Wuhan
Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox settlement Template:Infobox Chinese
WuhanTemplate:Efn is the capital of Hubei, China. With a population of over eleven million, it is the most populous city in Hubei and the eighth-most-populous city in China.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is also one of the nine national central cities<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the second most livable city in China.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Wuhan historically served as a busy city port for commerce and trading with some crucial influences on Chinese history. The name "Wuhan" came from the city's historical origin from the conglomeration of Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang, which are collectively known as the "Three Towns of Wuhan" (Template:Lang-zh). Wuhan lies in the eastern Jianghan Plain, at the confluence of the Yangtze river and its largest tributary, the Han River, and is known as "Nine Provinces' Thoroughfare" (Template:Lang-zh).<ref name="Readmeok Sina"/> Wuhan was the site of the 1911 Wuchang Uprising against the Qing dynasty which ended 2,000 years of dynastic rule. Wuhan was briefly a capital of China twice, in 1927 under a left wing Kuomintang (KMT) government,<ref name="Remaking the Chinese City">Template:Cite book</ref> and in 1937 as a provisional wartime capital during World War II.<ref name="AN AMERICAN IN CHINA: 1936-39 A Memoir">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Wuhan, 1938">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1938, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the city was the site of the Battle of Wuhan. On December 31, 2019, SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus that later caused the COVID-19 pandemic, was first discovered in Wuhan<ref name="The New York Times">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Oxford University">Template:Cite journal</ref> and the city was the location of the first lockdown of the pandemic in January 2020.<ref name=":0" />
Wuhan is considered the political, economic, financial, commercial, cultural, and educational center of Central China.<ref name="Focus on Wuhan, China">Template:Cite web</ref> It is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads, and expressways passing through the city and connecting to other major cities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Because of its key role in domestic transportation, Wuhan is sometimes referred to as "the Chicago of China" by foreign sources.<ref name="timemagazine" /><ref name="Chicago is all over the place" /><ref name="水野幸吉 Mizuno Kokichi 2014 3" /> The "Golden Waterway" of the Yangtze River and the Han River traverse the urban area and divide Wuhan into the three districts of Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang. The Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge crosses the Yangtze in the city. The Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity, is located nearby. Historically, Wuhan has suffered risks of flooding,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> prompting the government to alleviate the situation by introducing ecologically friendly absorption mechanisms.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
While Wuhan has been a traditional manufacturing hub for decades, it is also one of the areas promoting modern industrial changes in China. Wuhan has three national development zones, four scientific and technological development parks, over 350 research institutes, 1,656 high tech enterprises, numerous enterprise incubators and investments from 230 Fortune Global 500 firms.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It produced GDP (nominal) of US$274 billion in 2021. The Dongfeng Motor Corporation, an automobile manufacturer, is headquartered in Wuhan. The city is home to multiple notable institutes of higher education, including Wuhan University<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Wuhan is a major city in the world by scientific research outputs and it ranks 9th globally and 5th in the Asia-Pacific & China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing and Guangzhou).<ref name="nature.com">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2017, Wuhan was designated as a Creative City by UNESCO, in the field of design.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Wuhan is classified as a Beta- (global second tier) city together with seven other cities in China, including Changsha, Dalian, Jinan, Shenyang, Xiamen, Xi'an and Zhengzhou by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Wuhan is also one of the world's top 100 financial centers, according to the Global Financial Centres Index.<ref name="GFCI">Template:Cite web</ref>
Etymology
[edit]The name "Wuhan" comes from the two major cities on the banks of the Yangtze River that make up the Wuhan metropolis: "Wu" refers to the city of Wuchang (Template:Lang-zh), which lies on the southern bank of the Yangtze, while "Han" refers to the city of Hankou (Template:Lang-zh), which lies on the northern bank of the Yangtze. "Hankou" means "Mouth of the Han", from its position at the confluence of the Han with the Yangtze River.
In 1926, the Northern Expedition reached the Wuhan area and it was decided to merge Hankou, Wuchang and Hanyang into one city in order to make a new capital for Nationalist China. On January 1, 1927,<ref name="history1">Template:Cite web</ref> the resulting city was proclaimed as 'Template:Lang-zh' (the traditional Chinese characters for 'Wuhan'), which was later simplified as 'Template:Lang' (also 'Wuhan').<ref name="历史沿革">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="江汉综述">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="武汉的由来">Template:Cite web</ref>
History
[edit]Antiquity era
[edit]
The Wuhan area has been settled for 3,500 years. Panlongcheng, an archaeological site primarily associated with the Erligang culture (Template:Circa BC) (being sparsely populated during the earlier Erlitou period), is located in modern-day Huangpi District of Wuhan.
During the Western Zhou the State of E, which gives its name to the single character abbreviation for Hubei province, controlled the present-day Wuchang area south of the Yangtze River. After the conquest of the E state in 863 BC, the present-day Wuhan area was controlled by the State of Chu for the rest of the Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou periods. After the State of Huang was conquered by State of Chu in the summer of 648 BC,<ref>《左传·僖公十二年》："黄人恃诸侯之睦于齐也，不共楚职，曰："自郢及我九百里，焉能害我？" 夏，楚灭黄。"</ref> the people of Huang were moved into the area in and around present-day Wuhan. Local geographical terms including the name of Wuhan's Huangpi District were named after the State of Huang.Template:Citation needed Chu was in turn conquered by Qin in 223 BC.
Imperial China
[edit]
During the Han dynasty, Hanyang became a fairly busy port. The Battle of Xiakou in AD 203 and Battle of Jiangxia five years later were fought in the region over control of Jiangxia Commandery, territories of which included much of present-day eastern Hubei. In the winter of 208/9, one of the most famous battles in Chinese history and a central event in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms—the Battle of Red Cliffs—took place near the Yangtze River, with the cliffs near Wuhan identified as one of the potential locations.<ref name=":1">"The engagement at the Red Cliffs took place in the winter of the 13th year of Jian'an, probably about the end of 208."Template:Harvcol</ref> Around that time, walls were built to protect Hanyang (AD 206) and Wuchang (AD 223). The latter event marks the foundation of Wuhan. In AD 223, the Yellow Crane Tower, one of the Four Great Towers of China, was constructed on the Wuchang side of the Yangtze River by order of Sun Quan, leader of the Eastern Wu. The tower became a sacred site of Taoism.<ref>Images of the Immortal: The Cult of Lü Dongbin at the Palace of Eternal Joy by Paul R. Katz, University of Hawaii Press, 1999, p. 80</ref>
Due to tensions between the Eastern Wu and Cao Wei kingdoms, in the autumn of 228,Template:Efn Cao Rui, grandson of Cao Cao and the second emperor of the state of Cao Wei, ordered the general Man Chong to lead troops to Xiakou (Template:Lang; in present-day Wuhan).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>(Template:Lang) Sanguozhi vol. 26.</ref> In 279, Wang Jun and his army conquered strategic locations in Wu territory such as Xiling (in present-day Yichang, Hubei), Xiakou (Template:Lang; present-day Hankou) and Wuchang (Template:Lang; present-day Ezhou, Hubei).
During the Northern and Southern dynasties period, the Wuhan area was part of the successive Southern dynasty states Liu Song (420–479), Southern Qi (479–502), Liang,Template:Citation needed and Western Liang.Template:Citation needed
In fall 550, Hou Jing sent Ren Yue to attack both Xiao Daxin and Xiao Fan's son Xiao Si (Template:Lang). Ren killed Xiao Si in battle, and Xiao Daxin, unable to resist, surrendered, allowing Hou to take his domain under control. Meanwhile, Xiao Guan, who had by now settled at Jiangxia (Template:Lang, in modern Wuhan), was planning to attack Hou, but this drew Xiao Yi's ire—believing that Xiao Guan was intending to contend for the throne—and he sent Wang to attack Xiao Guan. In summer 567, Chen Xu commissioned Wu Mingche as the governor of Xiang Province and had him command a major part of the troops against Hua, along with Chunyu Liang (Template:Lang). The opposing sides met at Zhuankou (Template:Lang, in modern Wuhan).
The city has long been renowned as a center for the arts (especially poetry) and for intellectual studies. Cui Hao, a celebrated poet of the Tang dynasty, visited the Yellow Crane Tower in the early 8th century; his poem made it the most celebrated building in southern China.<ref name="Wan1">Wan: p. 42.</ref>
In spring 877, Wang Xianzhi captured E Prefecture (Template:Lang, in modern Wuhan). He then returned north, joining forces with Huang again, and they surrounded Song Wei at Song Prefecture (Template:Lang, in modern Shangqiu, Henan). In winter 877, Huang Chao pillaged Qi and Huang (Template:Lang, in modern Wuhan) Prefectures.
Before Kublai Khan arrived in 1259, word reached him that Möngke had died. Kublai decided to keep the death of his brother secret and continued the attack on the Wuhan area, near the Yangtze. The present-day Wuying Pagoda was constructed at the end of the Song dynasty between attacks by the Mongolian forces. Under the Mongol rulers (Yuan dynasty) (after 1301), the Wuchang prefecture, headquartered in the town, became the capital of Hubei province. Hankou, from the Ming to late Qing, was under the administration of the local government in Hanyang, although it was already one of the four major national markets (Template:Lang-zh) of the Ming dynasty.
Hanyang's Guiyuan Temple was completed in the 15th year of Shunzhi (1658).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
By the dawn of the 18th century, Hankou had become one of China's top four trading centers. In the late 19th century, railroads were extended on a north–south axis through the city, making Wuhan an important transshipment point between rail and river traffic. Also during this period foreign powers extracted mercantile concessions, with the riverfront of Hankou being divided up into foreign-controlled merchant districts. These districts contained trading firm offices, warehouses, and docking facilities. The French had a concession in Hankou.<ref>Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion, Google Print, p. 83Template:Dead link, Robert Aldrich, Palgrave Macmillan, 1996, Template:ISBN</ref> During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Wuhan area was controlled for many years by rebel forces and the Yellow Crane Tower, Xingfu Temple, Zhuodaoquan Temple and other buildings were repurposed or damaged. During the Second Opium War (known in the West as the Arrow War, 1856–1860), the government of the Qing dynasty was defeated by the western powers and signed the Treaties of Tianjin and the Convention of Peking, which stipulated eleven cities or regions (including Hankou) as trading ports. In December 1858, James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, High Commissioner to China, led four warships up the Yangtze River in Wuhan to collect the information needed for opening the trading port in Wuhan.
In the spring of 1861, Counselor Harry Smith Parkes and Admiral Herbert were sent to Wuhan to open a trading port. On the basis of the Convention of Peking, Parkes concluded the Hankou Lend-Lease Treaty with Guan Wen, the governor-general of Hunan and Hubei. It brought an area of Template:Convert along the Yangtze River (from latter-day Jianghan Road to Hezuo Road) to become a British Concession and permitted Britain to set up its consulate in the concession.
In 1862, Russian tea merchants arrived in the treaty port of Hankou. Russians in Hankou established four factories using assembly lines and machinery to produce brick tea, and became the city's richest industrialists in what would become the Russian concession.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Japanese immigrants, mainly traders, also started arriving in 1874.<ref name=":3" />
In 1889, Zhang Zhidong was transferred from Viceroy of Liangguang (Guangdong and Guangxi provinces) to Viceroy of Huguang (Hunan and Hubei provinces). He governed the province for 18 years, until 1907. During this period, he elucidated the theory of "Chinese learning as the basis, Western learning for application," known as the ti-yong ideal. He set up many heavy industries, founded Hanyang Steel Plant, Daye Iron Mine, Pingxiang Coal Mine and Hubei Arsenal and set up local textile industries, boosting the flourishing modern industry in Wuhan. Meanwhile, he initiated education reform, opened dozens of modern educational organizations successively, such as Lianghu (Hunan and Hubei) Academy of Classical Learning, Civil General Institute, Military General Institute, Foreign Languages Institute and Lianghu (Hunan and Hubei) General Normal School, and selected a great many students for study overseas, which well promoted the development of China's modern education. Furthermore, he trained a modern military and organized a modern army including a zhen and a xie (both zhen and xie are military units in the Qing dynasty) in Hubei.
Originally known as the Hubei Arsenal, the Hanyang Arsenal was founded in 1891, with funds diverted from the Nanyang Fleet in Guangdong to build the arsenal. It cost about 250,000 pounds sterling and was built in 4 years.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On April 23, 1894, construction was completed and the arsenal, occupying some Template:Convert, could start production of small-caliber cannons. It built magazine-fed rifles, Gruson quick fire guns, and cartridges.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1896, the Russian Empire also acquired a concession in Hankou.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Wuchang Uprising
[edit]
By 1900, according to Collier's magazine, Hankou, the Yangtze River boom town, was "the St. Louis and Chicago of China."<ref name="Chicago is all over the place" /> On October 10, 1911, Sun Yat-sen's followers launched the Wuchang Uprising,<ref name="tonsi86">Template:Cite book</ref> which led to the collapse of the Qing state and 2,000 years of dynastic rule,<ref name="fenby">Fenby, Jonathan. [2008] (2008). The History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power. Template:ISBN. pp. 107, 116, 119.</ref> as well as the establishment of the Republic of China.<ref name="Welland, Sasah Su-ling 2007 pg 87">Welland, Sasah Su-ling (2007). A Thousand Miles of Dreams: The Journeys of Two Chinese Sisters. Rowman Littlefield Publishing. Template:ISBN. p. 87.</ref>
The Wuchang Uprising of October 1911, which overthrew the Qing dynasty, originated in Wuhan.<ref name="tonsi86"/> Before the uprising, anti-Qing secret societies were active in Wuhan. In September 1911, the outbreak of the protests in Sichuan forced the Qing authorities to send part of the New Army garrisoned in Wuhan to suppress the rebellion.<ref name="Wangke">Wang, Ke-wen(1998). Modern China: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture and Nationalism. Taylor & Francis Publishing. Template:ISBN. pp. 390-391.</ref> On September 14 the Literary Society (Template:Lang-zh) and the Progressive Association (Template:Lang-zh), two local revolutionary organizations in Hubei,<ref name="Wangke"/> set up joint headquarters in Wuchang and planned for an uprising. On the morning of October 9, a bomb at the office of the political arrangement exploded prematurely and alerted local authorities.<ref name="gongtong6-3">Template:Cite book</ref> The proclamation for the uprising, beadroll and the revolutionaries' official seal fell into the hands of Rui Cheng, the governor-general of Hunan and Hubei, who demolished the uprising headquarters the same day and set out to arrest the revolutionaries listed in the beadroll.<ref name="gongtong6-3"/> This forced the revolutionaries to launch the uprising earlier than planned.<ref name="tonsi86"/>
On the night of October 10, the revolutionaries fired shots to signal the uprising at the engineering barracks of Hubei New Army.<ref name="tonsi86"/> They then led the New Army of all barracks to join the revolution.<ref name="spence">Spence, Jonathan D. (1990). The Search for Modern China. W. W. Norton & Company. Template:ISBN. pp. 250–256.</ref> Under the guidance of Wu Zhaolin, Cai Jimin and others, this revolutionary army seized the official residence of the governor and government offices.<ref name="Wangke"/> Rui Cheng fled in panic into the Chuyu ship. Zhang Biao, the commander of the Qing army, also fled the city. On the morning of the 11th, the revolutionary army took the whole city of Wuchang, but leaders such as Jiang Yiwu and Sun Wu disappeared.<ref name="tonsi86"/> Thus the leaderless revolutionary army recommended Li Yuanhong, the assistant governor of the Qing army, as the commander-in-chief.<ref name="Harrison">Harrison Henrietta (2000). The Making of the Republican Citizen: Political Ceremonies and Symbols in China, 1911–1929. Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN. pp. 16–17.</ref> Li founded the Hubei Military Government, proclaimed the abolition of the Qing rule in Hubei, the founding of the Republic of China and published an open telegram calling for other provinces to join the revolution.<ref name="tonsi86"/><ref name="Wangke"/>
As the revolution spread to other parts of the country, the Qing government concentrated loyalist military forces to suppress the uprising in Wuhan. From October 17 to December 1, the revolutionary army and local volunteers defended the city in the Battle of Yangxia against better armed and more numerous Qing forces commanded by Yuan Shikai. Huang Xing would arrive in Wuhan in early November to take command of the revolutionary army.<ref name="Wangke"/> After fierce fighting and heavy casualties, Qing forces seized Hankou and Hanyang. But Yuan agreed to halt the advance on Wuchang and participated in peace talks, which would eventually lead to the return of Sun Yat-sen from exile, founding of the Republic of China on January 1, 1912.<ref name="Welland, Sasah Su-ling 2007 pg 87"/><ref name="Bergere">Bergere, Marie-Claire. Lloyd Janet (2000). Sun Yat-sen. Stanford University Press. Template:ISBN. p. 207.</ref> Through the Wuchang Uprising, Wuhan is known as the birthplace of the Xinhai Revolution, named after the Xinhai year on the Chinese calendar.<ref name="tvbs">Template:Cite web</ref> The city has several museums and memorials to the revolution and the thousands of martyrs who died defending the revolution.
Republic of China
[edit]
With the northern extension of the Northern Expedition, the center of the Great Revolution shifted from the Pearl River basin to the Yangtze River basin. On November 26, the Kuomintang Central Political Committee decided to move the capital from Guangzhou to Wuhan. In mid-December, most of the KMT central executive commissioners and national government commissioners arrived in Wuhan, set up the temporary joint conference of central executive commissioners and National Government commissioners, performed the top functions of central party headquarters and National Government, declared they would work in Wuhan on January 1, 1927, and decided to combine the towns of Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang into Wuhan City, called "Capital District". The new national government, later known as "Wuhan nationalist government", was based in the Nanyang Building in Hankou, while the central party headquarters and other organizations chose their locations in Hankou or Wuchang.<ref name="Remaking the Chinese City" />
In March 1927, Mao Zedong appeared at the Third Plenum of the KMT Central Executive Committee in Wuhan, which sought to strip General Chiang of his power by appointing Wang Jingwei leader. The first phase of the Northern Expedition was interrupted by the political split in the Kuomintang following the formation of the Nanjing faction in April 1927 against the existing faction in Wuhan.Template:Sfn Members of the Chinese Communist Party, who had survived the April 12 massacre, met at Wuhan and reelected Chen Duxiu (Ch'en Tu-hsiu) as the Party's Secretary General.<ref>Robert Jackson Alexander, International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement (Duke University Press, 1991) p. 206</ref> The split was partially motivated by the purge of the Communists within the party, which marked the end of the First United Front, and Chiang Kai-shek briefly stepped down as the commander of the National Revolutionary Army.Template:Sfn
In June 1927, Stalin sent a telegram to the Communists in Wuhan, calling for the mobilization of an army of workers and peasants.<ref>Harrison, The Long March to Power, p. 111</ref> This alarmed Wang Jingwei, who decided to break with the Communists and come to terms with Chiang Kai-shek. The Wuhan coup was a political shift made on July 15, 1927, by Wang Jingwei towards Chiang Kai-shek, and his Shanghai-based rival in the Kuomintang. The Wuhan Nationalist Government was established in Wuhan on February 21, 1927, and ended by August 19, 1927.<ref name="Clark">Clark, Anne Biller. Clark, Anne Bolling. Klein, Donald. Klein, Donald Walker (1971). Harvard Univ. Biographic Dictionary of Chinese communism. Original from the University of Michigan v.1. Digitized December 21, 2006. p. 134.</ref> After the end of the Northern Expedition, Hankou was elevated to a centrally-controlled municipality.
In the 1931 China floods, one of the deadliest flood disasters in world history, Wuhan was a refuge for flood victims from outlying areas, who had been arriving since the late spring. But when the city itself was inundated in the early summer, and after a catastrophic dike failure just before 6:00 AM on July 27,<ref name=Graves>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp an estimated 782,189 urban citizens and rural refugees were left homeless. The flood covered an area of 32 square miles and the city was flooded under many feet of water for close to three months.<ref name=Graves/>Template:Rp Large numbers gathered on flood islands throughout the city, with 30,000 sheltering on a railway embankment in central Hankou. With little food and a complete breakdown in sanitation, thousands soon began to succumb to diseases.<ref name=Courtney>Template:Cite book</ref> Jin Shilong, Senior Engineer at the Hubei Flood Prevention Agency, described the flooding:
There was no warning, only a sudden great wall of water. Most of Wuhan's buildings in those days were only one story high, and for many people there was no escape – they died by the tens of thousands. ... I was just coming off duty at the company's main office, a fairly new three-story building near the center of town ... When I heard the terrible noise and saw the wall of water coming, I raced to the top story of the building. ... I was in one of the tallest and strongest buildings left standing. At that time no one knew whether the water would subside or rise even higher.<ref name="Graves" />Template:Rp
The high-water mark was reached on August 19 at Hankou, with the water level exceeding Template:Convert above normal.<ref name="pietz">Pietz, David (2002). Engineering the State: The Huai River and Reconstruction in Nationalist China 1927–1937. Routledge. Template:ISBN. pp. xvii, 61–70.</ref><ref>Winchester, Simon (2004). The River at the Center of the World: A Journey Up the Yangtze, and Back in Chinese Time. Macmillan. Template:ISBN.</ref> In 1936, when natural disaster struck Central China with widespread flooding affecting Hebei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Wuhan and Chongqing caused by the Yangtze and Huai Rivers bursting their banks, Ong Seok Kim, as Chairman of the Sitiawan Fundraising and Disaster Relief Committee, raised money and materials in support of the victims.<ref name=eresources>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Nanyang Siang Pau. Kuala Lumpur, 1940, p. 13</ref><ref>Nanyang Siang Pau. Kuala Lumpur, September 2, 1935, p. 8</ref><ref>Nanyang Siang Pau. Kuala Lumpur, 1938, p. 14</ref>
During the Second Sino-Japanese War and following the fall of Nanking in December 1937, Wuhan had become the provisional capital of China's Kuomintang government, and became another focal point of pitched air battles beginning in early 1938 between modern monoplane bomber and fighter aircraft of the Imperial Japanese forces and the Chinese Air Force, which included support from the Soviet Volunteer Group in both planes and personnel, as U.S. support in war materials waned. As the battle raged on through 1938, Wuhan and the surrounding region had become the site of the Battle of Wuhan. After being taken by the Japanese in late 1938, Wuhan became a major Japanese logistics center for operations in southern China.
In early October 1938, Japanese troops moved east and north in the outskirts of Wuhan. As a result, numerous companies and enterprises and large numbers of people had to withdraw from Wuhan to the west of Hubei and Sichuan. The KMT navy undertook the responsibility of defending the Yangtze River on patrol and covering the withdrawal. On October 24, while overseeing the waters of the Yangtze River near the town of Jinkou (Jiangxia District in Wuhan) in Wuchang, the KMT gunboat Zhongshan came up against six Japanese aircraft. Though two were eventually shot down, the Zhongshan sank with 25 casualties. Raised from the bottom of the Yangtze River in 1997, and restored at a local shipyard, the Zhongshan has been moved to a purpose-built museum in Wuhan's suburban Jiangxia District, which opened on September 26, 2011.Template:Citation needed
As a key center on the Yangtze, Wuhan was an important base for Japanese operations in China.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On December 18, 1944, in a planned strategic move, and as revenge for the torture and execution of three captured American pilots by Japanese soldiers in the city, Wuhan was bombed by 77 American bombers with the approval of Chiang Kai-Shek. This set off a firestorm that destroyed much of the military resources of the city.<ref name="Fenby, Jonathan page 447">Fenby, Jonathan Chiang Kai-Shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost, New York: Carroll & Graf, 2004 p. 447.</ref> For the next three days, Wuhan was bombed by the Americans, destroying all of the docks and warehouses of Wuhan, as well as the Japanese air bases in the city. The air raids also killed thousands of Chinese civilians.<ref name="Fenby, Jonathan page 447"/> "According to casualty statistics compiled by Hankou city in 1946, more than 20,000 were killed or injured in the December bombings of 1944."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Wuhan returned to Chinese control in September 1945. Administratively, Wuchang and Hanyang were initially combined into a new City of Wuchang, but in October 1946 were separated into the City of Wuchang (including Wuchang only) and the County of Hanyang. Hankou became a centrally controlled municipality in August 1947. Militarily, the Wuhan Forward Headquarters was established in Wuhan, headed by Bai Chongxi.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>Template:Full citation needed
During the later stages of the Chinese Civil War, Bai sought to broker peace, proposing that the Communist Party could rule northern China while the Nationalist government retained southern China. This was rejected, and on May 15, 1949, Bai and the Wuhan garrison retreated from the city. People's Liberation Army troops entered Wuhan on the afternoon of Monday, May 16, 1949.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
People's Republic
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The Communists redeveloped industry in Wuhan, which had damaged by war.<ref name=":Chatwin">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp During the PRC's first decade, it became an important center of industry again.<ref name=":Chatwin" />Template:Rp Hundreds of factories were built in the city, including most prominently Wuhan Iron and Steel, which opened in 1958.<ref name=":Chatwin" />Template:Rp
The Changjiang Water Resources Commission was reestablished in February 1950 with its headquarters in Wuhan. From June to September 1954, the Yangtze River Floods were a series of catastrophic floodings that occurred mostly in Hubei Province. Due to an unusually high volume of precipitation as well as an extraordinarily long rainy season in the middle stretch of the Yangtze River late in the spring of 1954, the river started to rise above its usual level in around late June. In 1969, a large stone monument was erected in the riverside park in Hankou honoring the heroic deeds in fighting the 1954 Yangtze River floods.
Before construction of the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, Hunslet Engine Company built two extra heavy 0-8-0 locomotives for loading the train ferries for crossing the Yangtze River in Wuhan.
The project of building the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, also known as the First Yangtze River Bridge, was regarded as one of the key projects during the first five-year plan. On October 25, 1955, construction began on the bridge proper. The same day in 1957, the whole project was completed and an opening-to-traffic ceremony was held on October 15. The First Yangtze River Bridge united the Beijing–Hankou railway with the Guangdong–Hankou railway into the Beijing–Guangzhou railway, making Wuhan a 'thoroughfare to nine provinces' (Template:Lang-zh) in name and in fact.
After Chengdu Conference, Mao went to Chongqing and Wuhan in April to inspect the countryside and factories. In Wuhan, he called all the leaders of provinces and municipalities who had not attended Chengdu Conference to report their work. Tian Jiaying, the secretary of Mao, said that Wuhan Conference was a supplement to Chengdu Conference.<ref name=":9">Template:Cite book</ref>
As the Third Front campaign shifted the focus of industrial development to China's hinterlands, Wuhan's development slowed.<ref name=":Chatwin" />Template:Rp
In July 1967, civil strife struck the city in the Wuhan Incident ("July 20th Incident"), an armed conflict between two hostile groups who were fighting for control over the city at the height of the Cultural Revolution.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Economic development was further disrupted by the Cultural Revolution.<ref name=":Chatwin" />Template:Rp
In 1981, the Wuhan City Government commenced reconstruction of the Yellow Crane Tower at a new location, about Template:Cvt from the original site, and it was completed in 1985. In 1957, the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge was built with one trestle of the bridge on the site of the tower, which had been last destroyed in 1884.<ref name="Wang2016">Template:Cite book</ref>
During the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, students in Wuhan blocked the Yangtze River Railway bridge and another 4,000 gathered at the railway station.<ref name="Zhang2001">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp About one thousand students staged a railroad 'sit-in'. Rail traffic on the Beijing-Guangzhou and Wuhan-Dalian lines was interrupted. The students also urged employees of major state-owned enterprises to go on strike.<ref name="Zhang2001"/>Template:Rp The situation was so tense that residents reportedly began a bank run and resorted to panic-buying.<ref name="Zhang2001"/>Template:Rp
Wuhan was the first stop on Deng Xiaoping's 1992 southern tour.<ref name=":Chatwin" />Template:Rp
In the wake of the United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade on May 7, 1999, protests broke out throughout China, including in Wuhan.<ref name="washpost">Template:Cite news</ref>
On June 22, 2000, a Wuhan Airlines flight from Enshi to Wuhan was forced to circle for 30 minutes due to thunderstorms. The aircraft eventually crashed on the banks of Han River in Hanyang District,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> all on-board perished (there were varying accounts of number of crews and passengers). In addition, the crash also killed 7 people on the ground.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism.<ref name="reuters1">Template:Cite news</ref> The BBC reported that hundreds of people demonstrated in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao.<ref name="news1">"Anti-French rallies across China" Template:Webarchive, BBC, April 19, 2008</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On May 19, 2011, Fang Binxing, the Principal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (also known as "Father of China's Great Fire Wall"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>) was hit on the chest by a shoe thrown at him by a Huazhong University of Science and Technology student who calls herself "hanjunyi" (Template:Lang, or Template:Lang) while Fang was giving a lecture at Wuhan University.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The city has been subject to devastating floods, which are now supposed to be controlled by the ambitious Three Gorges Dam, a project which was completed in 2008.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The 2008 Chinese winter storms damaged water supply equipment in Wuhan: up to 100,000 people were out of running water when several water pipes burst, cutting the supply to local households.<ref name = reuteralertnet> Template:Cite news </ref> The 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave hit Wuhan on July 3.<ref name="english.sina.com">Template:Cite web</ref> In the 2010 China floods, the Han River at Wuhan experienced its worst flooding in twenty years, as officials continued sandbagging efforts along the Han and Yangtze Rivers in the city and checked reservoirs.<ref name="guardian28">Template:Cite news</ref> In the 2011 China floods, Wuhan was flooded, with parts of the city losing power.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the 2016 China floods, Wuhan saw Template:Convert of rainfall during the first week of July, surpassing the record that fell on the city in 1991. A red alert for heavy rainfall was issued on July 2, the same day that eight people died after a Template:Convert section of a Template:Convert tall wall collapsed on top of them.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The city's subway system, the Wuhan Metro was partially submerged as was the main railway station.<ref name=scmp>Template:Cite news</ref> At least 14 city residents were killed, one was missing, and more than 80,000 were relocated.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The 2019 Military World Games were hosted in Wuhan in October.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In December 2019, SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic, was first discovered in Wuhan,<ref name="The New York Times"/><ref name="Oxford University"/> and the city was the location of the first lockdown of the pandemic in January 2020.<ref name=":0" /> Wuhan and other Hubei cities were placed under lockdown for nearly three months to contain the disease.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On April 8, 2020, the Wuhan lockdown officially came to an end after no new domestic cases were reported in Hubei province.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The virus is believed to have been a mutation of a virus that existed in bats, and first spread to humans at a wet market in Wuhan.<ref name="University of Oxford 2021">Template:Cite web</ref> Although no bats were sold at the market, some 38 other species of animals were offered, one of which could have served as an intermediary species. In December 2024, a congressional committee, chaired by Rep. Brad Wenstrup, completed a two-year investigation and released a final report concluding that the Covid-19 likely leaked from a virology laboratory in Wuhan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Geography
[edit]Overview
[edit]
Wuhan is in east-central Hubei, at latitude 29° 58'–31° 22' N and longitude 113° 41'–115° 05' E. Wuhan sits at the confluence of the Han River flowing into the Yangtze River at the East of the Jianghan Plain along the Yangtze's middle reaches.
The metropolitan area comprises three parts—Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang—commonly called the "Three Towns of Wuhan" (hence the name "Wuhan", combining "Wu" from the first city and "Han" from the other two). The consolidation of these cities occurred in 1927 and Wuhan was thereby established. The three former cities face each other across the rivers and are linked by bridges, including one of the first modern bridges in China, known as the "First Bridge".
- Wuchang lies south east of the Yangtze River that separates it from both Hankou and Hanyang.
- Hankou sits north of the Yangtze River separating it from Wuchang. Hankou is north of the Han River separating it from Hanyang.
- Hanyang lies west of the Yangtze separating it from Wuchang. Hanyang is south of the Han river separating it from Hankou.
It is simple in terrain—low and flat in the middle and hilly in the south, with the Yangtze and Han rivers winding through the city. The She River enters the Yangtze in Huangpi District. Wuhan occupies a land area of Template:Convert, most of which is alluvial plain and decorated with hills and a great number of lakes and ponds. Water makes up one quarter of Wuhan's urban territory, which is the highest percentage among major cities in China.<ref name=nl/> Wuhan has nearly 200 lakes, including the East Lake of 33 km2, and Tangxun Lake, which are the largest lakes entirely within a city in China.<ref name=nl/>
Other well-known lakes include South Lake and Sand Lake. Liangzi Lake, the largest lake by surface area in Hubei province, is located in the southeast of Jiangxia District.The twin peaks at the junction of Huangpi District and Xiaogan City, with an altitude of 872.5 meters, are the highest points in Wuhan. There are also several mountains within the city limits of Wuhan including Mount Luojia (Template:Lang) in Wuchang District as well as Mount Hong (Template:Lang) and Mount Yujia (Template:Lang) in Hongshan District.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Climate
[edit]Wuhan's climate is humid subtropical (Köppen Cfa) with abundant rainfall in summer and four distinctive seasons. Wuhan is known for its humid summers, when dewpoints can often reach Template:Convert or more.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Historically, along with Chongqing and Nanjing, Wuhan is referred to as one of the "Three Furnacelike Cities" along the Yangtze River for their hot summers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, the climate data of recent years suggests that Wuhan is no longer among the top tier of "The hottest cities in summer" list, the New Four Furnacelike Cities are Chongqing, Fuzhou, Hangzhou, and Nanchang.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Spring and autumn are generally mild, while winter is cool with quite low rainfall and occasional snow. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from Template:Convert in January to Template:Convert in July.<ref name = "cma graphical"/> Annual precipitation totals just under Template:Convert,<ref name = "cma graphical"/> the majority of which falls from April to July; the annual mean temperature is Template:Convert,<ref name = "cma graphical"/> the frost-free period lasts 211 to 272 days.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> With monthly possible sunshine percentage ranging from 30 percent in January to 53 percent in August, the city proper receives 1,783 hours of bright sunshine annually.<ref name = "CMA old"/> Extreme low and high temperatures recorded are Template:Convert on January 31, 1977, and Template:Convert on July 27, 2017 / on August 18, 2022 (unofficial record of Template:Convert on August 10, 1934).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Weather box
Government and politics
[edit]Wuhan is a sub-provincial city. Municipal government is regulated by the local Chinese Communist Party (CCP), led by the Wuhan CCP Secretary (Template:Lang-zh), Wang Zhonglin (Template:Lang-zh). The local CCP issues administrative orders, collects taxes, manages the economy, and directs a standing committee of the Municipal People's Congress in making policy decisions and overseeing the local government.
Government officials include the Mayor of Wuhan (Template:Lang-zh), Cheng Yongwen (Template:Lang-zh), and vice-mayors. Numerous bureaus focus on law, public security, and other affairs. Zhou Xianwang (Template:Lang-zh) was mayor from 2018 to 2021.
Administrative divisions
[edit]Template:Main The sub-provincial city of Wuhan currently comprises 13 districts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of the Sixth Census of China in 2010, the 13 districts comprised 160 township-level divisions including 156 subdistricts, 3 towns, 1 townships.<ref name="history2"/><ref name="xingzhengquhua"/>
Diplomatic missions
[edit]Template:Main There are four countries that have consulates in Wuhan:
| Consulate | Year | Consular District |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Flagdeco France Consulate General Wuhan<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | October 10, 1998 | Hubei/Hunan/Jiangxi |
| Template:Flagdeco United States Consulate General Wuhan<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | November 20, 2008 | Hubei/Hunan/Henan/Jiangxi |
| Template:Flagdeco Republic of Korea Consulate General Wuhan<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | October 25, 2010 | Hubei/Hunan/Henan/Jiangxi |
| Template:Flagdeco United Kingdom Consulate General Wuhan<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | January 8, 2015 | Hubei/Henan |
The current U.S. Consul General, Jamie Fouss, was posted to Wuhan in August 2017. The office of the U.S. Consulate General, Central China (located in Wuhan) celebrated its official opening on November 20, 2008, and is the first new American consulate in China in over 20 years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2015, Japan<ref name="日本计划在汉设领事办事处">Template:Cite web</ref> and Russia<ref name="Putin assures that Russia and China are getting closer">Template:Cite web</ref> announced their intentions to establish consular offices in Wuhan.
Economy
[edit]Up until the 21st century, Wuhan was largely an agricultural region. Since 2004 it has been a focal point of the Rise of Central China Plan, which aims to build less-developed inland economies into hubs of advanced manufacturing.
Since 1890,<ref name=nl>Template:Cite web</ref> the steel industry has been the backbone of Wuhan's industry.<ref name="hubeigov">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2010, automobile industry exceeded GDP for Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation (WISCO) steel for the first time. There are 5 car manufacturers, including Dongfeng Honda, Citroën, SAIC-GM, DFM Passenger Vehicle and Dongfeng Renault. Dongfeng-Citroen Automobile Co., Ltd is headquartered in the city.<ref name="hubeigov"/>
As of 2016, Wuhan has attracted foreign investment from over 80 countries, with 5,973 foreign-invested enterprises established in the city with a total capital injection of $22.45 billion USD.<ref name="china-briefing.com">"China Regional Spotlight: Wuhan, Hubei Province" Template:Webarchive, China Briefing, Shanghai, August 27, 2013.</ref> Among these, about 50 French companies including Renault and PSA Group have operations in the city, representing over one third of French investment in China, and the highest level of French investment in any Chinese city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Wuhan is an important center for economy, trade, finance, transportation, information technology, and education in China. Its major industries include optic-electronic, automobile manufacturing, iron and steel manufacturing, new pharmaceutical sector, biology engineering, new materials industry and environmental protection. Environmental sustainability is highlighted in Wuhan's list of emerging industries, which include energy efficiency technology and renewable energy.<ref name="china-briefing.com"/>
As of 2021, Wuhan is ranked among the world's top 100 financial centers, according to the Global Financial Centres Index.<ref name="GFCI" /> Template:Multiple image
Industrial zones
[edit]Major industrial zones in Wuhan include in chronological order:
- Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone
Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone is a national level industrial zone incorporated in 1993.<ref name="rightsite1">Template:Cite web</ref> Its current zone size is about 10–25 square km and it plans to expand to 25–50 square km. Industries encouraged in Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone include Auto-mobile Production/Assembly, Biotechnology/Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals Production and Processing, Food/Beverage Processing, Heavy Industry, and Telecommunications Equipment.
- Wuhan Export Processing Zone
Wuhan Export Processing Zone was established in 2000. It is located in Wuhan Economic and Technology Development Zone, planned to cover Template:Convert of land. The first Template:Convert area has already been created.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Wuhan Donghu New Technology Development Zone is a national level high-tech development zone. Optical-electronics, telecommunications, and equipment manufacturing are the core industries of Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone (ELHTZ) while software outsourcing and electronics are also encouraged. ELHTZ is China's largest production center for optoelectronic products with key players like Yangtze Optical Fiber and Cable,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (the largest fiber-optical cable maker in China), and Fiberhome Telecommunications.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Wuhan Donghu New Technology Development Zone also represents the development center for China's laser industry with key players such as HGTECH<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Chutian Laser being based in the zone.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Wuhan Optical Valley (Guanggu) Software Park
Wuhan Optical Valley (Guanggu) Software Park is located in Wuhan Donghu New Technology Development Zone. Wuhan Optics Valley Software Park is jointly developed by East Lake High-Tech Development Zone and Dalian Software Park Co., Ltd.<ref name="RightSite.asia">Template:Cite web</ref> The planned area is Template:Convert with total floor area of Template:Convert. The zone is Template:Convert away from the 316 National Highway and is Template:Convert away from the Wuhan Tianhe Airport.
- Wuhan Biolake
Biolake is an industrial base established in 2008 in the Optics Valley of China. Located in East Lake New Technology Development Zone of Wuhan, Biolake covers Template:Convert, and has six parks including Bio-innovation Park, Bio-pharma Park, Bio-agriculture Park, Bio-manufacturing Park, Medical Device Park and Medical Health Park, to accommodate both research activities and living.<ref name="Gwinnett Chamber Economic Development signed an MOU with the Wuhan (China) National Bio-industry Base (Biolake)">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Profile of Biolake">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Medicilon and Wuhan Biolake successfully organized a bio-pharmaceutical salon">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="CLSC Partners with Wuhan Biolake for China Office">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Biolake and the Booming Bio-industry in Central China">Template:Cite web</ref>
Demographics
[edit]Template:Historical populations
Wuhan is the most populous city in Central China and among the most populous in China. In the Seventh Census of China in 2020, Wuhan was home to 12,326,500 inhabitants, a 25.97% increase by 2.5411 million compared to the last census in 2010. 2010-2020 is the fastest growing 10 years in history since the census was established, averaging 2.34% annually, and it was the first time that Wuhan's population reached 10 million.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) to have, Template:As of, a population of 19 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="oecd2015">Template:Cite book</ref> As of November 2019, urban development status considering both spatial and socioeconomic processes has been examined using Night Time Lighting data and land cover data as proxies; it showed Wuhan's high concentration of socioeconomic activities compared to its urban spatial development.<ref name="sensing">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Religion
[edit]Template:Pie chart According to a survey published in 2017, 79.2% of the population of Wuhan are either irreligious or practice worship of gods and ancestors; among these 0.9% are Taoists. Among other religious doctrines, 14.7% of the population adheres to Buddhism, 2.9% to Protestantism, 0.3% to Catholicism and 1.6% to Islam, and 1.6% of the population adheres to unspecified other religions.<ref name=Han2017/>
- Religious sites in Wuhan
-
Baotong Buddhist Temple
-
Gude Buddhist Temple
-
St. Alexander Nevsky Church
-
Holy Family Catholic Church
Transportation
[edit]Railways
[edit]China Railway Wuhan Group manages the Wuhan Railway Hub. Wuhan Railway Hub is considered one of the four key railway hubs of China.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city of Wuhan is served by three major railway stations: the Hankou railway station in Hankou, the Wuchang railway station in Wuchang, and the Wuhan railway station, located in a newly developed area east of the East Lake (Hongshan District). As the stations are many miles apart, it is important for passengers to be aware of the particular station(s) used by a particular train.
The (original) Hankou Station was the terminus for the Jinghan railway from Beijing, while the Wuchang Station was the terminus for the Yuehan railway to Guangzhou. Since the construction of the First Yangtze Bridge and the linking of the two lines into the Jingguang railway, both Hankou and Wuchang stations have been served by trains going to all directions, which contrasts with the situation in such cities as New York or Moscow, where different stations serve different directions.
With the opening of the Hefei-Wuhan high-speed railway on April 1, 2009,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Wuhan became served by high-speed trains with Hefei, Nanjing, and Shanghai; several trains a day now connect the city with Shanghai, getting there in under six hours. As of early 2010, most of these express trains leave from the Hankou railway station.
In 2006, construction began on the new Wuhan railway station with 11 platforms, located on the northeastern outskirts of the city. In December 2009, the station was opened, as China unveiled its second high-speed train with scheduled runs from Guangzhou to Wuhan. Billed as the fastest train in the world, it can reach a speed of Template:Convert. The travel time between the two cities has been reduced from ten and a half hours to just three. The rail service has been extended north to Beijing.<ref>[Source: Beijing (AFP), Sat December 26, 7:54 am ET]</ref>
Template:As of, the new Wuhan railway station is primarily used by the Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed trains, while most regular trains to other destinations continue to use the Hankou and Wuchang stations.
Construction work is carried out on several lines of the new Wuhan Metropolitan Area intercity railway, which will eventually connect Wuhan's three main rail terminals with several stations throughout the city's outer areas and farther suburbs, as well as with the nearby cities of Xianning, Huangshi, Huanggang, and Xiaogan. The first line of the system, the one to Xianning, opened for passenger operations at the end of 2013. The line to Xiaogen opened on December 1, 2016, and it was extended with the opening of the Wuhan–Shiyan high-speed railway to Shiyan on November 29, 2019.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The main freight railway station and classification yard of the Wuhan metropolitan area is the extensive Wuhan North railway station, with 112 tracks and over 650 switches. It is located in Template:Ill of Huangpi District, located Template:Convert north of the Wuhan Station and Template:Convert from Hankou Station. Template:Gallery
Metro
[edit]Template:Main Wuhan Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Wuhan. Owned and operated by Wuhan Metro Group Co., Ltd., the network now includes 11 lines, 282 stations, and Template:Convert of route length. Line 1, the first line in the system, opened on July 28, 2004, making Wuhan the seventh city in mainland China with a rapid transit system, after Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Changchun, and Dalian.<ref name="urbanrail1">Template:Cite web</ref> Line 2 opened on December 28, 2012, and is the first underground metro line crossing the Yangtze River. Commuting across the Yangtze River and Han River has been the bottleneck of Wuhan traffic. However, the appearance of Wuhan Metro greatly relieved this problem. With 1.22 billion annual passengers in 2019, Wuhan Metro is the sixth-busiest rapid transit system in mainland China.<ref name="全来了！2019年中国城市地铁客运量总结">Template:Cite web</ref> Wuhan Metro is a rapidly developing metro system. There are a number of lines or sections under construction. The government of Wuhan City promised the citizens that at least two lines or sections open every year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the entire network was out of service from January 23 to March 27, 2020. Template:Gallery
Trams
[edit]
.jpg){kind=link}
Template:Main Trams were brought to the streets of Wuhan on July 28, 2017, with the first line (Auto-city T1 Line) opened that day.<ref name="xinhuanet-T1">Template:Cite web</ref> The trams under construction or planning in Wuhan are:
- Auto-city trams, with Lines T1, T2, T6, and T8 in the Wuhan Economic Development Area, in the far western reaches on Hanyang. T1 Line is operational as of 2017.
- Optics Valley trams, two lines (T1 and T2) south and east of Guanggu Circle (Guanggu Guangchang) in southeastern Wuchang. The system opened on January 18, 2018.<ref>Wuhan opens Optics Valley light rail network Template:Webarchive, January 19, 2018</ref>
- The Old Hankou Streetcar, a loop line around Hankou city.
Buses
[edit]Local transport is also provided by buses, including trolleybuses. The trolleybus system has been operation since 1958.<ref name="murray">Template:Cite book</ref> Its first route, which remains in operation today, is route 1.
Maritime transport
[edit]Wuhan is a major hub for maritime transport in central China. The Port of Wuhan provide services for the local population and shipping services.
Ferry
[edit]Located on the banks of the Yangtze River, Wuhan has a long history of ferry services. Modern ferry services were established in 1900 by steam boat. In 1937, a train ferry was established to transport train cars from Hankou to Wuchang.<ref name="火车轮渡守候47年的人文景观 ">Template:Cite web</ref> There are numbered stops around Wuhan where people can get on and off the ferry and there is a tourist ferry in the night.
Currently, ferry services are provided by the Wuhan Ferry Company. In 2010, the company bought ten new ships to replace those that had been in service for 29 years.<ref name="Wuhan Ferry ">Template:Cite web</ref>
Airports
[edit].jpg){kind=link}
Wuhan Tianhe International Airport is one of the busiest airports in central China. The airport opened in April 1995 to replace the old Hankou Wangjiadun Airport and Nanhu Airport as the major airport of Wuhan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref> It is located in Wuhan's suburban Huangpi District, Template:Convert north of Wuhan city proper. The extension of Line 2 of Wuhan Metro to Tianhe Airport opened on December 28, 2016.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It has also been selected as China's fourth international hub airport after Beijing Capital, Shanghai Pudong and Guangzhou Baiyun. A second terminal was completed in March 2008, having been started in February 2005 with an investment of CNY 3.372 billion. International flights to neighboring Asian countries have also been enhanced, including direct flights to Tokyo and Nagoya, Japan. Terminal 3 has been available for service since early 2017.
Wuhan Hannan General Airport is an airport dedicated to general aviation, located in Hannan District of Wuhan. It is the largest airport in China that only handles general aviation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On December 1, 2017, construction began on Wuhan Caidian General Airport, another airport dedicated to general aviation, which is located in Caidian District of Wuhan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Highways and expressways
[edit]Numerous major highways and expressways pass through Wuhan, including:
- China National Highway 107
- China National Highway 316
- China National Highway 318
- G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway
- G0422 Wuhan–Shenzhen Expressway
Bicycle-sharing system
[edit]Template:As of, the Wuhan and Hangzhou Public Bicycle bike-share systems in China were the largest in the world, with around 90,000 and 60,000 bicycles respectively.<ref name="Access2011">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2012 the Wuhan and Hangzhou Public Bicycle programs in China are the largest in the world, with around 90,000 and 60,000 bicycles respectively. China has seen a rise in private "dockless" bike shares with fleets that dwarf systems in size outside China.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Initially, a number of traditional (third-generation) docked public bike systems operated by local municipal governments opened across China, with the largest ones being in Wuhan and Hangzhou. The first was introduced in Beijing in 2007. However, third-generation bike sharing is not considered successful for the majority cities in China. Bike sharing in Beijing virtually stopped and it also has encountered difficulties in Shanghai and Wuhan.<ref>Zhang, Lihong. (2015). Sustainable bike – sharing systems: Characteristics and commonalities across cases in urban China. Journal of Cleaner Production., 97, 124 – 133.</ref>
Destinations
[edit]
- The Yellow Crane Tower (Huanghelou) is presumed to have been first built in approximately 220 AD. The tower has been destroyed and reconstructed numerous times, and was burned last according to some sources in 1884. The tower underwent complete reconstruction in 1981. The reconstruction utilized modern materials and added an elevator while maintaining the traditional design in the tower's outward appearance.
- Wuchang has the largest and second largest lakes within a city in China, the East Lake and Tangxun Lake, as well as the South Lake. East Lake in Wuhan is six times the size of the West Lake in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province. The total area is more than Template:Convert of which the lake is covering an area of Template:Convert. In the springtime, the shores of East Lake become a garden of flowers with the Mei blossoms as the king and the Cherry Blossom as the queen among the species at East Lake Cherry Blossom Park. Another famous flower is the lotus. The lake has a long history and especially the Chu Kingdom is well represented around East Lake. Moreover, in the Moshan Botanic Garden there are many types of plum blossoms, as well as lotus flowers.
- The Hubei Provincial Museum: With over 200,000 valued artifacts, this is one of the leading museums in China. Especially the artefacts from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (Zeng Hou Yi), who lived in the 5th century BC, is a world unique treasure. The bell chime of Marquis Yi of Zeng is a bronze instrument performed 2430 years ago in ancient China (Warring States Period), and was discovered in the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng in Suizhou, Hubei in 1978. The whole chime weighs 5 tons, can perfectly play sound which was heard 2430 years ago, and was considered "The Eighth Wonder of the World".
- The Wuhan Museum has a collection of more than 100,000 artifacts, including ceramic, bronze ware, paintings and calligraphy, jade, wood carving, enamel ware, seals and so on. As a modern comprehensive museum, Wuhan Museum has the function in cultural relic collection, academic reach, publicity and education, cultural exchange, and recreation and entertainment.
<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Happy Valley Wuhan is a theme park in Hongshan District. Opened on April 29, 2012, it is the fifth installation of the Happy Valley theme park chain.<ref name="RCDB Wuhan">Template:Cite RCDB</ref>
- The Rock and Bonsai Museum includes a mounted platybelodon skeleton, many unique stones, a quartz crystal the size of an automobile, and an outdoor garden with miniature trees in the penjing ("Chinese Bonsai") style.
- Jiqing Street (Template:Lang) holds many roadside restaurants and street performers during the evening and is the site of a Live Show with stories of events on this street by contemporary writer Chi Li.
- The Lute Platform in Hanyang was where the legendary musician Yu Boya is said to have played. This is the birthplace of the renowned legend of seeking a soul mate through "high mountains and flowing water". According to the story behind the Chinese word 'Template:Linktext' (Template:Lang-zh), Yu Boya played for the last time over the grave of his friend Zhong Ziqi, then smashed his lute because the only person able to appreciate his music was dead.<ref name="武汉三大名胜之古琴台">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Mao's Villa (Template:Lang), Mao Zedong's villa between 1960 and 1974; includes garden, living quarters, conference room, bomb shelter and swimming pool.<ref name="etg">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="fodor">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Some luxury riverboat tours begin here after a flight from Beijing or Shanghai, with several days of flatland cruising and then climbing through the Three Gorges with passage upstream past the Gezhouba and Three Gorges dams to the city of Chongqing. With the completion of the dam, a number of cruises now start from the upstream side and continue west, with tourists traveling by motorcoach from Wuhan.
- Wuying Pagoda or the "Shadowless Pagoda" is the oldest standing architectural feature in Wuhan, dating from the closing days of the Southern Song dynasty.
- Chu River and Han Street, a shopping district located in Wuchang with many tourist attractions, including Han Show theater, Madame Tussauds wax museum, and Movie Culture Park, etc. This project was initiated as a water connecting channel between East Lake and Shahu Lake.
- Wuhan Zoo in Hanyang.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market is a live animal and seafood market in the Jianghan District. The market is located in the newer part of the city near shops and apartment blocks and is close to Hankou railway station. The market has been identified as a possible point of origin of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="Hui I Azhar Madani Ntoumi 2020 pp. 264–266">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- The Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) is located in the Wuchan District. It is, "the key laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences for newly emerging and fulminating infectious disease pathogen and biosecurity."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The institute has been an active premier research center for the study of coronaviruses.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Wide image
Education
[edit]Schools and universities
[edit]
Template:See also As of 2023, there are 82 higher educational institutions in Wuhan, making it a leading educational hub in the Central China region.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Wuhan is also an important hub for international students, and it was ranked the best city in the Central China region, 4th in China, and 98th globally by the QS Best Student Cities Rankings in 2023.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Prominent institutions include Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Wuhan University. Three state-level development zones and many enterprise incubators are also significant in Wuhan's education and business development. Wuhan ranks third in China in overall strength of science and technology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
As of the end of 2013, in Wuhan there were 1,024 kindergartens with 224,300 children, 590 primary schools with 424,000 students, 369 general high schools with 314,000 students, 105 secondary vocational and technical schools with 98,600 students, and 80 colleges and universities with 966,400 undergraduates and junior college students and 107,400 postgraduate students.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There are several international schools in Wuhan.
Wuhan is a major city in the world by scientific research outputs and it ranks 9th globally and 5th in the Asia-Pacific & China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing and Guangzhou).<ref name="nature.com"/>
Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), located in the Optics Valley of China near East Lake, is a Project 985 and Class A Double First Class University.<ref name="Chinese Department of Education">Template:Cite web</ref> HUST manages Wuhan National Laboratories for Opto-electronics (WNLO), which is one of the five national laboratories in China. HUST is also one of four Chinese universities eligible to run the national laboratory and the national major science and technology infrastructure. Founded in 1953 as Huazhong Institute of Technology, it combined with three other universities (including former Tongji Medical University founded in 1907) in 2000 to form the new HUST, and has 42 schools and departments covering 12 comprehensive disciplines.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> HUST has 12 Fellows of Chinese Academy of Sciences and 17 Fellows of Chinese Academy of Engineering.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of 2024, the U.S. News' 2024 U.S. News & World Report ranked HUST 100th in the world, 17th in Asia and 9th in China,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while the Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the university 79th in the world, 13th in Asia and 8th in China.<ref name="shanghairanking.com">Template:Cite web</ref> More than 2,000 international students from 120 countries pursue degrees at HUST.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Wuhan University is another Project 985 and Class A Double First Class University,<ref name="Chinese Department of Education" /> which was ranked 89th in the world, 17th in Asia and 10th in China by the 2024 Academic Ranking of World Universities<ref name="shanghairanking.com"/> and 108th in the world by the U.S. News & World Report,<ref name=":02">Template:Cite web</ref> while it was ranked the 194th by the 2024 QS World University Rankings<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and 134th by the 2025 Times Higher Education;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> established in 1893, the old Wuhan University absorbed three other schools (two of them being its spin-offs since the 1950s) in 2000 to become a university with 36 schools in 6 faculties. Since the 1950s it has received international students from more than 109 countries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Scientific research
[edit]Wuhan contains three national development zones and four scientific and technological development parks, as well as numerous enterprise incubators, over 350 research institutes, 1470 high-tech enterprises, and over 400,000 experts and technicians.
Founded in 1958, the Wuhan Branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences is one of the twelve national branches of CAS. It is composed of 9 independent organizations, including the headquarters at Xiaohongshan, Wuchang. It has had a staff of 3,900, among which 8 are CAS fellows, and one is a Chinese Academy of Engineering fellow. As of 2013, the achievements gained by WHB had won 23 National Awards and 778 Provincial Awards.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Wuhan Research Institute of Post and Telecommunications (now known as FiberHome Technologies Group) is the national center for optical communication research in China, and is where the first optical fiber in the country was produced.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Wuhan Institute of Virology is also operated by the CAS.
Wuhan University of Technology is another major national university with three main campuses located in the Wuchang District. Founded in the year 2000, it was merged from three major universities, Wuhan University of Technology (established in 1948), Wuhan Transportation University (established in 1946) and Wuhan Automotive Polytechnic University (established in 1958). Wuhan University of Technology, together with China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law and Central China Normal University (or Huazhong Normal University), are the leading Chinese universities accredited by the Ministry of Education under the "State Project 211" for Chinese higher education institutions. Other major research universities have its seat in the city, including Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei University, Hubei University of Technology, and South Central University for Nationalities.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Wuhan is a major site for water planning and research in central China.<ref name=":05">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
Media
[edit]
The headquarters of Hubei Television is located in Wuchang District. Tortoise Mountain TV Tower is China's first self-developed TV tower, opened in 1986. The modern newspapers in Wuhan can be dated back to 1866, when Hankow Times, a newspaper in English, was founded. Before 1949, more than 50 newspapers and magazines were published by foreigners in Wuhan. Chao-wen Hsin-pao, founded by Ai Xiaomei in 1873, was the first Chinese newspaper to appear in Hankou (one of the cities that was merged into Wuhan). During the Northern Expedition era (1926–1928), journalism in Wuhan came to a climax; more than 120 newspapers and periodicals, including national newspapers such as Central Daily News and Republican Daily News, were founded or published during this time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Chutian Metropolis Daily and Wuhan Evening News are two major local commercial tabloid newspapers. Both of them have entered the list of 100 most widely circulated newspapers of the world.Template:Citation needed
Culture
[edit]The plum blossom is the city's emblem, chosen partly because of the long history of local plum cultivation and use, and partly to recognize the plum's current economic significance in terms of cultivation and research. Local wild plums were used medicinally during the Qin and Han dynasties. Cultivation of the fruit began during the Song dynasty. Some traditional new year customs revolve around the planting of plums.
Language
[edit]Template:Main Wuhan natives speak a variety of Southwestern Mandarin Chinese referred to as Wuhan dialect that differs slightly between the districts of Wuhan, including Wuchang dialect in Wuchang District, Hankou dialect in the Hankou districts, Hanyang dialect in Hanyang District, and Qingshan dialect in Qingshan District.
Cuisine
[edit]
Template:Main Hubei cuisine is one of China's ten major styles of cooking. With a history of more than 2,000 years, Hubei cuisine, originating in ancient Chu cuisine, has developed a number of distinctive dishes, such as steamed blunt-snout bream in clear soup, preserved ham with flowering Chinese cabbage, and others. On the third day of the third month of the lunar calendar, many in Wuhan eat Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang), an egg dish which is supposed to prevent illness in the coming year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
"No need to be particular about the recipes; all foods have their own uses. Rice wine and tangyuan are excellent midnight snacks, while fat bream and flowering Chinese cabbages are great delicacies."<ref>Hankou Zhuzhici (an ancient book recording stories about Wuhan) produced during the Daoguang Period of the Qing dynasty</ref> This attitude expressed in Hankou Zhuzhici reflects indirectly the eating habits and a wide variety of distinctive snacks with a long history in Wuhan, such as Qingshuizong (a pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves) in the Period of the Warring States, Chunbinbian in Northern and Southern dynasties, mung bean jelly in the Sui dynasty, youguo (a deep-fried twisted dough stick) in the Song and Yuan dynasties, rice wine and mianwo in the Ming and Qing dynasties, as well as three-delicacy stuffed skin of bean milk,Template:Clarify tangbao (steamed dumpling filled with minced meat and gravy) and hot braised noodles (reganmian) in modern times.
Guozao (Template:Linktext) is a popular way to say 'having breakfast' in Wuhan, and a part of the city's culture. As a hub for land transport in China, Wuhan has gathered and mixed together various habits and customs from neighboring cities and provinces in all directions, which gives rise to a concentration of diverse cuisines from different places. The most famous place to guozao (have breakfast) is Hubu Street (Template:Lang), a 150-meter-long street in the neighborhood of Simenkou (Template:Lang). Along its short length one can find nearly all the traditional foods of Wuhan, such as:
- Hot and dry noodles, re-gan mian (Template:Linktext), consists of long freshly boiled noodles mixed with sesame paste. It is considered to be the most typical local food for breakfast.
- Duck's neck or Ya Bozi (Template:Lang) is a local version of this popular Chinese dish, made of duck necks and spices.
- Bean skin or doupi (Template:Lang) is a local dish with a filling of egg, rice, beef, mushrooms and beans cooked between two large round soybean skins and cut into pieces, structurally like a stuffed pizza without enclosing edges.
- Soup dumpling or xiaolongtangbao (Template:Lang) is a kind of dumpling with thin skin made of flour, steamed with very juicy meat inside, hence the name: tang (soup) bao (bun) – every time one takes a bite from it the "soup" inside is liable to spill out.
- A salty doughnut or mianwo (Template:Lang) is a kind of savory donut with a salty taste. It is much thinner than a common donut and is a typical Wuhan local food.
- Shaomai wrapped in oil cake (油饼包烧麦): 1 oil cake is filled with 4 pieces of heavy oil siomai, and the heavy oil is required to put diced meat, mushrooms, bamboo shoots, and black pepper in it.
- Paste Soup Noodles (糊汤粉): It is a snack variety that uses round rice noodles as the main ingredient, fish paste soup, small shrimp, and chopped green onion as accessories.
Opera
[edit]Han opera, which is the local opera of Wuhan area, was one of China's oldest and most popular operas. During the late Qing dynasty, Han opera, blended with Hui opera, gave birth to Peking opera, the most popular opera in modern China. Thus Han opera has been called the "mother of Peking opera".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Lang</ref>
Sports
[edit]
Wuhan had a professional football team, Wuhan, that plays in the China League One. Xinhua Road Sport Center, the team's home stadium, with a capacity of 32,137, is located in the heart of the city next to Zhongshan Park. For the 2013 season, Wuhan Zall was promoted to the top-tier league of Chinese football, Chinese Super League, and relocated its home to Wuhan Sports Center Stadium, a modern stadium with 54,357 seats located in the suburbs of the city. However, the team did not play well in the ensuing season and was demoted back to China League One as the 2013 season ended. For financial and transportation reasons, the team moved back to Xinhua Road Sport Center in 2014. In January 2023, the team folded. Wuhan also has the Wuhan Three Towns in the Chinese Super League, who won the title during the 2022 season for the first time upon promotion from China League One.
The Wuhan Gators were a professional arena football team based in Wuhan. They were members of the China Arena Football League (CAFL).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The 13,000-seat Wuhan Sports Center Gymnasium held the 2011 FIBA Asia Championship and was one of the venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.<ref name="fiba.com">The Official website of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup Template:Webarchive, FIBA.com, Retrieved March 9, 2016.</ref> The 7th Military World Games were hosted in Wuhan from Oct 18 to 27, 2019.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>[1] official site</ref>
The city has been the venue for the women's tennis tournament, the Wuhan Open, one of the WTA's Premier 5 tournaments, since 2014.
Architecture
[edit]Bridges
[edit]
Wuhan has eleven bridges and one tunnel across the Yangtze River. The Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, also called the First Bridge, was built over the Yangtze in 1957, carrying a railroad directly across the river between hills known as Snake Hill and Turtle Hill. Before this bridge was built it could take up to an entire day to barge railcars across. Including its approaches, it is Template:Convert long, and it accommodates both a double-track railway on a lower deck and a four-lane roadway above. It was built with the assistance of advisers from the Soviet Union.
The Second Bridge, a cable-stayed bridge built of prestressed concrete, has a central span of Template:Convert; it is Template:Convert in length (including Template:Convert of the main bridge) and Template:Convert in width. Its main bridgeheads are Template:Convert high each, pulling 392 thick slanting cables together in the shape of double fans so that the central span of the bridge is well poised on the piers and the bridge's stability and vibration resistance are ensured. With six lanes on the deck, the bridge is designed to handle the daily passage of 50,000 motor vehicles. The bridge was completed in 1995.
The Third Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, also called Baishazhou Bridge, was completed in September 2000. Located Template:Convert southwest of the First Bridge, construction of Baishazhou Bridge started in 1997. With an investment of over 1.4 billion yuan (about Template:Currency), the bridge, which is Template:Convert long and Template:Convert wide, has six lanes and has a capacity of 50,000 vehicles a day. The bridge is expected to serve as a major passage for the future Wuhan Ring Road, greatly easing the city's traffic and aiding local economic development.
The Yangluo Bridge carries Wuhan's Ring Road across the Yangtze in the city's eastern suburbs (connecting the Hongshan District with the Xinzhou District). It was opened on December 26, 2007.
The Wuhan Tianxingzhou Yangtze River Bridge crosses the Yangtze in the northeastern part of the city, downstream of the Second bridge. It is named after Tianxing Island (Tianxingzhou), above which it crosses the river. Built at a cost of 11 billion yuan, the 4,657-meter cable suspension bridge was opened on December 26, 2009,<ref>Tianxingzhou highway-railway Bridge in Wuhan opens to traffic Template:Webarchive. english.cnhubei.com December 28, 2009</ref> in time for the opening of the Wuhan railway station. It is a combined road and rail bridge, and carries the Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway across the river.
Skyscrapers
[edit]
Template:See also The Yellow Crane Tower, historically one of the tallest buildings in Wuhan, is considered one of the Four Great Towers of China and was destroyed twelve times, both by warfare and by fire. The tower is classified as an AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At Template:Convert in height, the Wuhan Greenland Center is the tallest skyscraper in Wuhan and in Central China, as well as the eighth tallest building in China.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Wuhan Center, the second tallest skyscraper in Wuhan, was the tallest building in the city when it was completed in 2019. It retained the title until Wuhan Greenland Center surpassed it in 2023.<ref name=skyscraper-center>Template:Cite web</ref> Riverview Plaza is a Template:Convert tall skyscraper located in Wuhan. It was completed in 2021 and is currently the third tallest building in the city. The Phoenix Towers are proposed supertall skyscrapers planned for construction in Wuhan. At Template:Convert high, the towers would be among the tallest structures in the world when completed.<ref name=Zhang>Template:Cite web</ref>
Notable people
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Politics
[edit]- Li Yuanhong – former President of the Republic of China (1916–17, 1922–23).
- Wu Yi – former Vice-Premier and Minister of Health of the People's Republic of China<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Business
[edit]- Wei Brian – Chinese entrepreneur
Science
[edit]- Chang-Lin Tien – seventh Chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley (1990–1997) and a major founder of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering (NAE). Professor Tien is the first Asian to head a top university in the United States.
- E Dongchen – "father of polar surveying and mapping" in China
- Long Lehao – Aerospace engineer and the chief designer of Long March expendable launch system rockets
- Weiping Zou – Charles B. de Nancrede Professor of Pathology, Immunology, Biology, and Surgery at the University of Michigan, American Association for Cancer Research Cancer Immunology (CIMM) Chairperson 2018–2019, Abstract Programming Chair for the American Association of Immunologists
Sports
[edit]- Deng Zhuoxiang – professional football player, scored many goals for Chinese national team in important games including 3:0 South Korea and 1:0 France in 2010.
- Fu Mingxia – female diver, four-time Olympic Gold Medalist (one in Barcelona 1992, two in Atlanta 1996, one in Sydney 2000), the only diver that has won gold medals at three Olympics as well as one of the very few divers in the world who is able to win world championships in both platform diving and springboard diving.
- Gao Ling – professional badminton player, two-time Olympic gold medalist (Sydney 2000, Athens 2004).
- Hao Junmin – professional football player, played for Schalke 04 in the German League.
- Hu Jia – Chinese diver who won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in the men's 10 meter platform.
- Mei Fang – Chinese footballer playing for Guangzhou Evergrande in the Chinese Super League.
- Li Na – former tennis player, champion of the French Open 2011 and Australian Open 2014.
- Li Ting – tennis player, Olympic gold medalist (in women's doubles, Athens 2004).
- Liang Patti – Chinese American acrobat.
- Qiao Hong – female table tennis player, two-time Olympic gold medalist (in women's doubles, Barcelona 1992, Atlanta 1996).
- Rong Hao – professional football player, with six Chinese Super League titles and two AFC Champions League champion titles.
- Tang Jieli – AIBA Women's Boxing World Champion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Xiao Hailiang – Chinese diver, Olympic gold medalist (in Template:Convert springboard synchronized diving, Sydney 2000).
- Zeng Cheng – professional football player, with six Chinese Super League titles and two AFC Champions League champion titles.
- Zhou Jihong – female diver, Olympic gold medalist (Los Angeles 1984), the first Chinese athlete to win an Olympic gold medal in diving.
- Tian Tao – Olympic weightlifter
- Lü Xiaojun – Olympic weightlifter
Arts
[edit]- Chi Li – writer<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Han Dong – singer, member of Dreamcatcher
- Jayne Meadows – actress
- Laura Gao, graphic novelist, author of Messy Roots<ref name=Gharib>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Liu Yifei – actress and singer. Childhood friend with Yao Beina
- Paula Tsui – singer who spent most of her singing career in Hong Kong
- Peng Xiuwen – composer and conductor
- Sunny Xie – singer and actress
- Tian Yuan – singer and actress
- Wang Kai – actor
- Wang Xiaosong – artist who studied in Germany and is now professor at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou
- Xie Fang – actress and author
- Xu Fan – actress
- Yan Wenjing – writer whose work is included as one of the literary selections on the Putonghua Proficiency Test.
- Yang Caiyu – actress
- Yao Beina – singer, (during 2005–2015) known as the "Voice of China", spiritual leader of organ donation and charity (1981–2015).
- Yin Yezi – actress
- Ying Chang Compestine, a Chinese American author, speaker, television host and chef
- Yuan Hong – actor
- Zhao Yue - actress and singer, member of SNH48 and BonBon Girls 303
- Zhou Mi – singer, member of Super Junior M
- Zhu Yilong – actor
Other fields
[edit]- Saint Francis Regis Clet was martyred here
- Hua Mulan – Ancient Chinese heroine whose story has been passed through ages in China and has been presented in a great number of books and motion pictures, including the Disney animated feature Mulan (1998).
- Samuel David Hawkins - American soldier in the Korean War who was captured by the North, subsequently defected to China at the time of the Korean Armistice Agreement. He worked as a mechanic in Wuhan until 1957.
- Wu Shuqing – female revolutionary and militia leader during the Xinhai Revolution
- Template:Ill (Template:Lang) – the soldier who started and led the Wuhan Uprising in the Chinese Revolution of 1911 which gave birth to the Republic of China, Asia's first republic country.
- Zhong Ziqi – The best friend of Yu Boya, an ancient Chinese musician whose musical composition "Flowing Water" was included on the Voyager Golden Record
- Ai Jingjing – Chinese novelist.
Sister cities
[edit]Template:See also Wuhan is twinned with:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Location map+
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And Wuhan has friendly exchange relationships with:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Former Twinnings
[edit]The city of Arnhem has unilaterally ended its twinning with Wuhan on July 21, 2021, citing concerns about the persecution of Uyghurs in China.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| City | Country | From | Until |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:Coat of arms of Arnhem.svg Arnhem | Template:Flagu | September 6, 1999 | July 21, 2021 |
Nature and wildlife
[edit]In Chinese mythology, the Baiji ("Yangtze River dolphin") has many origin stories. In one legend, the Baiji was the daughter of a general who was deported from the city of Wuhan during a war. During his duty, the daughter ran away. Later, the general met a woman who told him how her father was a general, and when he realized that she was his daughter, he threw himself into the river out of shame. The daughter ran after him and also fell into the river. Before they were drowned, the daughter was transformed into a dolphin, and the general a porpoise.<ref name=turvy>Template:Cite book</ref>
See also
[edit]- Historical capitals of China
- List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
- List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Template:Reflist Template:Reflist
Sources
[edit]- Template:Citation. Internet Edition 2004.
- Template:Citation
Further reading
[edit]- Template:Cite book Template:ISBN.
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- Walravens, Hartmut. "German Influence on the Press in China." In: Newspapers in International Librarianship: Papers Presented by the Newspaper Section at IFLA General Conferences. Walter de Gruyter, 2003. Template:ISBN Also available at (Archive) the website of the Queens Library This version does not include the footnotes visible in the Walter de Gruyter version. Also available in Walravens, Hartmut and Edmund King. Newspapers in international librarianship: papers presented by the newspapers section at IFLA General Conferences. K.G. Saur, 2003. Template:ISBN.
External links
[edit]Template:S-start Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-end Template:Hubei topics Template:Hubei Template:Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China Template:Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China Template:Provincial capitals of China Template:Major cities along the Yangtze River Template:World's most populous urban areas Template:Authority control
- Pages with broken file links
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- 2nd-millennium BC establishments in China
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- Jianghan Plain
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