Interstate 81

Interstate 81 (I-81) is a north–south (physically northeast–southwest) Interstate Highway in the eastern part of the United States. Its southern terminus is at I-40 in Dandridge, Tennessee; its northern terminus is on Wellesley Island, New York at the Canadian border, where the Thousand Islands Bridge connects it to Highway 137 and ultimately to Highway 401, the main Ontario freeway connecting Detroit via Toronto to Montreal. The major metropolitan areas along the route of I-81 include the Tri-Cities of Tennessee; Roanoke in Virginia; Hagerstown in Maryland; Harrisburg and the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania; and Binghamton and Syracuse in New York.

I-81 largely traces the paths created down the length of the Appalachian Mountains through the Great Appalachian Valley by migrating animals, indigenous peoples, and early settlers. It also follows a major corridor for troop movements during the Civil War.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> These trails and roadways gradually evolved into US Route 11 (US 11); I-81 parallels much of the older US 11.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref> Being mostly rural in nature, I-81 is heavily used as a trucking corridor and is often used as a bypass of busier and more congested Interstates to the east such as I-95; for this reason, it is also used heavily by drug and human traffickers, as it is less monitored by law enforcement than I-95. This led to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) forming a taskforce to combat the issue in 2017.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The I-81 Corridor Coalition, a six-state coalition, was organized to handle issues along I-81, such as truck traffic and air pollution; the commission meets annually.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> I-81 is part of the fastest route between the capital of the US (Washington, D.C.) and the capital of Canada (Ottawa).<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>I-81 Corridor groupTemplate:Dead link</ref>

Route description

I-81 is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).<ref>Template:FHWA NHS</ref>Template:Lengths table |- | TN || Template:Convert |- | VA || Template:Convert |- | WV || Template:Convert |- | MD || Template:Convert |- | PA || Template:Convert |- | NY || Template:Convert |- | Total || Template:Convert |}

Tennessee

Template:Main I-81 begins in Tennessee at I-40 in Dandridge, a route that connects to Knoxville to the west and Asheville to the east. I-81 meets I-26 and US 23, which go to Kingsport and Johnson City. At milemarker 75, I-81 leaves Tennessee and enters Virginia.

Virginia

File:2019-07-08 14 24 49 View south along Interstate 81 from the overpass for Carrier Drive in Harrisonburg, Virginia.jpg

I-81 looking southbound near milepost 245 in Harrisonburg, Virginia

I-81 in Virginia is largely a rural route with brief concurrencies with I-77 and I-64. The route parallels the Appalachian Mountains for much of its route through Tennessee and Virginia, serving such cities as the twin cities of Bristol, Tennessee and Virginia; Wytheville; Roanoke; Christiansburg; Lexington; Staunton; Harrisonburg; and Winchester. In Harrisonburg, I-81 cuts through James Madison University.<ref name="Fiske Logue 2006">Template:Cite book</ref> It parallels its older counterpart, US 11, for its entire length in Virginia.<ref name="Charles Harbaugh 2015">Template:Cite book</ref>

West Virginia

File:2016-08-24 13 49 39 View north along Interstate 81 just after entering Ridgeway, Berkeley County, West Virginia from Rest, Frederick County, Virginia.jpg

Northbound on I-81 just after entering West Virginia

I-81 briefly enters the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia for about Template:Convert, serving the city of Martinsburg. The entire routing is in Berkeley County and serves the Eastern WV Regional Airport. The West Virginia segment was completed in 1966 and there have been no realignments since.

Maryland

File:2016-07-29 19 17 29 View north along Interstate 81 just north of Exit 5 (Halfway Boulevard) just southwest of Hagerstown in Washington County, Maryland.jpg

View north along I-81 just north of exit 5 at Halfway Boulevard in Halfway, Maryland

In Maryland, the Interstate Highway runs Template:Convert from the West Virginia state line at the Potomac River in Williamsport north to the Pennsylvania state line near Maugansville. I-81 is the primary north–south Interstate Highway in Washington County, connecting Hagerstown with Chambersburg and Harrisburg to the north and Martinsburg, Winchester, and Roanoke to the south.<ref name=":2">Template:Maryland HLR</ref> It is the shortest mainline Interstate in Maryland and contains the shortest portion of I-81 of all six states through which the Interstate highway passes. The Interstate was dedicated as Maryland Veterans Memorial Highway in 1987.<ref name=":3" /> I-81 passes through the state of Maryland at one of its narrowest points, the "Hub City" of Hagerstown where it intersects with a large number of other routes, most notably I-70. Hagerstown Regional Airport is served by this Interstate Highway.<ref name=":2" />

Pennsylvania

File:Interstate 78 and 81 junction, northbound.jpg

I-81 northbound at western terminus of I-78 in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania

I-81 forms a major north–south corridor through the state of Pennsylvania, serving the boroughs of Chambersburg and Carlisle, where it meets the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-76) but does not directly interchange with it (motorists must use US 11 to connect). Around the state capital of Harrisburg, the route forms the northern section of Pennsylvania's Capital Beltway. The route then travels northeast toward the Wyoming Valley, where it serves the cities of Wilkes-Barre and Scranton(as well as meeting the PA Turnpike's Northeast Extension), then heads north through the Endless Mountains region toward the state line.

New York

File:Syracuse Interstates.jpg

I-81 at I-690 in downtown Syracuse

In New York, I-81 crosses the Pennsylvania state line southeast of Binghamton. The freeway runs north–south through Central New York, serving the cities of Binghamton, Syracuse, and Watertown. It passes through the Thousand Islands in its final miles and crosses two bridges, both part of the series of bridges known as the Thousand Islands Bridge. South of Watertown, I-81 closely parallels US 11, the main north–south highway in Central New York prior to the construction of I-81. At Watertown, US 11 turns northeastward to head across New York's North Country while I-81 continues on a generally northward track to the Canadian border. From there, the road continues into the province of Ontario as Highway 137, a short route leading north to the nearby Highway 401.<ref>Template:Google maps</ref>

History

I-81 roughly parallels the Great Indian Warpath, an old Indian trail that connected New York to the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States via Virginia and West Virginia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A series of roads linking Virginia to Maryland through Martinsburg were present on maps as early as 1873.<ref>Template:Cite map</ref> New York was originally served by New York State Route 2 (NY 2), a road built in 1924;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> NY 2 was replaced by US 11 in 1927. A highway that largely followed the path of US 11 was built and became known as the Penn-Can Highway.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On August 14, 1957, the highway was redesigned as I-81.<ref>Template:Cite map</ref> In New York, the first segments of what would become I-81 were begun in 1954.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite webTemplate:Full citation needed</ref> In Maryland, the Interstate was begun with the Hagerstown Bypass in the mid-1950s.<ref>Template:Maryland SRC report</ref> After several bouts of expansion, the freeway was completed from US 40 (now Maryland Route 144 [MD 144]) to the Pennsylvania state line in 1958<ref>Template:Maryland road mapTemplate:Full citation needed</ref> and marked as I-81 in 1959.<ref>Template:Maryland road mapTemplate:Full citation needed</ref> Bidding on contracts in West Virginia opened in July 1958.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Page needed</ref> In Virginia, the first Interstate hearing was held in February 1957. At the end of 1957, construction began on a Template:Convert stretch near Buchanan, Virginia. A Template:Convert section of the Interstate opened in 1959. A stretch in Harrisonburg was opened as well. By late 1963, Template:Convert in Virginia were open.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>

The first statewide segment to be completed was that of West Virginia, which was finished in 1966. The section opened on October 19, 1966.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Page needed</ref> In western Maryland, various parts of I-81 were built in the early 1960s, and the remainder of the highway south to the Potomac River was under construction by 1965<ref>Template:NBI</ref> and opened in 1966.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref> Since then, I-81 in Maryland has remained largely unchanged. In Tennessee by 1965, Template:Convert of the Template:Convert of Interstate Highways were completed. Construction was expected to be finished in 1969,<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Page needed</ref> but a large portion of the work would not be completed until 1974, and most of the road was open by December 1974.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Page needed</ref> The final major segment of the Interstate in the north to be built was a Template:Convert section in New York, opened in October 1968.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Page needed</ref> That same year, work in Pennsylvania was completed.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Page needed</ref> The road would not be completely built in Tennessee until August 1975.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Page needed</ref> Construction on parts in Virginia dragged on until it was finished in July 1987.<ref name=":1" /> The segment in New York cost $270 million (equivalent to $Template:Formatprice in Template:Inflation/yearTemplate:Inflation/fn) to build.<ref name=":0" />

Major intersections

Tennessee

• Template:Jct near Dandridge, northeast of Knoxville
• Template:Jct between the Tri-Cities

Virginia

• Template:Jct in Bristol
• Template:Jct several times
• Template:Jct in Wytheville; concurrent from Wytheville to Fort Chiswell.
• Template:Jct in Roanoke
• Template:Jct in Lexington; concurrent through Staunton.
• Template:Jct in Harrisonburg
• Template:Jct in Middletown
• Template:Jct in Winchester

Maryland

• Template:Jct in Hagerstown
• Template:Jct in Hagerstown

Pennsylvania

• Template:Jct in Middlesex Township (near Carlisle)
• Template:Jct in Mechanicsburg
• Template:Jct in Harrisburg. I-81/US 322 concurrent throughout Harrisburg.
• Template:Jct in Harrisburg
• Template:Jct near Jonestown
• Template:Jct near Hazleton
• Template:Jct in Dupont (near Pittston)
• Template:Jct in Dunmore (near Scranton)
• Template:Jct in Clarks Summit

New York

• Template:Jct in Binghamton
• Template:Jct in Binghamton
• Template:Jct in Syracuse
• Template:Jct in downtown Syracuse
• Template:Jct in North Syracuse
• Template:Jct in Watertown
• Template:Jct; freeway ends at Canada–US border (Thousand Islands Bridge)

<ref name=randmcnally>Template:Cite book</ref>

Auxiliary routes

I-81 has six related, auxiliary Interstate Highways that connect the main freeway to downtowns and other cities. I-381 runs Template:Convert, connecting Bristol, Virginia, to I-81.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> I-581 is a Template:Convert spur that connects Roanoke, Virginia, to I-81. It is proposed to be overtaken by I-73.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Pennsylvania Route 581 (PA 581) connects Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to I-81. It runs Template:Convert. I-481 serves as an eastern bypass of Syracuse, New York. NY 481 is a northwestern extension of I-481 that ends in Oswego.<ref>Template:Cite mapTemplate:Full citation needed</ref> I-781 extends for Template:Convert, that connects Fort Drum, New York, to the Interstate.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> NY 281 is a north–south state highway in Central New York in the US that extends for Template:Convert across Cortland and Onondaga counties, roughly paralleling I-81 and connecting at both ends.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

I-181 was a Template:Convert offshoot of I-81, linking to Kingsport, Tennessee. It was decommissioned in August 2005 when I-26 took over I-181's entire length.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> I-281 was replaced in January 1970 by I-481. I-81E was replaced by the current I-380.<ref>Template:Cite map</ref>

External links

• Template:Osmrelation-inline
• Thousand Islands Bridge System, showing the bridges and connections at the northern terminus
• Economic Development History of Interstate 81 in Virginia, a Federal Highway Administration report.