Washington University in St. Louis
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Washington University in St. Louis (WashU) is a private research university in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Founded in 1853 by a group of civic leaders and named for George Washington, the university spans 355 acres across its Danforth and Medical campuses. It comprises eight schools, including Arts and Sciences, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Olin Business School, Washington University School of Medicine, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University School of Law, School of Continuing & Professional Studies, and Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts. Washington University offers more than 150 undergraduate, 80 master's and professional, and 50 doctoral degree programs. Template:As of, Washington University enrolled 16,399 students representing all 50 U.S. states and more than 110 countries.
Established due to a concern of a lack of institutions of higher learning in the Midwest, the university held its first classes in 1854 in downtown St. Louis. In 1905, Washington University relocated to a new campus northwest of Forest Park, allowing for expansion and new facilities to support its growing academic programs and student body. Construction of the first building, Busch Hall, began in 1900, followed by Brookings Hall, Ridgley, and Cupples. These buildings were not occupied until 1905 to accommodate the 1904 Summer Olympics and St. Louis World's Fair. By 1964, more than two-thirds of incoming students came from outside the St. Louis area. In 2021, the university adopted a need-blind undergraduate admissions policy.
Washington University joined the Association of American Universities in 1923. The university received over 32,750 applications for the Class of 2028 and admitted 12 percent. It supports more than 400 undergraduate student organizations. The university's athletic teams, the Washington University Bears, compete in NCAA Division III as founding members of the University Athletic Association and as a member of the College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin. Its mascot is the Bear, and its official colors are red and green. The Bears have won 26 NCAA Division III championships.
Governance of the university is overseen by a Board of Trustees, which ensures its alignment with educational, financial, and social objectives. Template:As of, the university is led by Chancellor Andrew D. Martin and Provost Beverly Wendland. The university's endowment of $12.0 billion is among the fifteen largest in the United States. The university’s motto is Per veritatem vis, which translates to "Strength through truth". It is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. Washington University has been the venue for four presidential debates and one vice-presidential debate.
Template:As of, 26 Nobel laureates, 11 Pulitzer Prize winners, 4 United States Poets Laureate, and 6 MacArthur Fellows have been affiliated with the university as faculty or alumni. Washington University alumni also include 17 university presidents, 21 members of the United States Congress, 30 Rhodes Scholars, 20 Truman Scholars, 7 Marshall Scholars and 2 Churchill Scholars. Washington University is also top producer of Fulbright scholars.
History
[edit]19th Century
[edit]Founding and early years
[edit]Washington University was founded in 1853 by 17 St. Louis business, religious, and political leaders concerned by the lack of institutions of higher learning in the Midwest.Template:Sfn State Senator Wayman Crow and Unitarian minister William Greenleaf Eliot led the effort.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn Crow secured the university charter,Template:Sfn and Eliot was named president of the board of trustees, with Crow serving as vice president.Template:Sfn Joseph Gibson Hoyt became the university's inaugural chancellor.Template:Sfn
Unlike most American institutions, Washington University initially lacked a financial endowment and did not have the backing of a religious organization, wealthy patron, or government support.Template:Sfn
Originally called Eliot Seminary, the name faced opposition from Eliot himself, who favored a nonsectarian identity for the institution. To address this, Eliot appointed a subcommittee consisting of himself and Samuel Treat to recommend a new name.Template:Sfn The subcommittee proposed Washington Institute, in honor of George Washington, the nation’s first president, as the charter had been granted on his birthday, February 22. The board unanimously approved the proposal.Template:Sfn In 1856, the board officially amended the name to Washington University.Template:Sfn
Growth and expansion
[edit]Chartered as a university, it initially functioned primarily as a night school and did not have buildings, faculty, or established course offerings. Classes began on October 22, 1854, in the Benton Schoolhouse, a facility loaned by the public school board, which also covered utility costs and installed gas lighting for evening instruction. Tuition was offered free of charge. By the end of the first year, 270 students had enrolled whose ages ranged from eight years old to forty-six years old. The university hired four teachers from the public school system; two of whom later became the university's first full-time faculty members. In 1856, the university's first building on its purchased three-acre site of Seventeenth Street and Washington Avenue was completed.Template:Sfn Washington University remained located in downtown St. Louis for its first fifty years.<ref name=":36">Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1856, Eliot and other trustees established a preparatory academic department for boys.<ref name=":38">Template:Cite web</ref> Admission was granted to boys aged ten and older who passed an exam in reading, writing, geography, and basic arithmetic.Template:Sfn In 1859, a preparatory female department was established. In recognition of Eliot’s leadership, the University insisted on naming it the Mary Institute, in honor of his daughter. In 1879, the academic department for boys was named Smith Academy.<ref name=":38" />
Washington University's law school (originally known as The St. Louis Law School) was the first undergraduate division of the University to admit women. In 1869, Lemma Barkeloo and Phoebe Couzins enrolled. Barkeloo passed the Missouri bar exam in her first year and did not complete the program, while Couzins earned her LL.B. in 1871. However, it wasn’t until 1886 that women were regularly admitted again to the law school.Template:Sfn
In 1871, Eliot was named the third chancellor of Washington University.Template:Sfn
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In 1879, the St. Louis Manual Training School of Washington University<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> became the first manual training school established in the United States.<ref name=":39">Template:Cite web</ref> Student's time was divided equally between manual training and school work.<ref name=":39" />
Facing declining enrollment in the 1870s, the university sought to strengthen ties with local preparatory schools, and by 1880, graduates from select high schools could enter by certificate rather than examination. The College also introduced the Bachelor of Philosophy (Ph.B) degree as a more flexible alternative to the traditional Bachelor of Arts, with the Ph.B. placing greater emphasis on science, history, and English. Lectures and written exams replaced traditional oral recitations, and completing a senior thesis became a requirement for graduation for the Ph.B degree.Template:Sfn Admitting women had a greater impact on enrollment than any academic reforms. After a unanimous faculty vote, the first woman enrolled in the undergraduate college in 1870; by the 1890s, women were the main drivers of the college’s enrollment growth.Template:Sfn
During Eliot’s chancellorship, student organizations at Washington University rose and fell quickly due to a lack of institutional support.Template:Sfn Athletics were especially unstable, with clubs like baseball and rowing repeatedly forming and disbanding, though individual sports gained steadier traction with the building of gyms and hiring of instructors. A major shift occurred in 1890 when the Washington University Athletic Association (established in 1884) embraced intercollegiate football.Template:Sfn
In 1890, the amount of prescribed courses for the Bachelor of Arts degree was 40 of 45. By the end of 1892, Washington University had reduced the number of prescribed courses to 8 out of 38. This shift in policy also led to the abolition of alternative degrees like the Ph.B. and contributed to the creation of many new courses.Template:Sfn
Washington University’s decision to purchase a tract of land for a new campus was driven by the rapid growth of St. Louis and the decreasing availability of suitable locations. The land was acquired for Template:US$ in with financing arranged through a loan and the sale of University stock, backed by private guarantees. The University then enlisted Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot to design the campus, beginning with two landscape plans in 1895 and marking the beginning of the architects' broader influence.Template:Sfn In 1897, the university formally announced plans in its catalog to move the Undergraduate Department to a new site northwest of Forest Park.Template:Sfn Olmsted's praise of the site led the board to agree to buy the land without conditions. Olmsted also recommended acquiring additional land along Skinker Boulevard, which was completed in 1899 with help from Robert Brookings, and advised that future construction emphasize aesthetics. Their proposals included holding an architectural competition and grouping buildings in quadrangles, with the main building facing east from the ridge.Template:Sfn
Medical College affiliation
[edit]In 1890, the St. Louis Medical College proposed establishing a physiological laboratory in partnership with Washington University. Although the University initially declined, the medical college renewed its efforts to affiliate. A joint committee formed in early 1891, and by April, the college formally became the "Medical Department of Washington University".Template:Sfn
In 1892, the Missouri Dental College, with a curriculum closely aligned with the St. Louis Medical College, also affiliated with Washington University.Template:Sfn
In 1899, the Missouri Medical College, established in 1840 as the oldest medical school west of the Mississippi in conjunction with Kemper College, merged with the St. Louis Medical College. Historian Historian Ralph E. Morrow later wrote that this affiliation completed the foundation of Washington University’s health programs.Template:Sfn The merger doubled medical school enrollment. It also provided greater access to hospital beds for clinical work and expanded physical facilities, including the conversion of a Missouri Medical College building into Washington University’s first hospital.Template:Sfn
University seal
[edit]In 1896, Holmes Smith, professor of Drawing and History of Art, designed what became the basis for the university seal. The seal is made up of elements from the Washington family coat of arms, an open book representing a university, and the symbol of Louis IX, whom the city is named after.<ref name=":32">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1915, The university’s adopted its motto is Per veritatem vis, which translates to "Strength through truth".<ref name=":32" />
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20th century
[edit]Campus building and academic foundation
[edit]The cornerstone of the first building on its new Hilltop Campus, Busch Hall was laid on October 20, 1900.Template:Sfn Construction of additional buildings, including Brookings Hall, Ridgley, and Cupples began shortly thereafter. Washington University postponed occupying these buildings until 1905 to accommodate the 1904 World's Fair and the 1904 Summer Olympics.<ref name=":40">Template:Cite web</ref> Robert S. Brookings, president of the board, leased the first five University buildings to the Fair. The Template:US$ generated from the lease was then used to fund the construction of four additional buildings, which were also used by the Fair.<ref name=":02">Template:Cite web</ref>
By 1905, the number of course offerings in the College had tripled.Template:Sfn
In 1909, the College implemented curricular changes that included a distribution requirement and a limit on how much concentration was allowed in a single field of study.Template:Sfn
The School of Medicine formalized partnerships with Barnes Hospital in 1911 and St. Louis Children's Hospital in 1912. These agreements required hospital staffs to consist entirely of University faculty, while granting the University access to patients for clinical instruction and research. In return, Washington University pledged to construct and maintain modern medical facilities and laboratories adjacent to the hospitals.Template:Sfn In 1915, the university completed a new medical complex on Kingshighway Boulevard. Three years later, Aphrodite Jannopoulo, Carol Skinner Cole, and Faye Cashatt became the first women to enroll as medical students.<ref name=":76">Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1922, Arthur Holly Compton, head of the Department of Physics, conducted a series of experiments in the basement of Eads Hall that demonstrated the particle concept of electromagnetic radiation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Compton's discovery, known as the "Compton Effect," earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927.<ref name="Arthur Holly Compton">Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1923, Washington University became a member of the Association of American Universities.<ref name=":31">Template:Cite web</ref>
Desegregation and Social Change
[edit]
In 1945, four African American students were denied admission to the university's summer school, prompting the NAACP and the city of St. Louis to file a lawsuit challenging the institution's tax-exempt status. The suit argued that the university's segregationist policies violated its obligations as a tax-exempt entity. Although the legal action did not succeed, it led the university's board of directors to publicly address the issue of segregation for the first time.Template:Sfn
Compton returned to Washington University in 1946 as the ninth chancellor after 22 years at the University of Chicago.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He reestablished the Washington University football team and emphasized a "strictly amateur" athletic policy with no athletic scholarships. Under Compton, the university saw enrollment growth, which was driven by World War II veterans using the G.I. Bill, which covered college costs for military personnel.<ref name=":30">Template:Cite web</ref> Enrollment increased by 39 percent in Spring 1946 to 9,159 students. By Fall 1947, enrollment had reached 13,204 students.Template:Sfn
Before the board fully responded, the initiative for desegregation was taken up by individual deans and departments. In June 1947, the medical school sought retroactive approval for admitting an African American student to a postgraduate course in ophthalmology, which the board granted.Template:Sfn That same year, President Harry S. Truman's Commission on Higher Education recommended repealing segregation laws in higher education.<ref name=":21" /> Although the first African American student did not begin undergraduate medical studies until 1951, by then, the medical school had already appointed African Americans to its part-time clinical faculty and named Ernest S. Sims as the first African American to hold a full-time academic appointment in the university.Template:Sfn
Similarly, the School of Social Work began admitting African American students in December 1947. The graduate school followed suit a few months later.Template:Sfn In 1949, a group of students formed the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN). In May 1949, SCAN conducted a poll in which nearly one-third of the student body participated, with 77 percent expressing support for ending segregation.<ref name=":21" /> By the winter of 1949, racial tests for admission were abolished in all postbaccalaureate programs on the Hilltop Campus. The dentistry school followed in early 1950. On May 9, 1952, racial tests for admissions to undergraduate programs were abolished.Template:Sfn
On March 5, 1958, the Board of Directors approved HOK’s plans for four residence halls and a food service building.Template:Sfn Work on the South 40, named for its location south of the Hilltop Campus and its size of Template:Convert,<ref name=":85" /> site commenced before July 4, 1958.Template:Sfn The project was completed in four phases. Each wave of construction expanded residential capacity: the first group of dormitories accommodated nearly 600 students, the second added another 600, and subsequent phases continued to increase housing availability on campus.Template:Sfn With additional on-campus housing, the university, which had been predominantly attended by commuter students, began attracting a greater number of applicants from across the nation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By 1964, over two-thirds of incoming students came from outside the St. Louis area.Template:Sfn
Activism and identity
[edit]In the late 1960s, Black students established the Association of Black Collegians (ABC). The group (later the Association of Black Students) supported Black students, addressed issues related to campus policing, and advocated for more inclusive representation in the academic curriculum. On December 5, 1968, Elbert Walton, an MBA student, had an incident with campus police. Around 10:30 a.m., officers stopped him, and he reportedly refused to show his ID. The police then took him to the ground, handcuffed him, and placed him in a police car. Walton was later taken to the police station, where he sat in a chair while still handcuffed. When ABC learned about Walton's arrest, the group organized a sit-in at the police office, later expanding their occupation to the basement of Brookings Hall.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite web</ref> After arrests and negotiations, the university expanded diversity efforts, including the establishment of the department of African and African-American Studies.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":21">Template:Cite web</ref>
In May 1970, Washington University experienced student unrest in response to the U.S. invasion of Cambodia and the Kent State shooting. On the evening of May 4, a large meeting in Brookings Quadrangle led to a march of 1,200 to 1,500 students toward the AFROTC building. The building was subsequently damaged by a rock-throwing crowd and set on fire in the early hours of May 5. County firemen extinguished the fire after initial attempts by the Clayton Fire Department were hindered by protestors.Template:Sfn
In 1971, the board of trustees appointed Chancellor William Henry Danforth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to The New York Times, under Chancellor Danforth, Washington University transformed from a commuter school into a world-renowned institution.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During his 24-year chancellorship, he established 70 new endowed professorships, constructed dozens of buildings, secured a $1.72 billion endowment, and tripled the amount of student scholarships.<ref name=":12">Template:Cite web</ref>
To better distinguish itself in national media, the university's board of trustees added the phrase "in St. Louis" in 1976.<ref name="george">Template:Cite web</ref>
Institutional development and expansion
[edit]In 1995, Mark S. Wrighton, former provost at MIT, was elected the university's 14th chancellor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During Chancellor Wrighton's tenure, undergraduate applications to Washington University more than doubled, the university has added more than 190 endowed professorships, and revamped its Arts & Sciences curriculum, and completed more than 30 new buildings.<ref name=":78">Template:Cite web</ref> The university has also built more than 50 new buildings and increased its endowment by more than $5,000,000,000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
21st century
[edit]
In 2005, Washington University established the "McDonnell International Scholars Academy", an international network of research universities build a global network to address challenges like disease and poverty, through academic collaboration, with an initial endowment gift of $10,000,000 (Template:Inflation) from John F. McDonnell.<ref name="random_name_to_fix_error">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Initially, it began with 15 partner institutions in Asia.<ref name="random_name_to_fix_error" /> Template:As of, it has more than 30 partner institutions around the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Hilltop Campus was renamed the Danforth Campus in 2006 to honor former chancellor William H. Danforth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2014, a study ranked Washington University first in the country for income inequality<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with approximately 22 percent of its students coming from the top 1 percent of earners, and about 6 percent from the bottom 60 percent.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":81">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In response to criticism, the university committed to increase the percentage of Pell-eligible students on campus from 6 percent to 13 percent by 2020.<ref name=":81" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The university achieved that goal three years early, and Template:As of, 19.9 percent of undergraduate students were eligible for Pell Grants, representing a 300 percent increase since 2012.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite web</ref>
In June 2019, Andrew D. Martin, former dean of the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts at the University of Michigan, was elected the university's 15th chancellor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At his inauguration, Martin announced the "WashU Pledge", a program that offers free tuition to full-time students from Missouri and southern Illinois whose families either earn $75,000 or less per year or qualify for Pell Grants (federal money that helps low-income students pay for college and doesn’t need to be repaid).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2021, the university launched a $1 billion plan called Gateway to Success.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":15" /> $800 million for need-blind admission (meaning students are accepted without looking at their financial needs) and to cover all their financial need.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Another $200 million was set aside to help graduate and professional students pay for school.<ref name=":7" /> Under Martin’s leadership, the School of Continuing & Professional Studies was redesigned to make college more accessible for more people. He also expanded the WashU Pledge and started the Heartland Initiative to help talented students from the region succeed and stay after graduation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2024, Washington University purchased the 16-acre campus of neighboring Fontbonne University, which is set to close in 2025, for $39 million.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
U.S. presidential and vice-presidential debates
[edit]Template:As of, Washington University has been the venue for four presidential debates and one vice-presidential debate: the inaugural 1992 presidential debate on October 11, 1992, the third 2000 Presidential debate on October 17, the second 2004 Presidential debate on October 8,<ref name=":10">Template:Cite web</ref> the sole 2008 Vice Presidential debate between Joe Biden and Sarah Palin on October 2,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the second 2016 Presidential debate on October 9.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A 1996 debate was scheduled but canceled when the number of debates was reduced to two.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Organization and administration
[edit]
From its inception, Washington University has been governed by an independent board of trustees which, by charter, appoints its own members.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Trustees serve four-year terms and may be eligible for re-election upon the completion of a term. The Board is responsible for the university’s fiduciary oversight, strategic governance, and major institutional decisions, including setting policy and providing overall guidance. These include appointing the chancellor, reviewing and approving the annual budget, authorizing major capital expenditures, making final decisions on tenure and degree conferrals, and approving the creation of new academic programs.<ref name=":79">Template:Cite web</ref>
From 1983 to 1987, the "Alliance for Washington University" campaign raised more than Template:US$.<ref name=":56">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":63">Template:Cite news</ref> From 1998 to 2004, the "Campaign for Washington University" raised more than Template:US$.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
On June 1, 2019, Andrew D. Martin was appointed the 15th chancellor of Washington University after Chancellor Mark S Wrighton announced his plans to retire.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Chancellor is responsible for overseeing the university’s day-to-day operations, including managing staff, implementing the Board's policies and decisions, ensuring compliance, and leading strategic initiatives. The Chancellor also provides vision and leadership across academics, research, fundraising, and administration.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2020, Beverly Wendland, former dean of the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences at Johns Hopkins University, was named Provost.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Washington University is a member of the Association of American Universities,<ref name=":31" /> American Association of Colleges and Universities,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Universities Research Association,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> American Council of Learned Societies Research University Consortium,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Finances, costs, and financial aid
[edit]As of June 30, 2024, Washington University has an endowment of $12.0 billion,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":23">Template:Cite web</ref> ranking it among the top 15 university endowments in the United States.<ref name=":23" /> Its total assets (including its campus) are valued at $20.48 billion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In Fiscal Year 2024, it had an operating budget of $5.23 billion of which 11 percent came from endowment spending. Of its $5.23 billion operating budget, it had expenses of $5.08 billion. Of the $5.08 billion, $3.026 billion went to instruction, $892.7 million to research, $489.8 million to academic support, $296.4 to institutional support, $165.1 million to auxiliary enterprises, $161.3 million to student services, and $51.6 million to other deductions.<ref name=":43">Template:Cite web</ref>
For the 2025–2026 academic year, Washington University charged a tuition fee of $68,240 per student, with a total estimated on-campus cost of attendance of $92,932.<ref name=":45">Template:Cite web</ref> Washington University practices need-blind admissions and meets 100 percent of admitted students' demonstrated needs.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":15">Template:Cite web</ref> Of the 1,823 first-year students enrolled in Template:As of, 929 applied for need-based financial aid, and 796 were determined to have financial need. Among those 796 students, 100 percent of demonstrated need was met on average (excluding any aid awarded beyond calculated need). It does not offer any athletic scholarships.<ref name=":47">Template:Cite web</ref>
Campuses
[edit]
Danforth
[edit]In 1899, the university held a national design competition for a new campus.Template:Sfn The Philadelphia firm Cope & Stewardson, known for their work at the University of Pennsylvania, Bryn Mawr College, and Princeton University,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> won with a design based on Collegiate Gothic quadrangles inspired by Oxford and Cambridge Universities.Template:Sfn
The university's 169-acre Danforth Campus is bordered by the Forest Park section of St. Louis and Clayton and University City, Missouri.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A large portion of the Danforth Campus is recognized as the Washington University Hilltop Campus Historic District, which is a National Historic Landmark.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Medical
[edit]
Washington University Medical Center comprises Template:Convert spread over 18 city blocks, located along the eastern edge of Forest Park within the Central West End neighborhood of St. Louis.<ref name=":33">Template:Cite web</ref> The campus is home to the Washington University School of Medicine and its partners, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and St. Louis Children's Hospital.<ref name=":33" />
In 2019, Washington University was awarded a $7.6 million grant from the National Cancer Institute to establish the Implementation Science Center for Cancer Control to address disparities in cancer care in parts of Missouri and Illinois.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2022, Washington University's Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences was awarded a five-year $61 million grant from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, to advance precision medicine, health equity, and diversity initiatives.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Academics
[edit]In 2023, Washington University was one of 10 universities<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> picked to join the Kessler Scholars Collaborative, which provides support for selected first-generation and Pell-Grant eligible STEM students.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The program aims to recruit 20 fully funded Kessler scholars per year and provide additional opportunities to close the wealth gap.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Admissions
[edit]For the Class of 2028 (entering Fall 2024), Washington University in St. Louis received over 32,750 applications and admitted 12 percent of applicants.<ref name=":34">Template:Cite web</ref> Of those admitted, 86 percent who reported their rank were in the top 10 percent of their high school class.<ref name=":16">Template:Cite web</ref> Additionally, 25 percent of enrolled students were Pell Grant-eligible, and 18 percent were first-generation college students.<ref name=":34" />
The middle 50 percent of admitted students who submitted standardized test scores scored between 33 and 35 on the ACT (out of a maximum score of 36), and between 1500 and 1570 on the SAT (out of a maximum score of 1600).<ref name=":16" /> National averages for these tests are approximately 19.4 for the ACT and 1050 for the SAT.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For comparison, admitted students scored in the 98th to 99th national percentile, indicating that these students outperformed 98 to 99 percent of recent test takers.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>
The student-faculty ratio is 7:1.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Libraries
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The Washington University library system comprises nine libraries, with Olin Library serving as the main library.<ref name=":49" /> According to the American Library Association, it is the 44th largest library in the United States by volume count, holding over 5.3 million volumes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is a member of the Association of Research Libraries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The remaining eight libraries in the system include Al and Ruth Kopolow (Business) Library, Bernard Becker Medical Library, Brown School Library, East Asian Library, Gaylord Music Library, Kenneth and Nancy Kranzberg Art & Architecture Library, Law Library and West Campus Library.<ref name=":49">Template:Cite web</ref>
The Department of Special Collections at Washington University Libraries encompasses four units: Rare Books, Manuscripts, University Archives, and the Film & Media Archive. These units collectively house a wide array of materials, ranging from ancient manuscripts to contemporary documentary film archives.<ref name=":71">Template:Cite web</ref>
Washington University holds a copy of the Southwick Broadside, one of the few surviving printed broadsides of the Declaration of Independence. Donated to the university in 2015, it is now part of the university's Special Collections.<ref name=":72">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Rankings and reputation
[edit]Template:Infobox US university rankingWashington University is ranked 21st in the nation in the 2025 U.S. News & World Report National Universities ranking<ref name="USNWR">Template:Cite magazine</ref> and 26th by The Wall Street Journal in their rankings.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2024, the university was ranked 23rd in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Audiology | 8<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Biological Sciences | 15<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Business | 24<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Chemistry | 42<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Computer Science | 45<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Earth Sciences | 33<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Economics | 29<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Engineering | 43<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| English | 26<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| History | 36<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Law | 14<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Mathematics | 43<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Medicine | 5<ref name="auto">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Efn |
| Occupational Therapy | 3<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Physical Therapy | 1<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Political Science | 13<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Psychology | 8<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Public Health | 22<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Social Work | 2<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
In its 2025 edition, Princeton Review ranked Washington University as number 1 for "Top Midwest Entrepreneurship: Ugrad" and as number 2 for "Top Entrepreneurship Under Ten Thousand Students: Ugrad".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> QS World University Rankings ranked Washington University 19th in the world for anatomy and physiology in 2025.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2025, Washington University in St. Louis was included in Forbes' 2025 New Ivies: 20 Great Colleges Employers Love, which highlights universities known for their academic rigor and producing graduates who are highly sought after by employers, with many graduates considered by employers to be outpacing their Ivy League peers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:As of, 19.9 percent of undergraduate students were eligible for Pell Grants, representing a 300 percent increase since 2012.<ref name=":6" />
In the 2016 edition of The Hidden Ivies: 63 of America's Top Liberal Arts Colleges and Universities, a guidebook by educational consultants Howard and Matthew Greene, included Washington University in St. Louis among the institutions they described as offering an Ivy League-level education in terms of academic rigor, intellectual atmosphere, and campus experience.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Washington University is among the top institutions producing recipients of various competitive postgraduate fellowships, including the Fulbright program, Harry S. Truman Scholarship, and Rhodes Scholarship.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":20">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":9" />
Research
[edit]| College/School | Year founded |
| College of Arts & Sciences | 1853 |
| James McKelvey School of Engineering | 1854 |
| School of Law | 1867 |
| College of Art | 1879 |
| School of Medicine | 1891 |
| College of Architecture | 1910 |
| Olin Business School | 1917 |
| Graduate School of Arts & Sciences | 1922 |
| George Warren Brown School of Social Work | 1925 |
| School of Continuing & Professional Studies | 1931 |
| Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts | 2005 |
Washington University is classified as an R1 university, denoting "Very High Research Spending and Doctorate Production" on the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education.<ref name="Carnegie">Template:Cite web</ref> The Carnegie Classification helps categorize colleges and universities based on data like research activity and degrees awarded.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
According to the National Science Foundation's Higher Education Research and Development Survey for fiscal year Template:As of, Washington University ranks 27th among U.S. institutions in total research and development (R&D) expenditures. In that year, Washington University reported $1.169 billion in R&D spending, reflecting an 11.7 percent increase from the previous year.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2022, Washington University developed a nasal vaccine aimed at addressing COVID-19; it was licensed for use in India to Indian vaccine maker Bharat Biotech and the technology was licensed to bio-tech company Ocugen.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":19">Template:Cite web</ref> Bharat named their licensed version of the vaccine iNCOVACC.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2025, Washington University's' vaccine was approved for clinical trials in the United States.<ref name=":19" />
In 2019, Washington University School of Medicine took over Folding@Home, a distributed computing project, from Stanford University.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The project, which taps into the idle power of personal computers owned by volunteers to simulate protein folding,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> reached a speed of 1.5 exaFLOPS in 2020—seven times faster than the world's top supercomputer, Summit, and more powerful than the top 100 supercomputers in the world, combined.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This speed fuels research into diseases like Alzheimer's, cancer, COVID-19, and Ebola.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The university hosts NASA's Planetary Data System Geosciences Node, supporting unmanned Mars missions, with Professor Raymond Arvidson serving as deputy principal investigator for the Mars Exploration Rovers and co-investigator for the Phoenix lander's robotic arm.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Beyond STEM, Washington University students have digitized the works of 16th-century poet Edmund Spenser. Led by English professor Joseph Loewenstein and supported by a $150,000 grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the project marks the first major update to Spenser’s collected works since Oxford University Press’s edition nearly a century ago. The new edition, produced in collaboration with scholars at four other universities, will include both a comprehensive print publication and a digital archive.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Colleges and Schools
[edit]Template:See also Across its schools, it offers more than 150 undergraduate, 80 master's and professional, and 50 doctoral degree programs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- The College of Arts & Sciences is home to the university's largest undergraduate program, providing students selection of courses across more than 50 disciplines, including anthropology, chemistry, English, the performing arts and women, gender and sexuality studies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- The George Warren Brown School was founded in 1925.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The school was endowed by Bettie Bofinger Brown and named for her husband, George Warren Brown, a St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company.<ref name=":25">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1948, it became the first school at Washington University to admit Black students.<ref name=":25" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- The James McKelvey School of Engineering was named on January 31, 2019, when the School of Engineering & Applied Science was renamed in honor of trustee and alumnus Jim McKelvey Jr., co-founder of Square, following his substantial donation.<ref name=":80">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- The Olin Business School, originally established as the School of Commerce and Finance in 1917, was named after John M. Olin in the 1980s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2002, an Executive MBA program was established in Shanghai,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> in cooperation with Fudan University.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- The Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts was founded in 2006, merging the existing academic units of Architecture and Art with the university's museum.<ref name=":50">Template:Cite web</ref> The school comprises the College of Architecture, Graduate School of Architecture & Urban Design, College of Art, Graduate School of Art and the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum.<ref name=":50" /> It was the first art museum west of the Mississippi.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Steinberg Hall, completed in 1960, was the first commissioned project by Pritzker Prize-winning architect Fumihiko Maki.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- The School of Continuing & Professional Studies (CAPS) was established in June 2023, when Washington University renamed University College. CAPS was established to focus on adult learners with a focus on rapidly growing and high paying fields like data analytics, education, healthcare, and management. The pre-nursing program was developed in partnership with Goldfarb School of Nursing at Barnes-Jewish College.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite web</ref>
- The Washington University School of Law (established in 1867) is the oldest continuously operating law school west of the Mississippi River.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Washington University School of Law offers joint-degree programs with the Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Since 1997, Anheuser-Busch Hall has been home to the School of Law.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- The Washington University School of Medicine was established in 1891.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2024, it ranked second in the United States for National Institutes of Health (government agency responsible for biomedical and public health research) funding.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Seigle Hall (2008), shared by the School of Law and the College of Arts and Sciences
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George Warren Brown School of Social Work, built in 1948.
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Simon Hall (2019) is a part of the Olin Business School.
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Steinburg Hall (completed in 1960) is part of the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts.
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Washington University School of Medicine was established in 1891.
Campus life
[edit]Student body
[edit]| Race and ethnicity<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| White | Template:Bartable | ||
| Asian | Template:Bartable | ||
| Hispanic | Template:Bartable | ||
| Black | Template:Bartable | ||
| OtherTemplate:Efn | Template:Bartable | ||
| Foreign national | Template:Bartable | ||
| Economic diversity | |||
| Low-incomeTemplate:Efn | Template:Bartable | ||
In 2024, Washington University enrolled 16,399 students who came from all 50 U.S. states and more than 110 countries.<ref name=":43" /> This number includes 8,243 undergraduate students and 7,289 graduate students.<ref name=":43" />
Of the 1,848 first year students enrolled in Fall 2024, 37 percent were Caucasian, 26 percent were Asian, 12 percent were Latino/Hispanic, 8 percent were Black/African-American, 11 percent were International, and 5 percent did not identify; 53 percent were female and 47 percent were male.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Student organizations
[edit]Washington University has over 400 undergraduate student organizations on campus.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Most receive funding by the Washington University Student Union, which, as of Fiscal Year Template:As of has an annual budget of $4.2 million.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Student Union sponsors major campus programs including WILD<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and distributes free copies of The New York Times, USA Today, and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch through The Collegiate Readership Program.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Many of these organizations and other campus life amenities are housed in the Danforth University Center on the Danforth Campus.
Washington University has 26 recognized chapters of fraternities and sororities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2020, nearly half of Washington University's fraternity and sorority members canceled their memberships following student-led criticism that historically white fraternities and sororities contributed to racism and sexism on campus. Two sororities folded completely, and others lost more than 80 percent of their membership. The university has since faced ongoing calls from students to remove fraternities and sororities from campus.<ref name=":11">Template:Cite web</ref>
Residences
[edit]
Comprising 10 residential colleges and 23 residence halls, the South 40 serves as the primary housing area for first- and second-year undergraduate students. It is named for its location south of the Danforth Campus and its size of Template:Convert.<ref name=":85">Template:Cite web</ref> It includes Bear's Den (the largest dining hall on campus), Bear Necessities (a gift shop), Paws and Go (a convenience store), the Student Health Center, student businesses, meeting rooms, and sports fields.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Village is a residential area on the Danforth Campus for undergraduate students in their third year or beyond.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It includes two suite-style buildings, Lopata House and Village House, which contain multiple four-person single suites, each with two shared bathrooms.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Student media
[edit]Washington University is home to seven student-run media organizations: The Hatchet, Law Review, Washington University Political Review, Student Life, Spires, KWUR 90.3FM, and WUTV.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Student Life was founded in January 1878Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and is published twice weekly by Washington University Student Media, Inc., an independent nonprofit incorporated in 1999.<ref name="studlife_about">Template:Cite web</ref> KWUR (90.3 FM) serves as the students' official radio station.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2003, KWUR won the critic's choice from the Riverfront Times for the Best Radio Station in St. Louis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> WUTV is the university's closed-circuit television channel. It was founded in 1976.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Transportation
[edit]Since 2006, the university began offering free MetroLink (St. Louis’s light rail commuter train system) passes to all full-time students, benefits-eligible faculty and staff, and full-time employees of qualified service providers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Blue Line and the Red Line are on the Danforth Campus along Forest Park Parkway.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Red Line provides access to the St. Louis Lambert International Airport, University of Missouri–St. Louis and the Delmar Loop. The Blue Line provides access to the suburbs of Clayton, Brentwood, and Richmond Heights. Both provide access to the Gateway Arch (U.S. National Historic Landmark in downtown St. Louis) and access to the village of Fairview, Illinois.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref>
The Washington University shuttle system includes a Campus Circulator (which provides free transportation around Danforth Campus for faculty, staff, students and guests) and seven neighborhood routes that go to locations outside of Danforth Campus.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2025, the Shopper Shuttle was introduced as a pilot program. The Shopper Shuttle provides transportation to Saint Louis Galleria (a shopping mall), Target, and Walmart.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>
Traditions
[edit]Every semester, Washington University hosts WILD, a concert in the Quad which brings in popular musical acts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other traditions include Thurtene Carnival (a student-run carnival),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Vertigo (a dance party put on by the Engineering School Council),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Residential Community Olympics (an annual competition between residential colleges featuring different sports and activities).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Students also use the Underpass panels, a series of displays along the walls of the underpass connecting the South 40 to the main Danforth Campus,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to advertise events.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A superstition among students warns that stepping on the university seal at Brookings Hall will prevent one from graduating on time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Athletics
[edit]Template:MainWashington University was a founding member of the University Athletic Association of NCAA Division III<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and previously was a founding member of the Missouri Valley Conference.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is also a member of the College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Bears have won 26 NCAA Division III championships—ten in volleyball (1989, 1991–1996, 2003, 2007, 2009), five in women's basketball (1998–2001, 2010), two in men's basketball (2008, 2009), two in women's cross country (2011, 2018), two in women's outdoor track and field (2017, 2024), two in women's soccer (2016, 2024), one in men's tennis (2008), one in women's indoor track and field (2017), and one in men's indoor track and field (2022) – and 267 conference titles.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Its mascot is the Bear, and its official colors are red and green.<ref name=":43" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Washington University hosts more than 40 club sports.<ref name="Facts">Template:Cite web</ref>
Francis Olympic Field
[edit]Francis Olympic Field, formerly known as Francis Field,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> is home to Washington University’s football, soccer, and track and field teams. It served as a venue for the 1904 Summer Olympics, the first Games held outside of Europe. In 2019, the stadium was renamed Francis Olympic Field to commemorate its Olympic heritage and St. Louis’ role as host city. The Olympic flame has passed through the field three times, during torch relays for the 1984 Los Angeles, 1996 Atlanta, and 2004 Athens Summer Olympics.<ref name=":17">Template:Cite web</ref>
Notable people
[edit]Washington University has more than 166,000 living alumni and 22,530 employees Template:As of.<ref name=":43" /> Of these 22,530 employees, 4,551 are faculty and 17,979 are administrative staff.<ref name=":43" />
Template:As of, 26 Nobel laureates, 11 Pulitzer Prize winners, 4 United States Poets Laureate, and 6 MacArthur Fellows have been affiliated with the university as faculty or alumni.<ref name="Rooney">Template:Cite web</ref> Its alumni and faculty have also received numerous prestigious awards and honors, including the Nobel Prize, National Book Award, National Book Critics Circle Award, National Medal of Science, National Medal of Arts, Guggenheim Fellowship, Fulbright Fellowship, Putnam Fellowship, MacArthur Fellowship, along with memberships in the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Royal Society of London, American Institute of Architects, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, American Academy of Arts and Letters, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Law Institute, American Philosophical Society, National Academy of Medicine, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.<ref name="Rooney" />
Washington University alumni also include 17 university presidents, 21 members of the United States Congress, 30 Rhodes Scholars, 20 Truman Scholars, 7 Marshall Scholars and 2 Churchill Scholars.<ref name=":9">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":20" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Alumni
[edit]Template:See also In the sciences, alumni include Nobel laureates such as Earl Sutherland,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Edwin Krebs<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Daniel Nathans, all in physiology or medicine.<ref name=":57">Template:Cite web</ref> Other notable scientists include J. C. R. Licklider (pioneer in the development of computing and the Internet),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Julian W. Hill (discoverer of nylon),<ref name=":66">Template:Cite news</ref> Clyde Cowan (co-discoverer of the neutrino)<ref name=":67">Template:Cite journal</ref> and Bob Behnken (NASA astronaut and former Chief of the Astronaut Office).<ref name="Tonnessen">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In politics and public service, alumni include William H. Webster (the only person to serve as director of both the FBI and CIA),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Rochelle Walensky (Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Clark Clifford (political advisor to presidents Truman, Kennedy, Johnson, and Carter).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Others include Jim Talent (former U.S. senator from Missouri),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Alan J. Dixon (former U.S. senator from Illinois),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Alexander M. Dockery (Governor of Missouri),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Siniša Mali (finance minister of Serbia),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Jonathan Mann (first director of the World Health Organization's Global Program on AIDS),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Phoebe Couzins (first female U.S. Marshal in the U.S.).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In business and entrepreneurship, alumni include Avram Glazer (executive co-chairman of Manchester United),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Jim McKelvey (co-founder of Square Inc),<ref name=":80" /> Arnold W. Donald (president and chief executive officer of Carnival Corporation),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Charles Nagel (founder of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In the arts, media and performing arts, alumni include Harold Ramis (Ghostbusters, Groundhog Day and Animal House),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Peter Sarsgaard (award-winning actor),<ref name=":41">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":42">Template:Cite web</ref> Robert Guillaume (Emmy-winning actor in Benson, first African American to play the title role in Phantom of the Opera, and voice of Rafiki in Disney’s The Lion King),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Dave Garroway (founding host of NBC’s Today),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Steven Sater (Tony Award, Grammy Award, and Laurence Olivier Award-winning American poet and playwright).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Literary and cultural figures include Fannie Hurst (prolific novelist),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Dan Simmons (Hugo Award winner),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and A.E. Hotchner (playwright and novelist).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In architecture, George Hellmuth, Gyo Obata, and George Kassabaum founded HOK, one of the world’s largest architectural firms.<ref name=":73">Template:Cite web</ref>
Higher education leaders include Abram L. Sachar (founding president of Brandeis University) and Thomas Lamb Eliot (founder of Reed College).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Alumni also include the former presidents of Johns Hopkins,<ref name=":58">Template:Cite news</ref> Clemson,<ref name=":59">Template:Cite web</ref> Wake Forest,<ref name=":60">Template:Cite web</ref> Morehouse,<ref name=":61">Template:Cite web</ref> Florida A&M University,<ref name=":62">Template:Cite web</ref> Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,<ref name=":18">Template:Cite news</ref> University of Louisville,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> San Francisco State University,<ref name=":18" /> and University of California.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Notable individuals who attended but did not graduate include Tennessee Williams (a renowned playwright who left after a prize dispute),<ref name=":13">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":14">Template:Cite news</ref> Robert Culp (I Spy, Everybody Loves Raymond),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Marilyn vos Savant (IQ-record holder who pursued family business interests).<ref name=":48">Template:Cite web</ref>
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Faculty
[edit]Notable faculty at Washington University have included Roger Nash Baldwin (American Civil Liberties Union cofounder<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Washington University's first instructor in sociology),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Gerty Cori (the first woman Nobel laureate in Physiology/Medicine),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Rita Levi-Montalcini (Nobel laureate, co-discover of nerve growth factor),<ref name=":52">Template:Cite web</ref> Peter Mutharika (President of Malawi),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> William Inge (Playwright, Pulitzer Prize for drama in 1953),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Arthur Oncken Lovejoy (founded the American Association of University Professors),<ref name=":53">Template:Cite web</ref> Mona Van Duyn (Pulitzer Prize winner, National Book Award winner and first woman U.S. Poet Laureate),<ref name=":54">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":55">Template:Cite web</ref> Howard Nemorov (U.S. Poet Laureate, National Medal of Arts recipient, Bollingen Prize winner),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Joseph W. Kennedy (co-discoverer of the element plutonium),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Barbara A. Schaal (first woman VP of National Academy of Sciences),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Henry Smith Pritchett (Head of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Virginia E. Johnson (co-author of Human Sexual Response),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Thomas Eagleton (United States senator from Missouri).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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See also
[edit]- Center for Social Development
- Central Institute for the Deaf
- Crow Observatory
- Tyson Research Center
- Washington University School of Dental Medicine
- Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Sources
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Morrow, Ralph E. Washington University in St. Louis: A History. St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1996. Template:ISBN
- Mumford, Eric. Modern Architecture in St. Louis: Washington University and Postwar American Architecture, 1948–1973. St. Louis: Washington University School of Architecture, 2004. Template:ISBN
- O'Connor, Candace. Beginning a Great Work: Washington University in St. Louis, 1853–2003. St. Louis: Washington University in St. Louis, 2003. Template:ISBN
- O'Connor, Candace. What We Believe: A History of the George Warren Brown School of Social Work 1909-2007. St. Louis: Washington University in St. Louis, 2008. Template:ISBN
- Pickens, Bufford. Washington University in St. Louis: Its Design and Architecture. St. Louis: Washington University, 1978. Template:ISBN
External links
[edit]- Pages with broken file links
- Washington University in St. Louis
- Universities and colleges established in 1853
- 1853 establishments in Missouri
- Collegiate Gothic architecture in Missouri
- Private universities and colleges in Missouri
- Universities and colleges in St. Louis
- Universities and colleges in St. Louis County, Missouri
- Education in Clayton, Missouri
- Universities and colleges accredited by the Higher Learning Commission
- Need-blind educational institutions
- University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri