Roanoke, Virginia

Roanoke (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is an independent city in Virginia, United States. It lies in Southwest Virginia, along the Roanoke River, in the Blue Ridge range of the greater Appalachian Mountains. Roanoke is about Template:Convert north of the Virginia–North Carolina border and Template:Convert southwest of Washington, D.C., along Interstate 81. At the 2020 census, Roanoke's population was 100,011, making it the most populous city in Virginia west of the state capital, Richmond.<ref name="QF">Template:Cite web</ref> It is the primary population center of the Roanoke metropolitan area, which had a population of 315,251 in 2020.

The Roanoke Valley was originally home to members of the Siouan-speaking Tutelo tribe. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Scotch-Irish and later German American farmers gradually drove those Native Americans out of the area as the American frontier pressed westward. In 1882, the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W) chose the small town of Big Lick as the site of its corporate headquarters and railroad shops. Within two years, the town had become the City of Roanoke. In the 1880s, the population grew by 22 times and the young city experienced the advantages and disadvantages of its boomtown status. During the 20th century, Roanoke's boundaries expanded through annexations of surrounding Roanoke County, and it became Southwest Virginia's economic and cultural hub. The 1982 decision by N&W to move its headquarters out of the city, along with other manufacturing closures, led Roanoke to a primarily service economy. In the 21st century, a robust healthcare industry and the development and increased marketing of the city's outdoor amenities have helped reverse population decline.

Roanoke is known for the Roanoke Star, an Template:Convert illuminated star that sits atop a mountain within the city's limits and is the origin of its nickname, "The Star City of the South". Other points of interest include the Hotel Roanoke, a 330-room Tudor Revival structure built by N&W in 1882, the Taubman Museum of Art, designed by architect Randall Stout, and the city's farmer's market, the oldest continuously operating open-air market in the state. The Roanoke Valley features Template:Convert of greenways with bicycle and pedestrian trails, and the city's location in the Blue Ridge Mountains provides access to numerous outdoor recreation opportunities.

History

Early history and incorporation

The current site of Roanoke lies near the intersection of the Great Wagon Road and the Carolina Road, two branches of a network of early colonial roads that developed from Native American trails in the Appalachian region.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> While the name Roanoke is said to have originated from a Native American word for shell beads used as currency,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> that word was first used Template:Convert away, where the Roanoke River empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Roanoke Island.<ref name="Kagey">Template:Cite book</ref> The Roanoke Valley itself was originally home to members of the Tutelo tribe,<ref name="Kagey" /><ref name="Griffin-1942">Template:Cite journal</ref> a Siouan-speaking people who were gradually pushed out of the area by advancing European settlers.<ref name="Griffin-1942" />

Many of those settlers were Scotch-Irish who arrived in the region during the 18th and early 19th centuries following the Plantation of Ulster.<ref name="Barnes-1968">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp They were followed by significant numbers of Germans from Pennsylvania via the Great Wagon Road.Template:R<ref name=Kagey /> By 1838, the area was populated enough that Roanoke County was created out of parts of Botetourt and Montgomery Counties,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the area's first railroad, the Virginia and Tennessee, arrived in 1852.<ref name="White-1982">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

The railroad built its new depot just south of a small town named Gainesborough, but named the depot after Big Lick, another small community located just to the east, which itself was named after the salt deposits that had drawn game to the area for years.Template:RTemplate:R Gainesborough increasingly became referred to as Big Lick (and later as Old Lick) once development drifted farther south towards the depot.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Growth in the area was stalled by the Civil War; Roanoke County voted 850–0 in favor of secession and lost many of its men in the subsequent fighting.Template:R The burgeoning tobacco trade helped the region's recovery during Reconstruction. Within a decade of the war's end, there were no fewer than six tobacco factories near the Big Lick Depot.Template:R

In 1874, the community surrounding the depot applied for and received a town charter, and the Town of Big Lick was formally established.Template:R Eight years later, efforts by town boosters succeeded in securing Big Lick as the junction of the Shenandoah Valley Railroad and the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W).Template:R The two companies also relocated their respective headquarters to the town (the two lines would officially merge in 1890).Template:RTemplate:R Big Lick's relatively small size compared to the nearby county seat, Salem, worked in its favor as a draw for the companies. Big Lick's ample farmland and nearby water sources were well suited to the railroads' goal of building much of the town from scratch, including railroad shops, offices, a hotel, and suitable housing for their many employees.Template:RTemplate:R

File:Roanoke Hotel 1910.jpg

Hotel Roanoke as it appeared in 1910. N&W ordered an expansion to the hotel before the original structure was completed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the early 1880s, Big Lick's residents voted to rename the town "Kimball" after Frederick J. Kimball, an executive for the two railroad companies who played a significant role in their new location.Template:R Kimball turned down the honor, saying, "On the Roanoke River in Roanoke County – name it Roanoke."Template:R The town obliged, officially becoming the Town of Roanoke on February 3, 1882.Template:R The new charter also annexed nearly Template:Convert of additional land, including the Town of Gainesborough (later shortened to Gainsboro), which by that point had already become the center of the area's African American community.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Kimball chose a wheat field north of the railroad tracks and east of Gainsboro for the N&W's new hotel,Template:R and the 69-room Hotel Roanoke – designed originally in the Queen Anne style before numerous rebuilds and expansions gave it its current Tudor Revival appearance – opened its doors in 1882.Template:R

With the rapid influx of railroad employees and others in associated industries, Roanoke's population soared and, by the end of 1883, had passed 5,000.Template:R That milestone made the town eligible for a city charter, and on January 31, 1884, the town became the City of Roanoke.Template:R

With a population that ballooned from under 700 residents in 1880 to over 16,000 in 1890<ref name="DecennialCensus">Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Endash and earning itself the nickname "The Magic City" in the processTemplate:R Template:Endash Roanoke suffered many of the same difficulties that affected other 19th century boomtowns.<ref name=Dybdahl>Template:Cite news</ref> Its infrastructure was essentially nonexistent, and a lack of sewers combined with the area's marshy terrain contributed to regular outbreaks of diphtheria and cholera.Template:R Bond initiatives designed to alleviate these and other issues highlighted racial tensions in the city, as the African American community – roughly 30 percent of Roanoke's population in 1891Template:R – opposed the measures because the money would only be used to improve white neighborhoods.Template:R Black neighborhoods in Roanoke typically received public amenities such as running water and paved roads only after their white counterparts, and Roanoke was among the first to adopt the Jim Crow laws that were becoming increasingly popular in the South.Template:R The local press, for its part, stoked the white population's fears and anxiety with near-constant reports of African American "savagery".Template:R<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In September 1893, tensions boiled over when a white woman was allegedly robbed and beaten by an African-American man, Thomas Smith, near the city's market.Template:R Smith was held in the city jail; a mob of hundreds surrounded the building and demanded "lynch justice".Template:R A shootout between the mob and an undermanned militia ensued, leaving eight dead and thirty-one more injured. Included among the wounded was the city's mayor, the previously widely admired Henry S. Trout,Template:R who had vowed protection of the prisoner.Template:R The rioting mob was eventually successful in gaining control of Smith. They proceeded to hang him and mutilate his body, which was eventually burned when the mob was deterred from its initial plan to bury it in Mayor Trout's front yard.Template:R The mayor himself was forced to flee the city out of fear for his life and only returned a week later after the national press condemned the riot and praised Trout's courage during the event.Template:R

20th century Template:Endash present

Despite these and other setbacks, the city grew through the early 20th century, both in area and population.Template:R<ref name="Smith-1985">Template:Cite thesis</ref> In addition to the land gained in its 1882 town charter, relatively unopposed annexations occurred five more times by 1926, though Roanoke County would become less agreeable to later attempts.Template:R Mill Mountain became a popular entertainment locale for early residents; an observation tower and the Rockledge Inn each opened atop the mountain in 1892.Template:R Mountain Park, an early amusement center complete with a casino and roller coaster, opened at the foot of the mountain in 1903,Template:R and beginning in 1910 visitors could pay a quarter to ride an incline railway to the top of Mill Mountain and back.Template:R

Another mainstay at the base of the mountain was Roanoke Memorial Hospital. Completed in 1900 as Roanoke Hospital,Template:R the building has undergone many expansions and today is the flagship of the Carilion Clinic healthcare group.<ref name=Chittum1>Template:Cite news</ref> The hospital joined some manufacturing operations that were established along the banks of the Roanoke River in the early 20th century, including the American Viscose Corporation.<ref name=Hammack1>Template:Cite news</ref> That company built a plant in 1917 that by a decade later employed 5,000 and was reportedly the largest rayon producing mill in the world.Template:R

The city leased land for an airfield beginning in 1929.Template:R Still, its development into the region's primary airport did not begin until its designation as a defense project provided federal funding in 1940.Template:R That same year, N&W donated the fairground, Maher Field, to the city to build a stadium and armory.Template:R Victory Stadium Template:Endash optimistically named upon its completion in 1942<ref name=Colorful>Template:Cite news</ref> Template:Endash played host to the annual Thanksgiving Day football game between Virginia Tech and Virginia Military Institute for years afterward.<ref name="Cox1">Template:Cite news</ref>

By the mid-20th century, Roanoke was increasingly losing population and businesses to a Roanoke County that had become less rural and more suburban in nature and consequently more resistant to annexation attempts by the city.Template:RTemplate:R The city was nevertheless successful in annexing additional land in 1943, 1949, three small acquisitions in 1965, 1967, and 1968, and once more in 1976.Template:R The county won immunity from further annexations in 1980, but by then, the city had grown from its original size of Template:Convert to Template:Convert.Template:R

File:Roanoke Star (wide view).jpg

The Roanoke Star is the origin of the city's nickname Star City of the South.

In 1949, the local merchants association erected an Template:Convert illuminated star at the top of Mill Mountain in celebration of the upcoming Christmas shopping season.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The star was an immediate hit among the city's population, leading to its illumination year-round and earning the city its nickname of "Star City of the South".<ref name=Berrier1>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite the popularity boost for the merchants association, shopping habits in Roanoke were becoming more fractured as suburban shopping centers drew patrons away from an increasingly vacant downtown.<ref name=Valentine>Template:Cite news</ref> Crossroads Mall, the first enclosed shopping center in Virginia,<ref name=Fabris1>Template:Cite news</ref> and Towers Mall, at the time one of the largest shopping centers in the state,<ref name=Firms>Template:Cite news</ref> were each completed in 1961.<ref name=Valentine /> In later years, Tanglewood Mall (1973)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Valley View Mall (1985)<ref name=Codispoti2>Template:Cite news</ref> contributed to Roanoke's status as the region's retail hub.<ref name=Codispoti1>Template:Cite news</ref>

Mid-century change to the city came in the form of a massive "urban renewal" effort that saw the construction of both the Roanoke Civic Center (now Berglund Center) as well as an interstate spur into downtown Roanoke.<ref name="Bishop" /> Much of the land for these projects was in Northeast Roanoke, a community of primarily African American citizens who had been largely redlined from the rest of the city.<ref name=Chittum2>Template:Cite news</ref> City officials gained the land through eminent domain and proceeded to clear over 1,000 buildings, often through widescale burning.<ref name="Bishop" /> Later projects in the largely black Gainsboro neighborhood removed hundreds of homes and businesses there as well, and late-20th and early-21st century revitalization efforts by the city's government have been met with distrust and varied success.<ref name="Bishop" /><ref name=Adams1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Campagna>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Adams2>Template:Cite news</ref>

The second half of the 20th century ushered in a change of identity for Roanoke.<ref name="Lowe-1999">Template:Cite news</ref> In 1982, the N&W completed a merger with the Southern Railway to form the Norfolk Southern Railway, which then relocated their headquarters from Roanoke to Norfolk, Virginia.<ref name="Lowe-1999" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The company closed their regional headquarters in Roanoke in 2015, and in 2020 shuttered the locomotive shops.<ref name=Era>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Sturgeon1>Template:Cite news</ref> The railroad's departure and a string of manufacturing plant closures left a hole in the city's economic base.<ref name="Lowe-1999" />

In 1987, however, the merger of two of the area's largest hospitals created the forerunner of Carilion Clinic, a medical group that is the largest employer in the state west of Richmond.<ref name=Rife1 /> The group's partnerships with Virginia Tech and Radford University have created two colleges and a research facility in what was formerly an industrial brownfield area, but has since been termed the city's "innovation corridor".<ref name=Rife2 /><ref name=Chittum3 /> These developments, along with the city's decision to improve its parks and recreation amenities and market itself as an outdoor tourism hotspot, have helped reverse its decades-long loss of young adults,<ref name=Success>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Decade>Template:Cite news</ref> and in 2020 Roanoke's population passed 100,000 for the first time since 1980.<ref name=Lessons>Template:Cite news</ref>

Geography

A photo of the Blue Ridge Mountains taken from an overlook

The Blue Ridge Mountains get their distinctive color from isoprene produced by the trees.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Roanoke is the largest city in Virginia west of Richmond<ref name=Williamson>Template:Cite news</ref> and is located in the Blue Ridge Mountains, a range which is part of the greater Appalachian Mountains.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of Template:Convert, of which Template:Convert is land and Template:Convert (0.8%) is water.<ref name="GR1">Template:Cite web</ref> It is located in the center of the greater Roanoke Valley and is bisected by the Roanoke River, which flows west-to-east through the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Within the city limits is Mill Mountain, a Template:Convert mountain and 500-acre municipal park which stands detached from the surrounding ranges.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Roanoke's location in the Blue Ridge Mountains makes it proximate to hundreds of species of plants and wildlife.<ref name=HollandR>Template:Cite news</ref> The area is home to at least 43 species of salamander,<ref name=Chumney1>Template:Cite news</ref> and the Poor Mountain Natural Area Preserve in neighboring Roanoke County protects the world's largest collection of piratebush, an exceedingly rare parasitic plant endemic to the Appalachians.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A panorama of Roanoke from the Mill Mountain Star overlook with the Blue Ridge Mountains in the background.

A panorama of Roanoke from the Mill Mountain Star overlook with the Blue Ridge Mountains in the background.

Roanoke is the largest city along both the Appalachian Trail, which runs through Roanoke County just north of the city,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Blue Ridge Parkway, which runs just south of the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Carvins Cove, the third-largest municipal park in America at Template:Convert, lies in northeast Roanoke County and southwest Botetourt County.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Smith Mountain Lake is several miles southeast of the city,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests are nearby.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Outdoor pursuits in the region include hiking, mountain biking, cross-country running, canoeing, kayaking, fly fishing, and disc golf.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Neighborhoods

A nighttime photo of the exterior of the Grandin Theatre

The Grandin Theatre located in Grandin Village

Roanoke is divided into 49 separate neighborhoods.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city has incorporated into its comprehensive plan the goal of developing these neighborhoods into "villages", each with their own village center, and with the Downtown neighborhood acting as the village center for the city as a whole.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Raleigh Court neighborhood has been cited as a model for such development, consisting of a variety of residential settings located around Grandin Village, an active commercial hub anchored by the Grandin Theatre, the city's only surviving historic theater.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> That commercial district is one of the city's nine neighborhoods (or portions thereof) that have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Climate

Though located along the Blue Ridge Mountains at elevations exceeding Template:Cvt, Roanoke lies in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen Cfa), with four distinct, but generally mild, seasons.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is located in USDA hardiness zone 7b, with the suburbs falling in zone 7a.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Extremes in temperature have ranged from Template:Convert (as recently as August 21, 1983) down to Template:Convert on December 30, 1917. However, neither Template:Convert nor Template:Convert are reached in most years; the most recent occurrence of each is July 20, 2020, and February 20, 2015, respectively.<ref name="NOAA">Template:Cite web</ref> More typically, the area records an average of 6.1 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing and 30.5 days with Template:Convert+ highs annually.<ref name="NOAA" /><ref name="NCEI" /> The monthly mean temperature ranges from Template:Convert in January to Template:Convert in July.<ref name="NOAA" /><ref name="NCEI" />

Based on the 1991−2020 period, the city averages Template:Convert of snow per winter.<ref name="NCEI" /> Roanoke experienced a mild snow drought in the 2000s, which ended in December 2009 when Template:Convert of snow fell on Roanoke in a single storm.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Winter snowfall has ranged from trace amounts in 1918–19 and 1919–20 to Template:Convert in 1959–60;<ref name="NOAA" /> unofficially, the largest single storm dumped approximately three feet (0.9 m) from December 16−18, 1890.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Historically, flooding has been the primary weather-related hazard faced by Roanoke.<ref name=Myatt1>Template:Cite news</ref> Heavy rains, most frequently from the remnants of a hurricane, drain from surrounding areas to the narrow Roanoke Valley.<ref name=Myatt2>Template:Cite news</ref> The most recent significant flood was in the fall of 2018, when the remains of Hurricane Michael dumped over five inches of rain on the area in the span of only a few hours.<ref name=Myatt3>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Myatt4>Template:Cite news</ref> The most severe flooding in the city's history occurred on November 4, 1985, when heavy storms from Hurricane Juan stalled over the area.<ref name=Myatt5>Template:Cite news</ref> Ten people drowned in the Roanoke Valley and others were saved by rescue personnel.<ref name=Beagle1>Template:Cite news</ref> That incident prompted a major flood reduction effort completed in 2012 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which has limited the damage caused by subsequent storms.<ref name=Chittum4>Template:Cite news</ref>

Demographics

2020 census

At the 2020 census, there were 100,011 people residing in 44,411 households in the city, 21,199 of which housed families. The population density was Template:Convert. The racial makeup of the city was 55.94% White, 27.07% African American, 0.21% Native American, 2.46% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.52% from other races, and 5.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.48% of the population.<ref name="2020CensusP2"/>

Among the city's households, 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 30.4% were married couples living together, while 37.4% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. In total, 42.3% were non-families. 38.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. 24.0% of the population were under the age of 20, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.1 years.<ref name="2020CensusP2"/>

According to the unofficial American Community Survey, the median household income in Roanoke was $45,664, and the median family income was $55,345. The per capita income was $29,585. About 20.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.2% of those under age 18 and 12.3% of those age 65 or over.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Roanoke city, Virginia – Racial and ethnic composition
Template:Nobold

Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)	Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>Template:Cite web</ref>	Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>Template:Cite web</ref>	Template:Partial<ref name=2020CensusP2>Template:Cite web</ref>	% 2000	% 2010	Template:Partial
White alone (NH)	65,256	60,042	55,951	68.75%	61.88%	55.94%
Black or African American alone (NH)	25,220	27,256	27,077	26.57%	28.09%	27.07%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)	178	198	211	0.19%	0.20%	0.21%
Asian alone (NH)	1,088	1,676	2,462	1.15%	1.73%	2.46%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone (NH)	21	36	42	0.02%	0.04%	0.04%
Other race alone (NH)	185	199	523	0.19%	0.21%	0.52%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)	1,558	2,280	5,261	1.64%	2.35%	5.26%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	1,405	5,345	8,484	1.48%	5.51%	8.48%
Total	94,911	97,032	100,011	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%

Economy

Roanoke's economy was long closely linked to its status as the headquarters for the Norfolk and Western Railway.<ref name="Dotson">Template:Cite book</ref> As time progressed, manufacturing and mining businesses contributed to the region's growth.<ref name=Sturgeon5>Template:Cite news</ref> After the N&W's merger with the Southern Railway created the Norfolk Southern Railway in 1982, Norfolk Southern continued to operate maintenance facilities and a rail yard in Roanoke but moved its headquarters to Norfolk, Virginia, and in 2015 moved out of its downtown Roanoke office building.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On May 18, 2020, after 139 years of production, Norfolk Southern shut down its locomotive shops and moved all operations to the Juniata Locomotive Shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania.<ref name=Era/> With Norfolk Southern's departure, Roanoke's economy has since the mid-1990s shifted to become dominated by the healthcare industry.<ref name=Sturgeon5 />

File:Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital.jpg

Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital has been expanded many times since its opening in 1900.

Template:As of the city's top employer Template:Endash and the largest private employer west of Richmond<ref name=Rife1>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Endash is Carilion Clinic, which developed from the 1987 merger of two of the area's largest hospitals.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The non-profit group employs over 13,000 people. It operates nine hospitals in Western Virginia, along with public-private partnerships with Virginia Tech (Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Radford University (Radford University Carilion).<ref name=Rife2>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":16" /> The clinic's expansions have spurred considerable development in the former brownfields located south of Roanoke's downtown,<ref name=Rife3>Template:Cite news</ref> turning the once-abandoned industrial sites into an area called the "innovation corridor" by the city.<ref name=Chittum3>Template:Cite news</ref>

Another driving factor in the region's economy has been a push during the 21st century to market the area's outdoor recreation potential.<ref name=Codispoti3>Template:Cite news</ref> The Roanoke Regional Partnership, an economic development group representing the area's municipalities, has created a division called the Roanoke Outside Foundation that seeks to recruit businesses and talent based on the strength of the region's natural amenities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The organization also puts on annual events such as the Blue Ridge Marathon and the GO Outside Festival.<ref name=Eshelman>Template:Cite news</ref>

Other areas of strength in the region's economy include manufacturing and retail, each comprising over ten percent of the valley's industry.<ref name="Roanoke Regional Partnership">Template:Cite web</ref> Transportation manufacturers such as Yokohama Tire,<ref name=Petska1>Template:Cite news</ref> Volvo,<ref name=Volvo>Template:Cite news</ref> Mack Trucks,<ref name=Fabris2>Template:Cite news</ref> Metalsa,<ref name=Petska2>Template:Cite news</ref> and Altec<ref name=Adams3>Template:Cite news</ref> contribute to the thousands of people employed in that field regionally.<ref name="Roanoke Regional Partnership" /> Night-vision device makers Elbit Systems<ref name=Wall1>Template:Cite news</ref> and the fiber optics company Luna Innovations<ref name=Petska3>Template:Cite news</ref> are among the advanced manufacturers in the area.<ref name="Roanoke Regional Partnership" />

Top employers

According to Roanoke's 2023 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the top employers in the city are:

#	Employer	# of Employees
1	Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital	1,000+
2	Roanoke City Public Schools	1,000+
3	Carilion Services	1,000+
4	City of Roanoke	500 to 999
5	United Parcel Service	500 to 999
6	Walmart	250 to 499
7	United States Postal Service	250 to 499
8	Virginia Transformer Corporation	250 to 499
9	YMCA	250 to 499
10	Anthem, member of Blue Cross Blue Shield Association	250 to 499

Arts and culture

Serving as a hub for arts and culture in Southwest Virginia, Roanoke is home to several museums and cultural institutions in addition to being the host of several festivals, many centering around Elmwood Park in downtown Roanoke.<ref name=Allen1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Trinkle>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Morrill1>Template:Cite news</ref>

Museums

An exterior photo of the underside of a museum building balcony

The Taubman Museum of Art

Center in the Square, an arts and culture organization located near downtown's historic market building and farmers' market, was developed alongside the city's "Design '79" downtown revitalization effort and opened in 1983.<ref name=Allen2>Template:Cite news</ref> The center, located in a converted warehouse, originally housed the city's arts council and museum, history and science museums, and the Mill Mountain Theatre.<ref name="Square">Template:Cite web</ref> It has since expanded to five buildings, providing rent-free space to twelve institutions, including the Science Museum of Western Virginia and Hopkins Planetarium, the Harrison Museum of African American Culture, and the Roanoke Pinball Museum.<ref name="Square" />

One of the original tenants of Center in the Square, the Art Museum of Western Virginia, moved to a downtown Salem Avenue facility in 2008.<ref name=Kittredge1 /> The move was made with the help of a $15.2 million donation from Nicholas and Jenny Taubman, whose family had established Advance Auto Parts in Roanoke in the 1930s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As a result, the museum was renamed the Taubman Museum of Art.<ref name=Kittredge2>Template:Cite news</ref> The art museum features 19th and 20th century American art, contemporary and modern art, decorative arts, and works on paper.<ref name=Taubman>Template:Cite news</ref> The Template:Convert facility was designed by Los Angeles-based architect Randall Stout, who earlier in his career worked under Frank Gehry.<ref name=Kittredge1>Template:Cite news</ref> Though the building's avant-garde design was controversial,<ref name=Schultz1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> it has since won international praise for its architecture.<ref name=Allen3>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

An exterior photo of an upright rocket standing outside of a brick building

Jupiter Rocket outside the Virginia Museum of Transportation

Also located downtown is the Virginia Museum of Transportation, which houses many locomotives that were built in Roanoke by the Norfolk & Western Railway, including the 1218 and 611 steam engines.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Allen4>Template:Cite news</ref> A 2013 fundraising campaign led to the engine's refurbishment,<ref name=Allen5>Template:Cite news</ref> and it now does tourist excursion runs when not home at the museum.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In addition to its rail exhibits, the museum also displays a US Army Jupiter rocket<ref name=Jackson1>Template:Cite news</ref> and houses exhibits covering aviation as well as automobiles.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The museum is located in the former Norfolk and Western freight depot which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref name="NatRegFreight">Template:Cite web</ref>

The former Norfolk and Western Passenger Station hosts two museums: the O. Winston Link Museum, dedicated to the late steam-era railroad photography of O. Winston Link, and the History Museum of Western Virginia.<ref name=Koomen1>Template:Cite news</ref> Originally built in 1905, the station underwent a 1949 renovation in the Moderne style by designer Raymond Loewy, and is one of four contributing structures to the Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref name="NatRegHD">Template:Cite web</ref>

Arts

The Berglund Performing Arts Theatre is a 2,150-seat venue within the larger Berglund Center complex.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It regularly hosts concerts,<ref name=Dickens1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Dickens2>Template:Cite news</ref> touring Broadway theatre performances,<ref name=Helms-Beckner>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Allen6>Template:Cite news</ref> stand-up comedy shows,<ref name=Dickens3>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Comedy>Template:Cite news</ref> and the Miss Virginia pageant.<ref name=Mouketo1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=MissVa>Template:Cite news</ref> The city's first permanent artwork funded by the Percent for Art ordinance Template:Endash a law stating that the city must set aside 1% of its capital improvements budget for the purchasing of public art<ref name=Allen1/> Template:Endash stands before the theater. Dedicated in 2008 to celebrate the city's 150th anniversary,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Template:Convert stainless steel sculpture, "In My Hands", is one of over 160 public works of art in Roanoke.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Jefferson Center in Roanoke Virginia.jpg

The Jefferson Center as it appeared in 2023. The Tudor Revival building opened as Jefferson High School in 1924.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Jefferson Center is a former city high school that saw extensive renovation during the 1990s, turning it into a mixed-use building including office space for non-profits and city departments, event space for meetings and receptions, and the Shaftman Performance Hall, a 925-seat theatre created from the original high school's auditorium.<ref name=Kittredge3>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2006, the former Dumas Hotel was reopened as the Dumas Center for Artistic and Cultural Development.<ref name=Hutkin1>Template:Cite news</ref> The center is located on Henry Street, which served as the commercial and cultural center of Roanoke's African-American community before a mid-20th century urban renewal project that saw much of the historic Gainsboro neighborhood razed or relocated.<ref name="Bishop">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Dumas Hotel hosted such guests as Louis Armstrong, Ethel Waters, Count Basie, Duke Ellington and Nat King Cole when they performed in Roanoke.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The renovated Dumas Center features an auditorium with more than 200 seats,<ref name=Hutkin1 /> and the building is a contributing structure to the Henry Street Historic District, listed in 2004 to the National Register of Historic Places.<ref name="NatRegHenry">Template:Cite web</ref>

Since 1964, the Roanoke Valley has hosted performances by the Mill Mountain Theatre, a regional theatre that has been located in Center in the Square since its original home atop Mill Mountain burned down in 1976.<ref name=Kittredge4>Template:Cite news</ref> The theatre has both a main stage for mainstream performances and a smaller black box theatre called Waldron Stage, which hosts both newer and more experimental plays along with other live events.<ref name=Allen7>Template:Cite news</ref>

Roanoke has been home to the Showtimers Community Theatre since 1951,<ref name=Allen8>Template:Cite news</ref> and since 2008, the Virginia Children's Theatre has presented shows aimed at a younger audience, often based on children's literature.<ref name=Allen9>PTemplate:Cite news</ref> Originally formed as Roanoke Children's Theatre and housed in the Taubman Museum at that building's opening, the theatre expanded into the Dumas Center in 2013, and in 2016 moved to its current home in the Jefferson Center.<ref name=Allen9 />

Opera Roanoke is Southwest Virginia's only professional opera company, established in 1976 as the Southwest Virginia Opera Society.<ref name=Opera>Template:Cite news</ref> It has performed under its current name since 1991, and its official orchestra since 2004 has been the Roanoke Symphony Orchestra.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> That group was established in 1953.<ref name="Staplefoote-2018">Template:Cite web</ref> The orchestra performs out of the Berglund Performing Arts Theatre, Salem Civic Center, and Shaftman Performance Hall at Jefferson Center.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Points of interest

Roanoke is the largest metropolitan area on the Blue Ridge Parkway,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> a 469-mile-long scenic road that is the most-visited element of the National Park System.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Mill Mountain Parkway exit off of the Blue Ridge Parkway leads to the Roanoke Star, an Template:Convert illuminated star sitting atop a mountain inside the city's limits.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Also on the mountain's summit is Mill Mountain Zoo, a Zoological Association of America-accredited facility housing over 170 animals.<ref name=Berrier2>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A photo of the Texas Tavern restaurant at night

The Texas Tavern has changed little since its establishment in 1930.

The Basilica of St. Andrew rests on a hill overlooking downtown and has been called "one of Virginia's foremost examples of the High Victorian Gothic".<ref name="NatRegAndrews">Template:Cite web</ref> The church dates to 1900, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1973.<ref name="NatRegAndrews"/> Just below the church lies the Hotel Roanoke, a historic 330-room Tudor Revival hotel originally built by the Norfolk and Western Railway in 1882 and rebuilt and expanded many times since.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Nicknamed the "Grand Old Lady",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the hotel was listed on the NRHP in 1995.<ref name="NatRegHotel">Template:Cite web</ref>

A pedestrian bridge leads from the Hotel Roanoke to the city's historic market building and farmers' market, the latter of which dates to 1882 and is the oldest continuously operating open-air market in Virginia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Near the terminus of the market is Fire Station No. 1, which for a time was the oldest continuously operating station in the state.<ref name=Struzzi1>Template:Cite news</ref> The Georgian Revival structure was listed on the NRHP in 1973,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and currently houses a local furniture showroom, restaurant, and boutique hotel.<ref name=Petska4>Template:Cite news</ref> Two blocks west on the same street is Texas Tavern, an "iconic"<ref name=Berrier3>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Friedenberger1>Template:Cite news</ref> ten-seat greasy spoon restaurant that the same family has operated since its establishment in 1930.<ref name=Nair1>Template:Cite news</ref>

Festivals

File:Roanoke Local Colors Festival with Kenya Represented in Photo.jpg

Parade of Nations at the Local Colors Festival

Roanoke features several annual festivals and events of various types. A parade for St. Patrick's Day occurs every March,<ref name=Sampson1>Template:Cite news</ref> and Pride in the Park is an LGBTQ+ community celebration that draws thousands of visitors every April.<ref name=Sturgeon6>Template:Cite news</ref> Several events occur in May, including the Local Colors festival celebrating the cultures of the area's diverse ethnicities,<ref name=Weir1>Template:Cite news</ref> the city's Strawberry Festival,<ref name=Strawberry>Template:Cite news</ref> the Down by Downtown music festival which coincides with the Blue Ridge Marathon,<ref name=Dickens4>Template:Cite news</ref> and Memorial Day weekend's Festival in the Park, which brings music and vendors to downtown Elmwood Park.<ref name=Dickens5>Template:Cite news</ref>

Later in the year, Elmwood Park hosts the Henry Street Heritage Festival, the primary fundraiser for the Harrison Museum of African American Culture.<ref name=Mouketo2>Template:Cite news</ref> The event's popularity necessitated the move from its eponymous location.<ref name=Mouketo2 /> The Go Outside Festival, also known as GO Fest, is a free three-day event every October that celebrates the region's outdoor recreation opportunities,<ref name=Wall2>Template:Cite news</ref> and the city holds the multi-week Dickens of a Christmas each December. This Victorian era-themed event includes a Christmas tree lighting, parade, and horse-drawn carriage rides through downtown.<ref name=Berrier4>Template:Cite news</ref>

Sports

The 1971–1972 Virginia Squires of the American Basketball Association were the only major league sports team to play home games in Roanoke regularly. During that season, the Squires split home games between Richmond, Norfolk, Hampton Roads and Roanoke.<ref name=Squires>Template:Cite news</ref> Julius Erving played his professional rookie season with the Squires that year before being sent to the New York Nets.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Salem Memorial Ballpark Blue Ridge.jpg

The Blue Ridge Mountains viewed from Salem Memorial Ballpark

Minor league baseball has had a long history in the Roanoke Valley.<ref name=McFarling1>Template:Cite news</ref> In the 1940s and early 1950s, Roanoke was home to a class B farm team of the Boston Red Sox.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite web</ref> Since 1955, neighboring Salem has hosted the local minor league baseball team, which Template:As of is the Salem Red Sox of the Low-A Carolina League.<ref name=":6" /> The team had previously been affiliated with the Houston Astros and Colorado Rockies and known as the Avalanche until becoming an affiliate of the Boston Red Sox, whose ownership group purchased the Avalanche after the 2007 season.<ref name=Berman1>Template:Cite news</ref>

The history of minor league hockey in the Roanoke Valley goes back to 1967.<ref name=Berman2>Template:Cite news</ref> The Roanoke Express of the ECHL built a loyal following in the mid-1990s,<ref name=Hockey>Template:Cite news</ref> but a combination of financial turmoil due to mismanagement and declining attendance from a lack of post-season success led to the ECHL ending their franchise in 2004.<ref name=Hockey /><ref name=Waugh1>Template:Cite news</ref> An attempt at a revival in 2005–06 by the UHL's Roanoke Valley Vipers failed after one season.<ref name="Berman2" /> In 2016, professional ice hockey returned to Roanoke after ten years when the Roanoke Rail Yard Dawgs of the SPHL began to play,<ref name="Berman2" /> and the team won its first-ever President's Cup title in 2023.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

While the Roanoke area is not home to any NCAA Division I schools, its proximity to Virginia Tech has led it to host some collegiate athletic events. Beginning in 1977, Roanoke, along with Richmond, was one of the primary neutral sites for the annual basketball game between Virginia Tech and the Virginia Cavaliers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2000 the schools started holding these games in campus facilities.<ref name=Bogaczyk1>Template:Cite news</ref>

From 1913, Roanoke played host to an annual football game between Virginia Tech and the Virginia Military Institute, first at Maher Field and then in the newly constructed Victory Stadium starting in 1942.<ref name="Cox1" /> The game was moved to Thanksgiving Day beginning in the early 1920s and was a holiday mainstay in the city until 1971.<ref name="Cox1" /><ref name=Ayers1>Template:Cite news</ref>

Roanoke's location among the Blue Ridge Mountains makes it a destination for other sporting events. Every year since 2010 (barring 2020, when it was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic),<ref name=Wall3>Template:Cite news</ref> the Roanoke Outside Foundation has put on the Blue Ridge Marathon, which is regarded as difficult due to its considerable elevation changes.<ref name=Wall3 /><ref name=Boone1>Template:Cite news</ref> The USA Cycling Amateur Road National Championships were held in the city and surrounding areas in 2022 and 2023,<ref name=Wall4>Template:Cite news</ref> and an Ironman 70.3 triathlon event brought competitors to the region from 2021Template:Endash2023.<ref name=Sturgeon7>Template:Cite news</ref>

Parks and recreation

There are 60 parks within Roanoke's city limits, and its parks and recreation department is responsible for nearly 14,000 acres of public land.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Highland Park in the historic Old Southwest neighborhood is the city's oldest, having been purchased in 1902 when the former farm was still distant from the settled part of the city.Template:R Elmwood Park in downtown Roanoke became the city's second in 1911.Template:R It features a Japanese magnolia tree that was acquired by Commodore Matthew Perry during an expedition to Japan and donated in 1857 to the former owner of the park.<ref name=Bradburn1>Template:Cite news</ref> Template:As of Elmwood holds the city's main library branch as well as an art walk and a 4,000-seat amphitheater.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Roanoke features an extensive network of paved greenways for walkers, runners, and cyclists.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Though the idea for a publicly owned greenway system can be traced back to a 1907 comprehensive plan for the city,<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> it was not until 1995 that an intergovernmental committee was formed to plan and develop the project.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Since that time, Template:Convert of greenways have been built across the Roanoke Valley.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:As of the longest continuous stretch runs Template:Convert along the Roanoke River from Salem through Roanoke City to Vinton.<ref name=Dehr1>Template:Cite news</ref> Roanoke County is also in the planning stages of extending that same stretch westward into Montgomery County.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:As of Roanoke contained over Template:Convert of trails and greenways.<ref name=Shipley>Template:Cite web</ref>

Government

Like most cities in Virginia, Roanoke has a council-manager form of government.<ref name=Monuments>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Cramer1>Template:Cite news</ref> The city manager maintains the day-to-day operation of the city's government and has the authority to hire and fire city employees.<ref name=Cramer1 /> The mayor has little executive authority and is essentially the "first among equals" on the Roanoke City Council,<ref name=Cramer1 /> though the position wields influence through public appearances and annual State of the City addresses.<ref name=Chittum5>Template:Cite news</ref>

The city council has six members, not counting the mayor, all of whom are elected on an at-large basis.<ref name=":12">Template:Cite act Template:Cite web</ref> A proposal for a ward-based council was rejected by Roanoke voters in 1997, but ward system advocates still contend that the at-large system results in a disproportionate number of council members coming from affluent neighborhoods and that electing some or all council members on a ward basis would result in a more equal representation of all areas of the city.<ref name="Sturgeon8">Template:Cite news</ref> The four-year terms of city council members are staggered, with three members elected every two years.<ref name=":12" /> The candidate who receives the most votes is designated the vice mayor for the following two years.<ref name=":12" />

On June 27, 2016, Sherman P. Lea Sr. took the office of mayor,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and he was re-elected to the same position in 2020.<ref name=Berrier5>Template:Cite news</ref> The current city manager, Bob Cowell, has been in that position since 2017.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Joseph L. Cobb is serving his second term as the city's vice mayor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The city has adopted a budget for the 2024 fiscal year that includes revenues and expenditures totaling $355.4 million, representing a 9.4% increase over the previous year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Local taxes, including real estate, personal property, and sales taxes, are the government's largest source of revenue at over 70% of its intake.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Roanoke is represented by two members of the Virginia House of Delegates, Sam Rasoul (D-11th) and Chris Head (R-17th), and one member of the Virginia Senate, John Edwards (D-21st).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In February 2023, Edwards announced his intention to retire after 28 years in the state senate.<ref name=Hammack2>Template:Cite news</ref> The city lies within Template:Ushr, which also includes Lynchburg and much of the Shenandoah Valley. Since 2019 the district has been represented by Republican Ben Cline.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Roanoke is one of the few Democratic pockets in the otherwise heavily Republican Southwest Virginia.<ref name=Chittum6>Template:Cite news</ref> It has supported the Democratic Party nominee in every election since 1988 and in all but one election since 1976.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Education

Two four-year private institutions are situated in neighboring localities – Roanoke College in the city of Salem,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Hollins University in Roanoke County.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Virginia Tech and Radford University's main campuses are located in the nearby New River Valley, and both of those schools have partnered with Carilion Clinic, the regional nonprofit health care organization based in Roanoke, to create medical colleges in the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=Rife4>Template:Cite news</ref> Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute was founded in 2007,<ref name=JonesS1>Template:Cite news</ref> and Radford University Carilion was established in 2019.<ref name=Wall5>Template:Cite news</ref> The Roanoke Higher Education Center opened in 2000 in the former Norfolk and Western General Office BuildingTemplate:EndashNorth, and provides over 150 programs ranging from high school equivalent degrees to doctorates.<ref name=Edwards1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Virginia Western Community College is located in the city and provides associate degrees as well as facilitated transfers to many four-year colleges in the area.<ref name=Adkins1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Adkins2>Template:Cite news</ref> ECPI University, a private for-profit institution, also has a campus located in Roanoke.<ref name=Mattingly1>Template:Cite news</ref>

The local public school division is Roanoke City Public Schools.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The two general enrollment public high schools in the city are Patrick Henry High School, located in the Raleigh Court area,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and William Fleming High School, located in Northwest Roanoke.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A prominent parochial school in the city is Roanoke Catholic,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which dates to 1889 and shares its campus with the Basilica of St. Andrew.<ref name=Hammack3>Template:Cite news</ref> Private non-parochial schools in Roanoke include Community High School of Arts and Academics. The school was first housed in the Jefferson Center before moving to its current location in downtown Roanoke in 2011.<ref name=McCallum1>Template:Cite news</ref>

Media

The city's daily newspaper, The Roanoke Times, has been published since 1886.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:As of weekday and Sunday circulation both average around 25,000.<ref name=SEC>Template:Cite report". investors.lee.net. Retrieved July 19, 2023.</ref> In 2013 the paper was sold to Berkshire Hathaway, which in turn sold its BH Media holdings Template:Endash The Roanoke Times included Template:Endash to Lee Enterprises in 2020.<ref name=RTD>Template:Cite news</ref> Beth Macy, author of the bestselling book Dopesick which was adapted into a 2021 Hulu miniseries of the same name, was a reporter at The Roanoke Times for 25 years.<ref name="Woods1">Template:Cite news</ref> The Roanoke Star and Cardinal News are independent digital newspapers that have sought to fill the local news coverage gap resulting from the purchase of The Roanoke Times by an out-of-state publisher and its subsequent reduction in staff.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The weekly Roanoke Tribune covers the city's African-American community.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The publication was founded in 1939 by the Rev. Fleming Alexander and since 1971 has been owned and edited by his daughter.<ref name="Fifer1">Template:Cite news</ref> The Roanoker is the area's bi-monthly lifestyle magazine and has been published since 1972 by Leisure Publishing, which also puts out the bi-monthly Blue Ridge Country magazine.<ref name="Boone2">Template:Cite news</ref>

Roanoke and Lynchburg are grouped in the same television market, which Template:As of ranks #71 in the United States with 456,390 households.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city has affiliates for all major networks including NBC affiliate WSLS 10,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> CBS affiliate WDBJ 7,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Fox affiliate WFXR Fox,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> PBS affiliate WBRA-TV,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and ION Television affiliate WPXR-TV.<ref>Berrier, Jr., Ralph. "Jones Broadcasting moving to Roanoke." Roanoke Times, The (VA), July 21, 2012: A8.</ref> The Roanoke-Lynchburg radio market has a population of 451,600 and is ranked number 122 in the United States Template:As of.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> iHeartMedia owns many stations in the area, including WROV, WJJS, WYYD, and WSTV.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The reality television show Salvage Dawgs was based out of Roanoke. The show, which ran for 11 seasons on the DIY Network, followed the owners and employees of the architectural salvage company Black Dog Salvage as they located and acquired pieces for their store.<ref name=Fabris3>Template:Cite news</ref> Some of the company's projects in Roanoke itself were highlighted on the show, including their part in the renovation of Fire Station No. 1.<ref name=Fabris3/>

Infrastructure

Transportation

Template:Main Interstate 581, the primary north–south roadway in the city, connects Roanoke to Interstate 81 to the north. Interstate 581 is a concurrency with U.S. Route 220, which continues as the Roy L. Webber Expressway from downtown Roanoke, where the I-581 designation ends, south to State Route 419. Route 220 continues south to connect Roanoke to Martinsville, Virginia, and Greensboro, North Carolina; a proposed extension of Interstate 73 into Roanoke from North Carolina, running partially concurrent with and parallel to US 220, has long been stalled due to funding issues.<ref name=Sturgeon9>Template:Cite news</ref>

The primary east–west roadway through the city is U.S. Route 460, named Melrose Avenue and Orange Avenue. Route 460 connects Roanoke to Lynchburg to the east and Christiansburg to the west. U.S. Route 11 passes through the city, primarily as Brandon Avenue and Williamson Road, which was a center of automotive-based commercial development after World War II.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other major roads include U.S. Route 221, State Route 117 (known as Peters Creek Road) and State Route 101 (known as Hershberger Road). The Blue Ridge Parkway also briefly runs adjacent to the city border.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Roanoke-Blacksburg Regional Airport.jpg

Roanoke–Blacksburg Regional Airport terminal building

The Roanoke–Blacksburg Regional Airport is located in the northern part of the city. It is the primary passenger and cargo airport for Southwest Virginia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The airport is served by American Airlines, United Airlines, Delta and Allegiant Air.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Due to the facility's size, location in the mountains, and proximity to Andrews Air Force Base, it is often used as a pilot training destination for the Special Air Mission fleet that serves as Air Force One and Two when the nation's leaders are aboard.<ref name=Kojima1>Template:Cite news</ref>

While Roanoke is known for its rail history, low ridership numbers led Amtrak to discontinue passenger rail service to the city in 1979.<ref name=Sturgeon10>Template:Cite news</ref> Beginning in 2011, Roanoke funded a bus service, the Smart Way Connector, to connect riders to the Amtrak station in Lynchburg as well as to show Amtrak that there was once again a demand for the service in Roanoke.<ref name=Sturgeon11>Template:Cite news</ref> In August 2013, it was announced that Amtrak's Northeast Regional service would be extended from Lynchburg by 2017. On October 31, 2017, after 38 years without passenger rail service, Amtrak resumed service to Roanoke.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The service has been successful enough that a second daily train to Roanoke was added in 2022.<ref name=Sturgeon12>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:611 at Roanoke.jpg

The N&W 611 waiting at Roanoke station in 2017

Despite Norfolk Southern's relocation of its corporate headquarters out of the city, Roanoke is still a major hub in the company's freight rail system.<ref name=Sturgeon5/> The railway's Pocahontas Division, consisting of over Template:Convert of track, is headquartered just outside of downtown Roanoke,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and though the volume of coal passing through the city has declined in recent decades, 70 million tons of freight are shipped on the area's railroads annually.<ref name=Era/><ref name=Sturgeon13>Template:Cite news</ref>

The Valley Metro provides bus service to the city of Roanoke and surrounding areas. In June 2023, the service began operating out of a new facility on Third Street in downtown Roanoke, built to replace the aging Campbell Court station.<ref name=Dehr2>Template:Cite news</ref> Valley Metro also offers bus service to Blacksburg, Christiansburg and Virginia Tech via its Smart Way service,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as well as the Ferrum Express, a free shuttle that runs between downtown Roanoke and Ferrum College in nearby Rocky Mount.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The 21st century has seen Roanoke put considerable resources towards improving its cycling infrastructure. In addition to its extensive paved greenway network, Roanoke has added 43 miles of marked bike lanes along its major roads.<ref name=Casey1>Template:Cite news</ref> In recent years, the city has put millions of dollars towards pedestrian safety improvements, including lane reductions on busy roads, audible signals, and additional street lighting.<ref name=Ruhlen1>Template:Cite news</ref> Roanoke is served by RIDE Solutions, a regional transportation demand management agency that provides carpool matching, cycling advocacy, transit assistance and remote work assistance to businesses and citizens in the region.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Utilities

Roanoke is supplied electricity by the Appalachian Power Company, an American Electric Power division. Appalachian Power serves roughly 500,000 people in Western Virginia and another 500,000 in West Virginia and Tennessee.<ref name=Hammack4>Template:Cite news</ref> The area's water and wastewater operations are managed by the Western Virginia Water Authority. That organization was founded in 2004 with the consolidation of the water utilities of Roanoke City and Roanoke County, under the logic that the location of watersheds should determine the management of local resources rather than government boundaries.<ref name=":14">Template:Cite web</ref> The Water Authority has since taken on the water-based utilities of Franklin and Botetourt Counties as well as the towns of Boones Mill and Vinton.<ref name=":14" />

Healthcare

Roanoke is the primary center for healthcare in Western Virginia, serving an estimated one million people.<ref name=":15">Template:Cite web</ref> Carilion Clinic, a non-profit healthcare group, is the region's largest provider with over 750 physicians spread across eight hospitals.<ref name=":16">Carilion Clinic. "Fast Facts 2020 At a Glance". https://www.carilionclinic.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/carilion_ar_2020_factsheet_210601_0_0.pdf Template:Webarchive. Retrieved July 31, 2023.</ref> The region is also served by the Lewis-Gale Medical Center, a 521-bed facility established in Roanoke in 1911 and now located in Salem,<ref name=":15" />Template:R as well as a Veterans Affairs Medical Center serving over 100,000 military veterans in the region, also located in Salem.<ref name=":15" />

Sister cities

Roanoke has six sister cities:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col

• Template:Flagicon Florianópolis, Brazil
• Template:Flagicon Kisumu, Kenya
• Template:Flagicon Lijiang, China
• Template:Flagicon Opole, Poland
• Template:Flagicon Saint-Lô, France
• Template:Flagicon Wonju, South Korea

In February 2023, it was announced that the city was officially pausing its sister city affiliation with Pskov, Russia, due to the continuing Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref name=Hunter1>Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

• National Register of Historic Places listings in Roanoke, Virginia
• USS Roanoke, 7 ships

External links

• Template:Official website
• Visit Virginia's Blue Ridge
• Downtown Roanoke
• Roanoke Regional Partnership
• Roanoke Outside