1230

File:Battle of Klokotnitsa.png

Map of the Battle of Klokotnitsa (1230)

Year 1230 (MCCXXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Byzantine Empire

• March 9 – Battle of Klokotnitsa: Byzantine forces under Theodore Komnenos (Doukas) invade Bulgaria, breaking the peace treaty with Tsar Ivan Asen II. Theodore gathers a large army, including western mercenaries. The two armies meet near the village of Klokotnitsa. Ivan applies clever tactics and manages to surround the Byzantines. They are completely defeated, only a small force under Theodore's brother Manuel Doukas manages to escape the battlefield. Theodore is taken prisoner and is blinded. In the aftermath, Ivan quickly extends its control over most of Theodore's domains in Thrace, Macedonia and Albania. The Latin Duchy of Philippopolis and the independent principality of Alexius Slav are also captured and annexed into Bulgaria.<ref>Template:The Late Medieval Balkans</ref>

Europe

• King Alfonso IX defeats Ibn Hud al-Yamani (known as Almogàver by the Christians). This success opens the road to Badajoz to the Leonese troops.<ref name=linehan1999a>Template:New Cambridge Medieval History</ref> The Portuguese king Sancho II continues his offensive southward and takes Beja, Juromenha, Serpa and Moura.<ref name=picard2000>Template:Cite book</ref>
• August – Treaty of Ceprano: Emperor Frederick II returns from the Sixth Crusade and signs a peace agreement with Pope Gregory IX at Ceprano. He agrees not to violate any territories held by the Papal States in return for Frederick's concessions in Sicily.<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 138. Template:ISBN.</ref>
• Frederick II bestows on the Teutonic Order a special privilege for the conquest of Prussia, including Chełmno Land, with papal sovereignty. He allows the Teutonic Knights to forcibly convert the Prussians to Christianity.
• September 24 – Alfonso IX dies after a 42-year reign and is succeeded by his son Ferdinand III. He receives the Kingdom of León, in return for compensation in cash and lands for his half-sisters Sancha and Dulce.
• Siege of Galway: Norman forces under Richard Mór de Burgh invade Connacht and desolate a large portion of the country. He besieges Galway, but is forced to retreat after a week-long inconclusive battle.

England

• April 30 – English invasion of France: King Henry III embarks from Portsmouth with a large expeditionary force. On May 2, he arrives at Guernsey, and the next day the English army lands at Saint-Malo, where Peter I (or de Dreux), duke of Brittany, meets Henry to pay him homage. During the months, the English forces march through the County of Anjou, taking the castle of Mirebeau in late July.<ref>Carpenter, David (2004). The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284, p. 130. London, UK: Penguin. Template:ISBN.</ref>
• October 27 – Henry III signs a truce with King Louis IX (the Saint) and returns to Portsmouth. He leaves a small force under Peter I and Ranulf de Blondeville, to act against the French in Brittany and Normandy.

Middle East

• Battle of Yassıçemen: A Seljuk-Ayyubid coalition (some 40,000 men) defeats the Khwarazmians under Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni at Erzincan on the Upper-Euphrates.

By topic

Literature

• The Carmina Burana poetry and song collection is created (approximate date).<ref>Carmina Burana. Die Lieder der Benediktbeurer Handschrift. Zweisprachige Ausgabe, hg. u. übers. v. Carl Fischer und Hugo Kuhn, dtv, München 1991; wenn man dagegen z. B. CB 211 und 211a jeweils als zwei Lieder zählt, kommt man auf insgesamt 315 Texte in der Sammlung, so auch Dieter Schaller, Carmina Burana, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Bd. 2, Artemis Verlag, München und Zürich 1983, Sp. 1513</ref>

Births

• Anna of Hohenstaufen, empress of Nicaea (d. 1307)
• Adelaide of Holland, Dutch countess and regent (d. 1284)
• Bentivenga da Bentivengi, Italian cardinal (d. 1289)
• Boniface VIII, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1303)
• Edmund de Lacy, English nobleman and knight (d. 1258)
• Elisabeth of Brunswick, German queen consort (d. 1266)
• Gottfried Hagen, German cleric and writer (d. 1299)
• Guillaume de Beaujeu, French Grand Master (d. 1291)
• Guillaume Durand, French bishop and writer (d. 1296)
• Henry of Castile (the Senator), Spanish prince (d. 1303)
• Hermann of Buxhoeveden, German bishop (d. 1285)
• Hugh Aycelin, French cardinal and theologian (d. 1297)
• Hu Sanxing (or Shenzhi), Chinese historian (d. 1302)
• Jacobus de Voragine, Italian archbishop (d. 1298)
• Leonardo Patrasso, Italian cardinal-bishop (d. 1311)
• Margaret Sambiria, Danish queen consort (d. 1282)
• Masuccio Primo, Italian architect and sculptor (d. 1306)
• Maud de Lacy, Norman-Irish noblewoman (d. 1304)
• Odo (or Eudes), French nobleman and knight (d. 1266)
• Peter Quinel, English archdeacon and bishop (d. 1291)
• Squarcino Borri, Italian mercenary leader (d. 1277)
• Yaroslav III of Tver, Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1271)

Deaths

• January 30 – Pelagio Galvani, Leonese cardinal (b. 1165)
• February 1 – Matsudono Motofusa, Japanese nobleman
• May 2 – William de Braose, English nobleman and knight
• May 13 – Casimir I of Opole, Polish nobleman and knight
• July 12 – Margaret of Blois, French noblewoman (b. 1170)
• July 19 –Theobald le Botiller, Norman nobleman (b. 1200)
• July 25 – Rudolph van Coevorden, Dutch nobleman (b. 1192)
• July 28 – Leopold VI, German nobleman and knight (b. 1176)
• July 29 – Hōjō Tokiuji, Japanese nobleman and spy (b. 1203)
• August 24 – Geoffrey de Saye, English nobleman (b. 1155)
• September 9 – Siegfried II, archbishop of Mainz (b. 1165)
• September 24 – Alfonso IX, king of León and Galicia (b. 1171)
• October 25 – Gilbert de Clare, English nobleman (b. 1180)
• November 20 – Nicola de la Haye, English noblewoman
• November 24 – Matthew II, French nobleman and knight
• December 15 – Ottokar I of Bohemia, German nobleman
• December 23 – Berengaria of Navarre, queen of England
• Al-Dakhwar, Ayyubid physician and medical officer (b. 1170)
• Alfonso Téllez de Meneses (the Old), Spanish nobleman
• Beatrice of Viennois, French noblewoman (b. 1160)
• Demetrius of Montferrat, king of Thessalonica (b. 1205)
• Guérin de Montaigu, French nobleman and Grand Master
• Hugues IV de Châteauneuf, French nobleman (b. 1185)
• Ibn Hammad, Hammadid historian and writer (b. 1153)
• Robert de Gresle, English landowner and knight (b. 1174)
• Samuel ibn Tibbon, French rabbi, doctor and philosopher
• Urraca López de Haro, queen of León (approximate date)