minibus taxis are the standard form of transport for the majority of the population who cannot afford private vehicles.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Although essential, these taxis are often poorly maintained and are frequently not road-worthy. These taxis make frequent unscheduled stops to pick up passengers, which can cause accidents.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> With the high demand for transport by the working class of South Africa, minibus taxis are often filled over their legal passenger allowance. Minibuses are generally owned and operated in fleets.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Culture
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Cape Town is noted for its architectural heritage, with the highest density of Cape Dutch style buildings in the world. Cape Dutch style, which combines the architectural traditions of the Netherlands, Germany, France and Indonesia, is most visible in Constantia, the old government buildings in the Central Business District, and along Long Street.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The annual Cape Town Minstrel Carnival, also known by its Afrikaans name of Kaapse Klopse, is a large minstrel festival held annually on 2 January or "Tweede Nuwe Jaar" (Second New Year). Competing teams of minstrels parade in brightly coloured costumes, performing Cape Jazz, either carrying colourful umbrellas or playing an array of musical instruments.
The Artscape Theatre Centre is the largest performing arts venue in Cape Town.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Cape Town was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The city also encloses the 36 hectare Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden that contains protected natural forest and fynbos along with a variety of animals and birds. There are over 7,000 species in cultivation at Kirstenbosch, including many rare and threatened species of the Cape Floristic Region. In 2004 this Region, including Kirstenbosch, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Whale watching is popular amongst tourists: southern right whales and humpback whales are seen off the coast during the breeding season (August to November) and Bryde's whales and orca can be seen any time of the year.<ref name="CTwhale">Template:Cite web</ref>
The nearby town of Hermanus is known for its Whale Festival, but whales can also be seen in False Bay.<ref name="CTwhale" /> Heaviside's dolphins are endemic to the area and can be seen from the coast north of Cape Town; dusky dolphins live along the same coast and can occasionally be seen from the ferry to Robben Island.<ref name="CTwhale" />
The only complete windmill in South Africa is Mostert's Mill, Mowbray. It was built in 1796 and restored in 1935 and again in 1995.
Cuisine
[edit]
Food originating from or synonymous with Cape Town includes the savoury sweet spiced meat dish Bobotie that dates from the 17th century. The Gatsby, a sandwich filled with slap chips and other toppings, was first served in 1976 in the suburb of Athlone and is also synonymous with the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The koe'sister is a traditional Cape Malay pastry described as a cinnamon infused dumpling with a cake-like texture, finished off with a sprinkling of desiccated coconut.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Malva pudding (sometimes known as Cape Malva pudding) is a sticky sweet dessert often served with hot custard is also associated with the city and dates back to the 17th century.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A related dessert dish, Cape Brandy Pudding, is also associated with the city and surrounding region.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Cape Town is also the home of the South African wine industry with the first wine produced in the country being bottled in the city; a number of notable wineries still exist in the city including Groot Constantia and Klein Constantia.
Media
[edit]
Several newspapers, magazines and printing facilities have their offices in the city. Independent News and Media publishes the major English language papers in the city, the Cape Argus and the Cape Times. Naspers, the largest media conglomerate in South Africa, publishes Die Burger, the major Afrikaans language paper.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Cape Town has many local community newspapers. Some of the largest community newspapers in English are the Athlone News from Athlone, the Atlantic Sun, the Constantiaberg Bulletin from Constantiaberg, the City Vision from Bellville, the False Bay Echo from False Bay, the Helderberg Sun from Helderberg, the Plainsman from Michell's Plain, the Sentinel News from Hout Bay, the Southern Mail from the Southern Peninsula, the Southern Suburbs Tatler from the Southern Suburbs, Table Talk from Table View and Tygertalk from Tygervalley/Durbanville. Afrikaans language community newspapers include the Landbou-Burger and the Tygerburger. Vukani, based in the Cape Flats, is published in Xhosa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Cape Town is a centre for major broadcast media with several radio stations that only broadcast within the city. 94.5 Kfm (94.5Template:SpacesMHz FM) and Good Hope FM (94–97Template:SpacesMHz FM) mostly play pop music. Heart FM (104.9Template:SpacesMHz FM), the former P4 Radio, plays jazz and R&B, while Fine Music Radio (101.3 FM) plays classical music and jazz, and Magic Music Radio<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (828 kHz MW) plays adult contemporary and classic rock from the '80s, '90s and '00s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Bush Radio is a community radio station (89.5Template:SpacesMHz FM). The Voice of the Cape (95.8Template:SpacesMHz FM) and Cape Talk (567Template:SpaceskHz MW) are the major talk radio stations in the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Bokradio (98.9Template:SpacesMHz FM) is an Afrikaans music station.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The University of Cape Town also runs its own radio station, UCT Radio (104.5Template:SpacesMHz FM).
The SABC has a small presence in the city, with satellite studios located at Sea Point. e.tv has a greater presence, with a large complex located at Longkloof Studios in Gardens. M-Net is not well represented with infrastructure within the city. Cape Town TV is a local TV station, supported by numerous organisation and focusing mostly on documentaries.
Numerous productions companies and their support industries are located in the city, mostly supporting the production of overseas commercials, model shoots, TV-series and movies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The local media infrastructure remains primarily in Johannesburg.
Sport and recreation
[edit]
Cape Town's most popular sports by participation are cricket, association football, swimming, and rugby union.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In rugby union, Cape Town is the home of the Western Province side, who play at Cape Town Stadium and compete in the Currie Cup.
In addition, Western Province players (along with some from Wellington's Boland Cavaliers) comprise the Stormers in the United Rugby Championship competition. Cape Town has also been a host city for both the 1995 Rugby World Cup and 2010 FIFA World Cup, and annually hosts the Africa leg of the World Rugby 7s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It has hosted the 2023 Netball World Cup.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Association football, which is mostly known as soccer in South Africa, is also popular. One club from Cape Town plays in the Premiership, South Africa's premier league, Cape Town City F.C. Cape Town was also the location of several of the matches of the 2010 FIFA World Cup including a semi-final,<ref name="southafrica.info">Template:Cite web</ref> held in South Africa. The Mother City built a new 70,000-seat stadium (Cape Town Stadium) in the Green Point area.
In cricket, the Cape Cobras represent Cape Town at the Newlands Cricket Ground. The team is the result of an amalgamation of the Western Province Cricket and Boland Cricket teams. They take part in the Supersport and Standard Bank Cup Series. The Newlands Cricket Ground regularly hosts international matches.
Cape Town has had Olympic aspirations. For example, in 1996, Cape Town was one of the five candidate cities shortlisted by the IOC to launch official candidatures to host the 2004 Summer Olympics. Although the Games ultimately went to Athens, Cape Town came in third place.
There has been some speculation that Cape Town was seeking the South African Olympic Committee's nomination to be South Africa's bid city for the 2020 Summer Olympic Games.<ref>South Africa Announces Bid For 2020 Summer Olympic Games Template:Webarchive, Gamesbids.com</ref> That was quashed when the International Olympic Committee awarded the 2020 Games to Tokyo.
The city of Cape Town has vast experience in hosting major national and international sports events. The Cape Town Cycle Tour is the world's largest individually timed road cycling race – and the first event outside Europe to be included in the International Cycling Union's Golden Bike series. It sees over 35,000 cyclists tackling a Template:Cvt route around Cape Town.
The Absa Cape Epic is the largest full-service mountain bike stage race in the world. Some notable events hosted by Cape Town have included the 1995 Rugby World Cup, 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup, and World Championships in various sports such as athletics, fencing, weightlifting, hockey, cycling, canoeing, gymnastics and others.
Cape Town was also a host city to the 2010 FIFA World Cup from 11 June to 11 July 2010, further enhancing its profile as a major events city. It was also one of the host cities of the 2009 Indian Premier League cricket tournament.
The Mother City has also played host to the Africa leg of the annual World Rugby 7s event since 2015; for nine seasons, from 2002 until 2010, the event was staged in George in the Western Cape, before moving to Port Elizabeth for the 2011 edition, and then to Cape Town in 2015. The event usually takes place in mid-December, and is hosted at the Cape Town Stadium in Green Point.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
There are several golf courses in Cape Town. The Clovelly Country Club and Metropolitan Golf Club have 18 holes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The coastline of Cape Town is relatively long, and the varied exposure to weather conditions makes it fairly common for water conditions to be conducive to recreational scuba diving at some part of the city's coast. There is considerable variation in the underwater environment and regional ecology as there are dive sites on reefs and wrecks on both sides of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay, split between two coastal marine ecoregions by the Cape Peninsula, and also variable by depth zone.
False Bay is open to the south, and the prevailing open ocean swell arrives from the southwest, so the exposure varies considerably around the coastline. The inshore bathymetry near Cape Point is shallow enough for a moderate amount of refraction of long period swell, but deep enough to have less effect on short period swell, and acts as a filter to pass mainly the longer swell components to the Western shores, although they are significantly attenuated.
The eastern shores get more of the open ocean spectrum, and this results in very different swell conditions between the two sides at any given time. The fetch is generally too short for southeasterly winds to produce good surf. There are more than 20 named breaks in False Bay.
The north-wester can have a long fetch and can produce large waves, but they may also be associated with local wind and be very poorly sorted. The Atlantic coast is exposed to the full power of the South-westerly swell produced by the westerly winds of the southern ocean, often a long way away, so the swell has time to separate into similar wavelengths, and there are some world class big wave breaks among the named breaks of the Atlantic shore.<ref name="Wavescape 1" /><ref name="Wavescape 2" /><ref name="Wavescape 3" />
In the 1950s the city was part of four editions of the famous Algiers-Cape Town Rally, during the pioneer years of trans-Africa rallying and motor exploration. The closing of the road to the newly founded Zaire caused the city to be dropped from the traject.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]External links
[edit]Template:Sister project links Template:EB1911 poster
- Template:Official website of the City of Cape Town
- Template:Official website of the Western Cape
- Template:Official website of Cape Town Tourism
Template:Cape Town Template:List of African capitals Template:Provincial capitals of South Africa Template:Western Cape Province Template:Authority control
- Pages with broken file links
- Cape Town
- Capitals in Africa
- Cities in South Africa
- Populated coastal places in South Africa
- 17th-century establishments in the Cape Colony
- 1652 establishments in Africa
- 1652 establishments in the Dutch Empire
- Populated places established in 1652
- Populated places established by the Dutch East India Company
- Populated places in the City of Cape Town
- Port cities and towns of the Atlantic Ocean
- Port cities and towns in South Africa
- Provincial capitals in South Africa