Tsinghua University
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Tsinghua University (THU) is a public university in Haidian, Beijing, China. It is affiliated with and funded by the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 211, Project 985, and the Double First-Class Construction. It is also a member in the C9 League.
Tsinghua University's campus is in northwest Beijing, on the site of the former imperial gardens of the Qing dynasty. The university has 21 schools and 59 departments, with faculties in science, engineering, humanities, law, medicine, history, philosophy, economics, management, education, and art.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
History
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Early 20th century (1911–1949)
[edit]Tsinghua University was established in Beijing during a tumultuous period of national upheaval and conflicts with foreign powers which culminated in the Boxer Rebellion, an uprising against foreign influence in China. After the suppression of the revolt by a foreign alliance including the United States, the ruling Qing dynasty was required to pay indemnities to alliance members. United States Secretary of State John Hay suggested that the US$30 million Boxer indemnity allotted to the United States was excessive. After much negotiation with Qing ambassador Liang Cheng, president of the United States Theodore Roosevelt obtained approval from the United States Congress in 1909 to reduce the indemnity payment by US$10.8 million, on the condition that the funds would be used as scholarships for Chinese students to study in the United States.<ref name="学校沿革-清华大学">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Using this fund, the Tsinghua College (Template:Lang-zh) was established in Beijing, on 29 April 1911 on the site of a former royal garden to serve as a preparatory school for students the government planned to send to the United States.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Faculty members for sciences were recruited by the YMCA from the United States, and its graduates transferred directly to American schools as juniors upon graduation.Template:Citation needed The motto of Tsinghua, "Self-Discipline and Social Commitment", was derived from a 1914 speech by prominent scholar and faculty member Liang Qichao, in which he quoted the I Ching to describe a notion of the ideal gentleman.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1925, the school established its own four-year undergraduate program and started a research institute on Chinese studies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="清华风物志：清华园">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="校史：北京清华时期">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="校史概略">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="google3">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1928, the school changed its name to National Tsinghua University.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, many Chinese universities were forced to evacuate their campuses to avoid the Japanese invasion. In 1937, Tsinghua University, Peking University and Nankai University merged to form the Changsha Temporary University, located in Changsha, Hunan. The merged university later became the National Southwestern Associated University, located in Kunming, Yunnan. The Tsinghua University section of the merged university returned to Beijing at the end of World War II.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="清华大学志：西南联大大事记">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="校史：西南联大时期">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="bbb">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Later 20th century (post-1949)
[edit]After the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, China experienced a communist revolution leading to the creation of the People's Republic of China. Tsinghua University's then president Mei Yiqi, along with many professors, fled to Taiwan with the retreating Nationalist government. They established the National Tsing Hua Institute of Nuclear Technology in 1955, which later became the National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan, an institution independent and distinct from Tsinghua University.<ref name="迎接中华人民共和国诞生">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="校史：新竹清华时期">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1952, the Chinese Communist Party regrouped the country's higher education institutions in an attempt to build a Soviet style system where each institution specialized in a certain field of study, such as social sciences or natural sciences.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Tsinghua University was streamlined into a polytechnic institute with a focus on engineering and the natural sciences.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1953, Tsinghua established a political counselor program, becoming the first university to do so following the Ministry of Education's 1952 directive to begin piloting such programs.<ref name=":032">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp As political counselors, new graduates who were also Communist Party members worked as political counselors in managing the student body and student organizations, often simultaneously serving as Communist Youth League secretaries.<ref name=":032" />Template:Rp The program was later expanded to other universities following its endorsement by Deng Xiaoping and became further institutionalized across China in the 1990s and 2000s.<ref name=":032" />Template:Rp
During the Third Front construction, Tsinghua established a branch in Mianyang, Sichuan province.<ref name=":9">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1966, the efforts of Tsinghua researchers were critical in China's transition from vacuum-tube computers to fully transistorized computers.<ref name=":Mullaney2">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
From 1966 to 1976, China experienced immense sociopolitical upheaval and instability during the Cultural Revolution. Many university students walked out of classrooms at Tsinghua and other institutions, and some went on to join the Red Guards, resulting in the complete shutdown of the university as faculty were persecuted or otherwise unable to teach.<ref name="红卫兵浮沉录">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It was not until 1978, after the Cultural Revolution ended, that the university began to take in students and re-emerge as a force in Chinese politics and society.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
During the Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius campaign of 1973 to 1976, critique groups formed at Tsinghua and Peking University disseminated commentaries under the pseudonym of "Liang Xiao".<ref name=":22">Template:Cite book</ref> The pseudonym sounds like a person's name but is a homophone for "two schools".<ref name=":22" />
In the 1980s, Tsinghua evolved beyond the polytechnic model and incorporated a multidisciplinary system emphasizing collaboration between distinct schools within the broader university environment.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Under this system, several schools have been re-incorporated, including Tsinghua Law School, the School of Economics and Management, the School of Sciences, the School of Life Sciences, the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, the School of Public Policy and Management, and the Academy of Arts and Design.<ref name="学校沿革-清华大学"/>
In 1996, the School of Economics and Management established a partnership with the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. One year later, Tsinghua and MIT began the MBA program known as the Tsinghua-MIT Global MBA.<ref name="sem.tsinghua.edu.cn">Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1998, Tsinghua became the first Chinese university to offer a Master of Laws (LLM) program in American law, through a cooperative venture with the Temple University Beasley School of Law.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
21st century
[edit]Tsinghua alumni include the current General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and paramount leader of China, Xi Jinping '79, who graduated with a degree in chemical engineering, along with the CCP General Secretary and former Paramount Leader of China Hu Jintao '64, who graduated with a degree in hydraulic engineering. In addition to its powerful alumni, Tsinghua has a reputation for hosting globally prominent guest speakers, with international leaders Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Henry Kissinger, Carlos Ghosn, and Henry Paulson having lectured to the university community.<ref>[1] Template:Webarchive</ref>
As of 2018, Tsinghua University consists of 20 schools and 58 university departments, 41 research institutes, 35 research centers, and 167 laboratories, including 15 national key laboratories.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In September 2006, the Peking Union Medical College, a renowned medical school, was renamed "Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University" although it and Tsinghua University are technically separate institutions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The university operates the Tsinghua University Press, which publishes academic journals, textbooks, and other scholarly works.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Through its constituent colleges, graduate and professional schools, and other institutes, Tsinghua University offers more than 82 bachelor's degree programs, 80 master's degree programs and 90 PhD programs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2014, Tsinghua established Xinya College, a residential liberal arts college, as a pilot project to reform undergraduate education at the university. Modeled after universities in the United States and Europe, Xinya combines general and professional education in a liberal arts tradition, featuring a core curriculum of Chinese and Western literature and civilization studies and required courses in physical education and foreign languages. Furthermore, while most Tsinghua undergraduates must choose a specific major upon entrance, Xinya students declare their majors at the end of freshman year, enabling them to explore several different fields of study.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In December 2014, Tsinghua University established the Advisory Committee of Undergraduate Curriculum (ACUC).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It became the first student autonomous organization in mainland China for students to participate in the school's management.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Tsinghua University Academic Committee, which was formally established on 8 July 2015, has stipulated in the committee's charter that students should be consulted through the ACUC for resolutions involving undergraduate students.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> From then on, Tsinghua commenced a new round of academic reform lasting ever since, including establishing GPA grading system,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> adding the writing classes, critical thinking classes, second foreign languages classes into curriculum,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> requiring undergrads to be able to swim before graduation,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> cooperating with the Peking University on class cross-registration to supplement each other's general education curriculum,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> reducing fees on class withdraw, transcripts and certificates,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and adjusting the graduate school co-terminal admission policies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2016, Schwarzman Scholars was established with almost US$400 million endowment by Steven Schwarzman, the chairman and CEO of the Blackstone Group and other multinational corporations and global leaders. Schwarzman Scholars annually selects 100–200 scholars across the world to enroll in a one-year fully-funded master's degree leadership program designed to cultivate the next generation of global leaders. 40% students are selected from the United States, 20% students are selected from China, 40% are selected from rest of the world. These scholars reside on the university campus at Schwarzman College, a residential college built specifically for the program.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2016, Tsinghua's expenditures were RMB 13.7 billion (US$3.57 billion at purchasing power parity), the largest budget of any university in China.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to a 2018 Financial Times report, Tsinghua University has been linked to cyber-espionage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2024, Tsinghua announced that its office of the university president had merged into the university's Chinese Communist Party committee, which would directly administer the university henceforth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Academics
[edit]Tsinghua University engages in extensive research and offers 51 bachelor's degree programs, 139 master's degree programs, and 107 doctoral programs through 20 colleges and 57 departments covering a broad range of subjects,<ref name="院系设置">Template:Cite web</ref> including science, engineering, arts and literature, social sciences, law, medicine.<ref name="Tsinghua University organization">Template:Cite web</ref> Along with its membership in the C9 League, Tsinghua University affiliations include the Association of Pacific Rim Universities,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> a group of 50 leading Asian and American universities, Washington University in St. Louis's McDonnell International Scholars Academy, a group of 35 premier global universities,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Association of East Asian Research Universities, a 17-member research collaboration network of top regional institutions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Tsinghua is an associate member of the Consortium Linking Universities of Science and Technology for Education and Research (CLUSTER).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Tsinghua is a member of a Low Carbon Energy University Alliance (LCEUA), together with the University of Cambridge and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Admissions
[edit]Admission to Tsinghua for both undergraduate and graduate schools is extremely competitive. Undergraduate admissions for domestic students is decided through the gaokao, the Chinese national college entrance exam, which allows students to list Tsinghua University among their preferred college choices. While selectivity varies by province, the sheer number of high school students applying for college each year has resulted in overall acceptance rates far lower than 0.1% of all test takers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Admission to Tsinghua's graduate schools is also very competitive. Only about 16% of MBA applicants are admitted each year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Research
[edit]Research at Tsinghua University is mainly supported by government funding from national programs and special projects. In the areas of science and technology, funding from these sources totals over 20 billion yuan, which subsidizes more than 1,400 projects every year conducted by the university. With the prospective increase of state investment in science and technology, research at Tsinghua is projected to receive more financial support from the state.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2007, Tsinghua was granted security clearance to conduct classified research of military interest.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Each year, the university hosts the Intellectual Property Summer Institute in cooperation with Franklin Pierce Law Center of Concord, New Hampshire.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The scientific research institutions in Tsinghua University are divided into three categories, including government-approved institutions, institutions independently established by the university and institutions jointly established by the university and independent legal entities outside the university.
As of 31 December 2022, Tsinghua University has 428 university-level scientific research institutions in operation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Rankings and reputation
[edit]General ranking
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Tsinghua University ranked No. 1 in China, the whole of Asia-Oceania region and emerging countries according to the Times Higher Education,<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="auto">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> with its industry income, research, and teaching performance indicator placed at 1st, 4th and 9th respectively in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Internationally, Tsinghua was regarded as the most reputable Chinese university by the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings where, it has ranked 8th globally and 1st in the Asia-Pacific.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Tsinghua University ranked 10 among Global Innovative Universities according to the World's Universities with Real Impact (WURI) 2020 ranking released by United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Since 2013, Tsinghua also topped the newly created regional QS BRICS University Rankings.<ref name="BRICS">Template:Cite web</ref> Tsinghua graduates are highly desired worldwide; in the QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2017, Tsinghua was ranked 3rd in the world and 1st in the whole of Afro-Eurasia & Oceania region.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2020, Tsinghua was ranked 15th in the world by QS World University Rankings,<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> and ranked 6th globally and 1st in Asia in the QS Graduate Employability Rankings.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
As of 2023, the Academic Ranking of World Universities, also known as the "Shanghai Ranking", placed Tsinghua University 22nd in the world and 1st in Asia & Oceania region.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The U.S. News & World Report ranked Tsinghua at 1st in the Asia-Pacific and 16th globally in its 2024-2025 Best Global Universities Rankings.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite web</ref>
Tsinghua was the best-ranked university in the Asia-Pacific and the 17th worldwide in 2023 in terms of aggregate performance (THE+ARWU+QS) as reported by the Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Research performance
[edit]As of 2021, it ranked 3rd among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Nature Index 2022 Annual Tables by Nature Research ranked Tsinghua 7th among the leading universities globally for the high quality of research publications in natural science.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
For sciences in general, the 2023 CWTS Leiden Ranking ranked Tsinghua University 3rd in the world after Harvard and Stanford based on the number of their scientific publications belonging to the top 1% in their fields.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In November 2024, Clarivate Analytics ranked Tsinghua second in Afro-Eurasia & Oceania regions after Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and 4th in the world after (CAS, Harvard, and Stanford) for most cited researchers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Subjects rankings
[edit]As of 2021, it ranked 6th globally in "Education", 7th in "Clinical, pre-clinical and Health", 11th in "Business and Economics", 12th in "Computer Science", 13th in "Life Science", 17th in "Engineering and Technology", 18th in "Physical Science", 33th in "Social Science", 37th in "Law", and 40th in "Arts and Humanities" by the Times Higher Education Rankings by Subjects, which are historical strengths for Tsinghua.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Since 2015, Tsinghua University has overtaken the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to top the list of Best Global Universities for Engineering published by the U.S. News & World Report and as of 2024, it also ranked number one globally in 9 subjects: "Artificial Intelligence", "Chemical Engineering", "Chemistry", "Computer Science", "Energy and Fuels", "Engineering", "Environment Engineering", "Environment/Ecology" and "Material Science".<ref name="usnews.com">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref>
As of 2024, the U.S. News & World Report also placed "Civil Engineering", "Condensed Matter Physics", "Electrical and Electronic Engineering", "Geosciences", "Green and Sustainable Science and Technology", "Mechanical Engineering", "Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences", "Nanoscience and Nanotechnology", "Optics", "Physical Chemistry", "Physics" and "Water Resources" at Tsinghua in the global Top 10 universities.<ref name=":2" />
In the ARWU's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2020, Tsinghua ranks in the world's top five universities in "Telecommunication Engineering", "Instruments Science & Technology", "Civil Engineering", "Chemical Engineering", "Mechanical Engineering", "Nanoscience & Nanotechnology", "Energy Science & Engineering", and "Transportation Science & Technology" and falls within the global top 10 for "Electrical & Electronic Engineering", "Computer Science & Engineering", "Materials Science & Engineering", "Environmental Science & Engineering", and "Water Resources".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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| Subject | Global | National |
|---|---|---|
| Arts & humanities | Template:Center | Template:Center |
| Business & economics | Template:Center | Template:Center |
| Clinical & health | Template:Center | Template:Center |
| Computer science | Template:Center | Template:Center |
| Education | Template:Center | Template:Center |
| Engineering | Template:Center | Template:Center |
| Law | Template:Center | Template:Center |
| Life sciences | Template:Center | Template:Center |
| Physical sciences | Template:Center | Template:Center |
| Social sciences | Template:Center | Template:Center |
List of university departments and institutions
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| School | Department | Building |
|---|---|---|
| Humanities <ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
Chinese Language and Literature | Xin Zhai |
| Philosophy | ||
| History | Text north floor | |
| Foreign Languages and Literatures | Wennan floor | |
| History of Science | Meng Minwei Humanities Building | |
| Social Sciences <ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
Sociology | Xiong Zhixing Building |
| Psychology | Weiqing House | |
| Political Science | Ming Zhai | |
| International Relations | ||
| Institute of Economics | ||
| Institute of Science, Technology and Society | ||
| Economics and Management | Accounting | Weilun Building<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Economics | ||
| Finance | ||
| Marketing | ||
| Management Science and Engineering | ||
| Innovation and Entrepreneurship | ||
| Information Science and Technology <ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> |
Electronic Engineering | Rohm Building |
| Microelectronics and Nanoelectronics | East Main Building of Tsinghua University | |
| Computer Science and Technology | ||
| Software | ||
| Automation | Main Building of Tsinghua University | |
| Research Institute of Information Technology | Information Science and Technology Building | |
| Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Information Science and Technology Building<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | |
| Tsinghua PBC School of Finance | ||
| School | Department | Building |
|---|---|---|
| Academy of Arts and Design <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
Art History | Art college building |
| Industrial Design | ||
| Environmental Art Design | ||
| Ceramic Design | ||
| Visual Communication Design | ||
| Textile and Fashion Design | ||
| Information Art and Design | ||
| Art and Crafts | ||
| Painting | ||
| Sculpture | ||
| Sciences <ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
Mathematical Sciences | Science Building <ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Physics | ||
| Chemistry | Ho Tim Building | |
| Earth System Science | Meng Minwei Technology Building | |
| Civil Engineering <ref name=系館/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
Civil Engineering | Ho Sin-Hang Building |
| Construction Management | ||
| Hydraulic Engineering | New Hydraulic museum | |
| Environment | Environmental Engineering | Environmental energy saving building<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Environmental Sciences | ||
| Environmental Planning and Management | ||
| Journalism and Communication<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Omnicom Building | |
| Law<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Ming Li Building | |
| Electrical Engineering<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Main Building of Tsinghua University | |
| School of Public Policy and ManagementTemplate:NoteTag<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Wu Shunde Building<ref name=系館/> | |
| School | Department | Building |
|---|---|---|
| Aerospace Engineering <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering | Meng Minwei Technology Building |
| Engineering Mechanics | ||
| Mechanical Engineering <ref name=系館/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
Mechanical Engineering | Lee Shau Kee Technology Building |
| Precision Instrument | Zeng Xianzi House | |
| Precision Instrument | Power Machinery Museum | |
| Automotive Engineering | Automotive Building | |
| Industrial Engineering | Shunde Building | |
| Medicine | Basic Medical Sciences | Medical Science Building <ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Biomedical Engineering | ||
| Clinical Medicine | ||
| Research Center for Public Health | ||
| Pharmaceutical Sciences | ||
| Architecture <ref name="系館">Template:Cite web</ref> |
Architecture | Leung Kui Ju Museum |
| Urban Planning and Design | ||
| Building Science | ||
| Landscape Architecture | ||
| Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Information Science and Technology Building | |
| Materials Science and Engineering<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Yifu Technology Science Building | |
| Life Sciences<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Life Science Museum | |
| Engineering Physics | Liu Qing Building<ref name=系館/> | |
| Chemical Engineering | Yingshi Building<ref name=系館/> | |
| Marxism<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | Shan Zhai | |
Department of Industrial Engineering
[edit]Department of Industrial Engineering (Tsinghua IE) has three institutes:<ref name = "TsinghuaIEIntroduction">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Operations Research & Data Science
- System Operation and Digital Management
- Human Factors and Human-System Interaction
The department also operates two university-level multi-disciplinary application-oriented institutes or centers:<ref name = "TsinghuaIEIntroduction"/>
- Institute of Quality and Reliability
- Established jointly by Tsinghua University and State Administration for Market Regulation
- Institute of Industrial Culture
- Established jointly by Tsinghua University and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
- Center for Smart Logistics and Supply Chain Management
- Established jointly by Tsinghua University and Jiaozhou City at Qingdao City, Shandong Province.
Department of Mathematical Sciences
[edit]The Department of Mathematical Sciences (DMS) was established in 1927.
In 1952, Tsinghua DMS was merged with the Peking University Department of Mathematical Sciences. Then in 1979 it was renamed "Department of Applied Mathematics", and renamed again in 1999 to its current title.
Tsinghua DMS has three institutes at present, the institute of Pure Mathematics which has 27 faculty members, the Institute of Applied Mathematics and Probability and Statistics which has 27 faculty members, and the Institute of Computational Mathematics and Operations Research which has 20 faculty members. There are currently about 400 undergraduate students and 200 graduate students.
Department of Precision Instrument
[edit]The Department of Precision Instrument was called the Department of Precision Instrument and Machine Manufacturing in 1960 when it was separated out from the Department of Machine Manufacturing to be an independent department. Later, in 1971, it was renamed the Department of Precision Instrument.<ref name=":02">Template:Cite web</ref> The mission of the Department of Precision Instrument at Tsinghua University, as its dean said, is "supporting the national development and improving the people's well-being."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Research
[edit]Research in the Department of Precision Instrument is divided to four main parts, led by its four research institutes: the Institute of Opto-electronic Engineering, the Institute of Instrument Science and Technology, the Engineering Research Center for Navigation Technology, and the Center for Photonics and Electronics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At the same time, the Department of Precision Instrument has three key laboratories: the State Key Laboratory of Tribology, the State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, and the Key Laboratory of High-accuracy Inertial Instrument and System. It also has two national engineering research centers, which are the National Engineering Research Center of Optical Disk and the CIMS National Engineering Research Center.<ref name=":02" />
The Institute of Opto-electronic Engineering
The Institute of Opto-electronic Engineering (IOEE) was established in 1958. It obtained the Chinese government's authorization to offer PhD program in 1981 and the approval to build the post-doctoral research site in 1988. The research of the IOEE covers opto-electronic instruments, precision metrology and measurement, modern optical information processing, the theory and components of binary optics, and the birefringent frequency-splitting lasers. Several famous scientists work in the IOEE, including Professor Guofan Jin, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and Professor Kegong Zhao, formerly the president of the Chinese National Institute of Metrology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Institute of Instrument Science and Technology
The Institute of Instrument Science and Technology is the most important institute in the State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instrument Science at Tsinghua University. The institute is equipped with advanced instruments and facilities, and its research has included every major area in modern instrument science and technology. Up to 2012, the institute have produced over 1500 publications, more than 100 patents, and acquired many significant awards.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Engineering Research Center for Navigation Technology
The Engineering Research Center for Navigation Technology is a relatively young institute in the Department of Precision Instrument which was established in 2000, with the intention to "[pursue] excellence in the research and development in the field of high-accuracy inertial instruments and navigation technology, as well as in MEMS inertial sensor fields, and to provide advanced training for future scientists and engineers in the field of inertial technology." Its research interests cover high-accuracy inertial instruments and navigation technology, MEMS inertial sensors and systems, and precise electro-mechanical control systems and their application. As of 2012, the area of the center is 2900 square meters, including approximately 550 square meters of clean rooms. Equipment and instruments in this center are worth over 50 million RMB (US$7.56 million).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Failed verification
The Center for Photonics and Electronics
The center for Photonics and Electronics works on advanced laser and photonic technology. It houses 200 square meters of clean rooms and very modern laser instruments and equipment. The research of this Center covers solid-state laser technology, fiber laser technology, active optics technology, and laser detection technology. The center has published more than published more than 100 scientific papers including 40 indexed by SCI, has 18 national patents, and also frequently exchange visits and academic conferences with foreign scholars.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The SKLT has one central laboratory and four sub-laboratories. It has been awarded numerous awards, including "two National Natural Science Awards, two National Invention Awards, one National Award for Science and Technology Progress, two National Excellent Science Book Awards, 25 awards from ministries or provinces of China, Edmond E. Bisson Award in 2003 from STLE, the 2008 PE Publishing Prize by the Editor and Editorial Board of the Journal of Engineering Tribology." Moreover, China's Ministry of Education recognized the SKLT as one of the creative groups in 2005, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China recognized the SKLT as one of the creative research groups in 2007.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The TRibology Science Fund of the Key Laboratory of Tribology cooperates with National Natural Science Foundation of China in founding research projects in various applied sciences and technologies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Education
[edit]Currently, there are two disciplines in the Department of Precision Instrument: the discipline of the instrumental science and technology of precision instrument and mechanology and the discipline of optical engineering.<ref name=":02" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
There are six teaching laboratories or centers which serve significant roles in undergraduate and graduate education in the Department of Precision Instrument. They are:
- The Teaching Lab of Manufacturing Engineering
- The CAD Teaching Centre
- The Engineering Graphics Teaching Laboratory
- The Creative Machine Design Teaching Laboratory
- The Experimentation Teaching Center for Measurement and Control Technology
- The Teaching Laboratory of Optics and Length Measurement<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The department provides more than 40 courses of the undergraduate level and 25 courses of the graduate level.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
School of Life Sciences
[edit]School of Life Sciences was first established in 1926 under the name Department of Biology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Botanist Qian Chongshu took up the first dean.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
During the nationwide reorganization of universities in the early 1950s, the Department of Biology was merged into other universities, namely Peking University etc., resulting in a vacancy in the field of biological research in Tsinghua for almost 30 years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In June 1984, decisions were made about the reestablishment of the Department of Biology, and the department officially reopened in September. During the reestablishment the Department of Biology of Peking University, the Institute of Biophysics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and many other institutes as well as biologists provided valuable support and help. The department changed its name to the current name in September 2009. As of 2013, structural biologist and foreign associate of National Academy of Sciences of United States<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Dr. Wang Hongwei (王宏伟) is the current dean of School of Life Sciences. The school currently has 129 professors and employees, around 600 undergraduates (including the candidates of Tsinghua University – Peking Union Medical College joint MD program).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Peking Union Medical College
[edit]
The Peking Union Medical College was established in 1917 by the Rockefeller Foundation and was modeled on the US medical education system. Tsinghua first established its medical school in 2001 and in 2006, Tsinghua's medical school merged with the Peking Union Medical College renaming it "Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University". The school remains the top ranked medical school and general hospital in China according to CUCAS in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Peking Union Medical College is also the only medical school to be affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. It runs one of the most competitive medical programs in the country, accepting 90 students a year into its 8-year MD program. Students in the 8-year program spend 2.5 years at Tsinghua studying premedical education before moving onto Peking Union Medical College to complete the last 5.5 years in clinical medicine, basic medical education and research.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
School of Economics and Management
[edit]Template:Main The School of Economics and Management dates back to 1926, when Tsinghua University established its Faculty of Economics.<ref name="sem.tsinghua.edu.cn"/>
School of Journalism and Communication
[edit]The Tsinghua School of Journalism and Communication (TSJC) was established in April 2002. Its predecessor was Communication Studies in the Department of Chinese Language and Literature and its establishment of coincides with the development of media increasingly influencing world affairs in a time of fast-growing globalization. The school's research fields include International Communication, Film and Television Studies, New Media Studies, Media Operation and Management, and Business Journalism and are based on comprehensive academic research in journalism and communication theories. The objective of the school is to bring full advantage of Tsinghua University's comprehensive academic structure to Chinese and international media, to construct a first-rate discipline in journalism and communication studies, to cultivate talented professionals in the field and to explore advanced concepts in journalism and communication. The school also offers a two-year graduate program in international business journalism, sponsored by Bloomberg L.P. and the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), that trains talented students and media professionals from around the globe in financial media and corporate communication.<ref name="tsjc">Template:Cite web</ref>
The school has five research-oriented centers to organize and conduct academic research activities. They are: Center for International Communications Studies, Center for New Media Studies, Center for Film and Television Studies, Center for Media Management Studies and Center for Cultural Industry Studies.<ref name=tsjc/>
School of Law
[edit]
The legal studies at Tsinghua University can be dated back to the "Tsinghua College" era (1911–1929), where many students were sent to universities in western countries for legal studies. Graduating from institutions such as Columbia, Yale, and Harvard, those Tsinghua alumni have played an important role in areas of law and diplomacy. Famous legal scholars Tuan-Sheng Ch'ien,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Yan Shutang (燕树棠), Wang Huacheng (王化成), Kung Chuan Hsiao (萧公权),<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Pu Xuefeng (浦薛凤), Mei Ju'ao (梅汝璈),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Xiang Zhejun (向哲浚) and diplomat Tang Yueliang (唐悦良)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> are all graduates from Tsinghua College or went to study abroad after passing exams in Tsinghua College.Template:Citation needed
Tsinghua University School of Law was established in 1929 after Tsinghua College was renamed Tsinghua University. Legal education in Tsinghua University at the time focused on international affairs and Chinese legal studies. Courses on political science and economics could also be found on students' curriculum. Before the Japanese army invaded Beijing in 1937, the School of Law developed greatly. Many Chinese legal scholars graduated during that era, including Wang Tieya (王铁崖), Gong Xiangrui (龚祥瑞) and Lou Bangyan (楼邦彦).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1952, in response to the government policy of turning Tsinghua University into an engineering-focused university, the law school was dismissed; the faculty were appointed to other universities, including Peking University and Peking College of Political Science and Law (the predecessor of China University of Political Science and Law).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Until 1995, there was no formal "school of law" at Tsinghua University, yet courses on law were still taught in Tsinghua University from the early 1980s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On 8 September 1995, the Tsinghua University Department of Law was formally re-established; on 25 April 1999, the 88th anniversary of Tsinghua University, the university formally changed the department into the "School of Law". The "new" law school inherited the spirit of the "old" law school and has endeavored to add international factors to its students' curriculum. Due to its outstanding faculty members and students, the Tsinghua University School of Law has risen to become one of the leading law schools in China and since 2011,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> has been consistently ranked as the best or the second-best law school in mainland China by QS World University Rankings.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Graduate School at Shenzhen
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The Graduate School at Shenzhen was jointly founded by Tsinghua University and the Shenzhen Municipal Government. The school is directly affiliated with Tsinghua University in Beijing. The campus is located in the University Town of Shenzhen since 18 October 2003.<ref name="Sz.tsinghua.edu.cn">Template:Cite web</ref> The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, was jointly founded by Tsinghua University and the Shenzhen Municipal Government for cultivating top level professionals and carrying out scientific and technological innovations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The academic divisions are the following:
- Division of Life Science and Health
- Division of Energy and Environment
- Division of Information Science and Technology
- Division of Logistics and Transportation
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing
- Division of Social Sciences and Management
- Division of Ocean Science and Technology<ref name="ReferenceB">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Campus
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The campus of Tsinghua University is located in northwest Beijing, in the Haidian district.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Tsinghua University's campus was named one of the most beautiful college campuses in the world by a panel of architects and campus designers in Forbes in 2010;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> it was the only university in Asia on the list.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Numerous architects were involved in the designing of buildings on the campus. American architect Henry Killam Murphy (1877–1954), a Yale graduate, designed early buildings such as the Grand Auditorium, the Roosevelt Memorial Gymnasium, the Science Building and the east side of the Old Library.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Yang Tingbao designed the Observatory, the Life Sciences building, the Mingzhai of the student dormitory buildings and the middle and west side of the Old Library. Shen Liyuan designed the Mechanical Engineering Hall, the Chemistry Hall and the Aviation Hall. T. Chuang, a 1914 graduate of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, helped design the campus grounds of the Tsinghua University with influences of Neoclassical and Palladian architectural styles and architectures.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other notable 20th-century Chinese architects such as Li Daozeng, Zhou Weiquan, Wang Guoyu and Guan Zhaoye have all designed various buildings on the Tsinghua University campus.
The university's Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology is on a separate campus in a northern suburb of Beijing.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Tsinghua History Museum covers a construction area of 5,060 m2.<ref name="lib">See the Tsinghua opens New Tsinghua Xue Tang and University History Museum Template:Webarchive.</ref> A collection of old documents, pictures, artworks, maps, graphics, videos and music tells the visitors the history of Tsinghua University. The exhibition also pays tribute to the people who contributed to the development of the institution. The university also operates its own art museum, the Tsinghua University Art Museum, which derives its collection from the university's Academy of Arts & Design since 1956.
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Entrance to "工 Shape Hall", the former Qing Prince's Mansion and the current office of the presidentEntrance to "工 Shape Hall", the former Qing Prince's Mansion and the current office of the president
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Sculptural artworks on the campus
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Tsinghua campus scenery
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A teaching and protected heritage building (the former Tsinghua College)
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The Old Library building of the Tsinghua University Library
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A Qing dynasty Jinchun Garden on the Tsinghua University campus
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A pathway in the campus
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Zeng Xianzi Building
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The old Science Building
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A building from the old student dormitory
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The Shengyinyuan, built in 1946, contains numerous residential houses for the faculty
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Hydraulic Experiment Hall
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The old Electrical Engineering Hall
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The old Chemistry Hall
Notable people
[edit]Notable alumni
[edit]Tsinghua University has produced many notable graduates, especially in political sphere, academic field and industry.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Forbes has referred to Tsinghua as China's "power factory", citing the amount of senior Chinese politicians the university has produced.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Multiple image
Notable alumni who have held senior positions in Chinese politics include current general secretary and president of China, Xi Jinping,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> former general secretary and president of China Hu Jintao,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> former chairman of the National People's Congress Wu Bangguo,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> former premier Zhu Rongji,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the former first vice premier Huang Ju.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This also includes politicians like Wu Guanzheng,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> former governor of the People's Bank of China Zhou Xiaochuan,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> former minister of finance Lou Jiwei,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> general Sun Li-jen, Liang Qichao,<ref name=":8">Template:Cite web</ref> and more. Since 2016, Tsinghua graduates who have political prominence are disproportionately greater in number than graduates of other famous universities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Notable alumni in the sciences include Nobel laureate Yang Chen Ning,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work with Tsung-Dao Lee on parity nonconservation of weak interaction; Wolf Prize winning mathematician Shiing-Shen Chern,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> biologist Min Chueh Chang,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> theoretical physicist Zhou Peiyuan, astronomer Zhang Yuzhe, biomedical engineer Leslie Ying,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> mechanical engineer Qingyan Chen,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> anthropologist Fei Xiaotong, sociologist and ethnologist Wu Wenzao, political scientist K. C. Hsiao,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and sociologist Pan Guangdan.
Tsinghua is known for having educated the most billionaires of any university in China, and since 2017 counts 152 billionaires amongst its alumni.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> These include billionaires Sun Hongbin (real estate),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> chairman of Goertek Jiang Bin (components),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Xu Hang (medical devices),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Zhang Zetian (e-commerce),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> among others.
Notable alumni in the arts and poetry include author Qian Zhongshu,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Wen Yiduo, painter Xinyi Cheng, historian and poet Wang Guowei, Chen Yinke, and architect Xu Tiantian.<ref name=":8" />
Tsinghua clique
[edit]Template:Main The term Tsinghua clique refers to a group of Chinese Communist Party politicians that have graduated from Tsinghua University. They are members of the fourth generation of Chinese leadership, and are purported to hold reformist and hesitantly pro-democratic ideas (a number have studied in the United States following graduation from Tsinghua, and some are said to be influenced by the reform ideals of Hu Yaobang). In the PRC, their ascendance to power began in 2008 at the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
See also
[edit]- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute
- Anti-Corruption and Governance Research Center
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology
- Peking Union Medical College
- National Tsing Hua University
- SMTH BBS
- Tsinghua clique
- Tsinghua Holdings
- Tsinghua University Press
- Education in the People's Republic of China
- Tsinghua University High School
- List of colleges and universities in Beijing
- Wudaokou
Note
[edit]References
[edit]External links
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