Ethel Waters
Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox person Ethel Waters (October 31, 1896 – September 1, 1977) was an American singer and actress. Waters frequently performed jazz, swing, and pop music on the Broadway stage and in concerts. She began her career in the 1920s singing blues. Her notable recordings include "Dinah", "Stormy Weather", "Taking a Chance on Love", "Heat Wave", "Supper Time", "Am I Blue?", "Cabin in the Sky", "I'm Coming Virginia", and her version of "His Eye Is on the Sparrow". Waters was the second African American to be nominated for an Academy Award, the first African American to star on her own television show, and the first African-American woman to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award.
Early life
[edit]Ethel Waters was born in Chester, Pennsylvania, on October 31, 1896 (some sources incorrectly state her birth year as 1900<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=Gog>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>In her second autobiography, To Me, It's Wonderful Template:Webarchive, Waters stated that she was born in 1896. She had explained in the first autobiography, His Eye is on the Sparrow, that, in order to get a group insurance deal, friends had persuaded her to say that she was born in 1900.</ref>) to African-American mother Louise Anderson (1881–1962). Her birth was the result of the rape of teenaged Louise Anderson<ref name=Gog/> by 17-year-old John Wesley (a.k.a. Wesley John) Waters (1878–1901),<ref name=Gog/> a pianist and family acquaintance from a middle-class African-American background. Waters' family was very fair-skinned, his mother in particular.<ref name="bourne2007">Template:Cite book</ref> Waters played no role in raising his daughter.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Many sources, including Ethel herself, reported for years that her mother was 12 or 13 years old at the time of the rape, and 13 when Ethel was born.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Stephen Bourne opens his 2007 biography, Ethel Waters: Stormy Weather, with the statement that genealogical research has shown that Louise Anderson may have been 15 or 16 years old.<ref name="bourne2007"/>
Soon after Waters was born, her mother married Norman Howard, a railroad worker, with whom she had a daughter, Juanita Howard, Ethel's half-sister. Ethel used the surname Howard as a child and then reverted to using the surname Waters.<ref>Ethel Waters. Encyclopedia.com Template:Webarchive. Retrieved September 25, 2016.</ref> She was raised in poverty by Sally Anderson, her grandmother, who worked as a housemaid, and with two of her aunts and an uncle.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Waters never lived in the same place for more than 15 months. Of her difficult childhood, she said "I never was a child. I never was cuddled, liked, or understood by my family."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Waters grew tall, standing Template:Convert in her teens. According to jazz historian and archivist Rosetta Reitz, Waters's birth in the North and her peripatetic (or nomadic) life exposed her to many cultures. Waters first married in 1910 at the age of 13, but her husband was abusive, and she soon left the marriage and became a maid in a Philadelphia hotel, working for $4.75 per week. On her 17th birthday, she attended a costume party at a nightclub on Juniper Street. She was persuaded to sing two songs and impressed the audience so much that she was offered professional work at the Lincoln Theatre in Baltimore.<ref name="lincoln">Template:Cite web</ref> The job singing and dancing in Baltimore netted her $9 a week, with two of her friends weekly skimming $16 for getting her the job.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Career
[edit]Singing
[edit]After her start in Baltimore, Waters toured on the black vaudeville circuit, in her words "from nine until unconscious." Despite her early success, she fell on hard times and joined a carnival traveling in freight cars headed for Chicago. She enjoyed her time with the carnival and recalled, "the roustabouts and the concessionaires were the kind of people I'd grown up with, rough, tough, full of larceny towards strangers, but sentimental and loyal to their friends and co-workers." But she did not last long with them and soon headed south to Atlanta, where she worked in the same club as Bessie Smith. Smith demanded that Waters not compete in singing blues opposite her. Waters conceded and sang ballads and popular songs. Around 1919, Waters moved to Harlem and became a performer in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s.
Her first Harlem job was at Edmond's Cellar, a club with a black patronage that specialized in popular ballads. She acted in a blackface comedy, Hello 1919. Jazz historian Rosetta Reitz pointed out that by the time Waters returned to Harlem in 1921, women blues singers were among the most powerful entertainers in the country. In 1921, Waters became the fifth black woman to make a record, for tiny Cardinal Records. She later joined Black Swan, where Fletcher Henderson was her accompanist. Waters later commented that Henderson tended to perform in a more classical style than she preferred, often lacking "the damn-it-to-hell bass."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
She recorded for Black Swan from 1921 through 1923.<ref name="Russell">Template:Cite book</ref> Her contract with Harry Pace made her the highest paid black recording artist at the time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In early 1924, Paramount bought Black Swan, and she stayed with Paramount through the year.
Around that time, Waters was approached by Maury Greenwald for the London run of Plantation Days,<ref name=petersen/> although she later joined the company on its return to Chicago in August 1923, as an "extra added attraction" to "save the fast-flopping revue".<ref name=petersen>Template:Cite book</ref>
She started working with Pearl Wright, and they toured in the South. In 1924, Waters played at the Plantation Club on Broadway. She also toured with the Black Swan Dance Masters.
She first recorded for Columbia in 1925, achieving a hit with "Dinah".
With Earl Dancer, she joined what was called the "white time" Keith Vaudeville Circuit, a vaudeville circuit performing for white audiences and combined with screenings of silent movies. They received rave reviews in Chicago and earned the unheard-of salary of US$1,250 in 1928. In September 1926, Waters recorded "I'm Coming Virginia", composed by Donald Heywood with lyrics by Will Marion Cook. She is often wrongly attributed as the author. The following year, Waters sang it in a production of Africana at Broadway's Daly's Sixty-Third Street Theatre.<ref name="JS">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1929, Waters and Wright arranged the unreleased Harry Akst song "Am I Blue?", which was used in the movie On with the Show and became a hit and her signature song.<ref name="Heat Wave">Template:Cite book</ref>
Film, theater and television
[edit]In 1933, Waters appeared in a satirical all-black film, Rufus Jones for President, which featured the child performer Sammy Davis Jr. as Rufus Jones.
She went on to star at the Cotton Club, where, according to her autobiography, she "sang 'Stormy Weather' from the depths of the private hell in which I was being crushed and suffocated." In 1933, she had a featured role in the successful Irving Berlin Broadway musical revue As Thousands Cheer with Clifton Webb, Marilyn Miller, and Helen Broderick.<ref name=":0" /> She became the first black woman to integrate Broadway's theater district more than a decade after actor Charles Gilpin's critically acclaimed performances in the plays of Eugene O'Neill beginning with The Emperor Jones in 1920.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Waters held three jobs: in As Thousands Cheer, as a singer for Jack Denny & His Orchestra on a national radio program,<ref name=":0" /> and in nightclubs. She became the highest-paid performer on Broadway.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Despite this status, she had difficulty finding work. She moved to Los Angeles to appear in the 1942 film Cairo. During the same year, she reprised her starring stage role as Petunia in the all-black film musical Cabin in the Sky directed by Vincente Minnelli, and starring Lena Horne as the ingénue. Conflicts arose when Minnelli swapped songs from the original script between Waters and Horne:<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> Waters wanted to perform "Honey in the Honeycomb" as a ballad, but Horne wanted to dance to it. Horne broke her ankle and the songs were reversed. She got the ballad and Waters the dance. Waters sang the Academy Award-nominated "Happiness is Just a Thing Called Joe".<ref name=":1" />
In 1939, Waters became the first African American to star in her own television show:<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Ethel Waters Show, a variety special, appeared on NBC's New York station on June 14, 1939. It included a dramatic performance of the Broadway play Mamba's Daughters, based on the Gullah community of South Carolina and produced with her in mind.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The play was based on the novel by DuBose Heyward.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Waters was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the film Pinky (1949) under the direction of Elia Kazan after the first director, John Ford, quit over disagreements with Waters. According to producer Darryl F. Zanuck, Ford "hated that old...woman (Waters)." Ford, Kazan stated, "didn't know how to reach Ethel Waters." Kazan later referred to Waters's "truly odd combination of old-time religiosity and free-flowing hatred."<ref name="Eyman">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1950, she won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award for her performance opposite Julie Harris in the play The Member of the Wedding. Waters and Harris repeated their roles in the 1952 film version.
In 1950, Waters was the first African-American actress to star in a television series, Beulah, which aired on ABC television from 1950 through 1952.<ref name="harry">Template:Cite web</ref> It was the first nationally broadcast weekly television series starring an African American in the leading role. She starred as Beulah for the first year of the TV series before quitting in 1951,<ref name="Lance">Template:Cite book</ref> complaining that the portrayal of blacks was "degrading." She was replaced by Louise Beavers in the second and third season.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She guest-starred in 1957 and 1959 on NBC's The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford. In a 1957 segment, she sang "Cabin in the Sky".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Personal life
[edit]Her first autobiography, His Eye Is on the Sparrow, (1951), written with Charles Samuels, was adapted for the stage by Larry Parr and premiered on October 7, 2005.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1953, she appeared in a Broadway show, At Home With Ethel Waters that opened on September 22, 1953, and closed October 10 after 23 performances.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Waters married three times and had no children. When she was 13, she married Merritt "Buddy" Purnsley in 1909; they divorced in 1913.<ref name="LEA">Template:Cite book</ref> She married Clyde Edwards Matthews in 1929, and they divorced in 1933.<ref name="Gog" /> She married Edward Mallory<ref name="Boo" /> in 1938; they divorced in 1945.<ref name="Gog" /> Waters was the great-aunt of the singer-songwriter Crystal Waters.<ref name="VIC" /> Waters may have also been married briefly to Earl Dancer in 1927.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
According to the National Museum of African American History and Culture, Waters identified as bisexual early in her career, though she never spoke publicly about her sexuality, and had a large gay and lesbian following that included photographer Carl Van Vechten.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref> During the early 1920s, she reportedly lived in Harlem with dancer Ethel Williams, identified by several historical retrospectives as her romantic partner.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This residence has been documented by the NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project, who write that Waters was "well known in Harlem's lesbian circles" and that she and Williams were known to lesbian activist Mabel Hampton as "the two Ethels".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Singer Elisabeth Welch gave a similar account to British lesbian magazine Diva in 1997.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1938, Waters met artist Luigi Lucioni through their mutual friend, Carl Van Vechten. Lucioni asked Waters if he could paint her portrait, and a sitting was arranged at his studio at 64 Washington Square South. Waters bought the finished portrait from Lucioni in 1939 for $500. She was at the height of her career and the first African American to have a starring role on Broadway. In her portrait, she wore a tailored red dress with a mink coat draped over the back of her chair. Lucioni positioned Waters with her arms tightly wrapped around her waist, a gesture that conveyed vulnerability, as if she were trying to protect herself. The painting was considered lost because it had not been seen in public since 1942. Huntsville (Alabama) Museum of Art Executive Director Christopher J. Madkour and historian Stuart Embury traced it to a private residence. The owner considered Waters to be "an adopted grandmother"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but she allowed the Huntsville Museum of Art to display Portrait of Ethel Waters in the 2016 exhibition American Romantic: The Art of Luigi Lucioni where it was viewed by the public for the first time in more than 70 years. The museum acquired Portrait of Ethel Waters in 2017, and it was shown in an exhibition in February 2018.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
A turning point came in 1957 when she attended the Billy Graham Crusade in Madison Square Garden. Years later, she gave this testimony of that night: "In 1957, I, Ethel Waters, a 380-pound decrepit old lady, rededicated my life to Jesus Christ, and boy, because He lives, just look at me now. I tell you because He lives; and because my precious child, Billy, gave me the opportunity to stand there, I can thank God for the chance to tell you His eye is on all of us sparrows."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In her later years, Waters often toured with the preacher Billy Graham on his crusades.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She was a baptized Catholic and considered herself a member of that religion throughout her life.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Waters died on September 1, 1977, aged 80, from uterine cancer, kidney failure, and other ailments, in Chatsworth, California.<ref name="Bogle">Template:Cite book</ref> She is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale).<ref>Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons (3d ed.). McFarland & Company. Kindle edition. Kindle location 49813.</ref> Waters had given a collection of her papers, recordings, and personal effects to her friend Joan Croomes, which were later placed at the Harry Ransom Center where they are now available for research.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Ethel was written and performed by Terry Burrell as a one-woman tribute to Waters. It ran as a limited engagement in February and March 2012.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Awards and honors
[edit]- Her recording of "Stormy Weather" (1933) was listed in the National Recording Registry by the National Recording Preservation Board of the Library of Congress in 2003.
- Gospel Music Hall of Fame, 1983
- Christian Music Hall of Fame, 2007<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Waters was approved for a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2004; however, the star was never funded or installed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- In 2015, a historical marker memorializing Waters was unveiled along Route 291 in Chester, Pennsylvania to recognize her life and talents in the city of her birth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Commemorative stamp, U.S. Post Office, 1994<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Nomination, Best Supporting Actress, Academy Awards, Pinky 1949<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Nomination, Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Series, Primetime Emmy Awards, for Route 66 "Goodnight Sweet Blues", 1962
- Three recordings by Waters were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, a special Grammy Award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least twenty-five years old and have "qualitative or historical significance."
| Year | Title | Genre | Label | Year inducted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1929 | "Am I Blue?" | Traditional Pop (Single) | Columbia | 2007 |
| 1933 | "Stormy Weather" (Keeps Rainin' All The Time) |
Jazz (Single) | Brunswick | 2003 |
| 1925 | "Dinah" | Traditional Pop (Single) | Columbia | 1998 |
Hit records
[edit]| Year | Single | US chart<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> |
|---|---|---|
| 1921 | "Down Home Blues" | 5 |
| "There'll Be Some Changes Made" | 5 | |
| 1922 | "Spread Yo' Stuff" | 7 |
| "Tiger Rag" | 14 | |
| 1923 | "Georgia Blues" | 10 |
| 1925 | "Sweet Georgia Brown" | 6 |
| 1926 | "Dinah" | 2 |
| "I've Found a New Baby" | 11 | |
| "Sugar" | 9 | |
| 1927 | "I'm Coming, Virginia" | 10 |
| 1929 | "Am I Blue?" | 1 |
| "Birmingham Bertha" | 20 | |
| "True Blue Lou" | 15 | |
| 1931 | "Three Little Words" | 8 |
| "I Got Rhythm" | 17 | |
| "You Can't Stop Me from Lovin' You" | 13 | |
| "Shine On, Harvest Moon" | 9 | |
| "River, Stay 'Way from My Door" | 18 | |
| 1933 | "Stormy Weather" | 1 |
| "Don't Blame Me" | 6 | |
| "Heat Wave" | 7 | |
| "A Hundred Years from Today" | 7 | |
| 1934 | "Come Up and See Me Sometime" | 9 |
| "Miss Otis Regrets (She's Unable to Lunch Today)" | 19 | |
| 1938 | "You're a Sweetheart" | 16 |
Filmography
[edit]Features
[edit]| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1929 | On with the Show | Ethel | |
| 1934 | Gift of Gab | Ethel Waters | |
| 1942 | Tales of Manhattan | Esther | |
| Cairo | Cleona Jones | ||
| 1943 | Cabin in the Sky | Petunia Jackson | |
| Stage Door Canteen | Ethel Waters | ||
| 1949 | Pinky | Dicey Johnson | |
| 1952 | The Member of the Wedding | Berenice Sadie Brown | |
| 1957 | Carib Gold | Mom | |
| 1958 | The Heart Is a Rebel | Gladys | |
| 1959 | The Sound and the Fury | Dilsey | Last film role |
Short subjects
[edit]- Rufus Jones for President (1933) as Mother of Rufus Jones
- Bubbling Over (1934) as Ethel Peabody
- Let My People Live (1939)
Television
[edit]- First African American, male or female, to star in own TV show, The Ethel Waters Show, which was broadcast on NBC on June 14, 1939.
- Starred in title role of Beulah on ABC-TV from 1950 to 1951.
- TV guest appearances from 1950 to 1952 on The Jackie Gleason Show, Texaco Star Theater, This Is Show Business, What's My Line?, and The Chesterfield Supper Club<ref name="bogle">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Person to Person (1954)<ref name="bogle" />
- Whirlybirds, episode "The Big Lie" (1959)
- Route 66, episode "Good Night, Sweet Blues" (1961)
- The Hollywood Palace, hosted by Diana Ross and the Supremes (1969)
- Daniel Boone, episode "Mamma Cooper" (1970)
Stage appearances
[edit]- Hello 1919! (1919)
- Jump Steady (1922)
- Plantation Days (1923 re-run of 1922 production)<ref name=petersen/>
- Plantation Revue (1925)
- Black Bottom (1926)
- Miss Calico (1926–27)
- Paris Bound (1927)
- Africana (1927)
- The Ethel Waters Broadway Revue (1928)
- Lew Leslie's Blackbirds (1930)
- Rhapsody in Black (1931)
- Broadway to Harlem (1932)
- As Thousands Cheer (1933–34)
- At Home Abroad (1935–36)
- Mamba's Daughters (1939; 1940)
- Cabin in the Sky (1940–41)
- Laugh Time (1943)
- Blue Holiday (1945)
- The Member of the Wedding (1950–51; 1964; 1970)
- At Home with Ethel Waters (1953)
- The Voice of Strangers (1956)
References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]External links
[edit]- Ethel Waters Papers Digital Collection from the Harry Ransom Center
- Ethel Waters discography Template:Webarchive
- Ethel Waters at the African American Registry
- Template:AllMusic
- Ethel Waters 1896–1977 at Red Hot Jazz Archive
- Ethel Waters recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
- Template:Find a Grave
- Template:IBDB name
- Pages with broken file links
- 1896 births
- 1977 deaths
- Musicians from Philadelphia
- People from Chester, Pennsylvania
- Singers from Pennsylvania
- Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania
- 20th-century African-American actresses
- 20th-century American actresses
- 20th-century American singers
- 20th-century American women singers
- 20th-century African-American women singers
- American women jazz singers
- American film actresses
- American gospel singers
- American jazz singers
- American stage actresses
- Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
- Classic female blues singers
- Deaths from kidney failure in California
- Deaths from uterine cancer in the United States
- Jubilee Records artists
- American torch singers
- American vaudeville performers
- Biograph Records artists
- Mercury Records artists
- Paramount Records artists
- RCA Victor artists
- Vocalion Records artists
- African-American Catholics