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Foreign relations of Ireland

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Hiberno-English

Template:Politics of Ireland The foreign relations of Ireland are substantially influenced by its membership of the European Union, although bilateral relations with the United States and United Kingdom are also important. It is one of the group of smaller nations in the EU and has traditionally followed a non-aligned foreign policy. Ireland has historically tended towards independence in foreign military policy, thus it is not a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and has a longstanding policy of military neutrality.

Main relationships

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Ireland was not invited to join the United Nations when it was formed in 1945. Both Washington and London were opposed because of Ireland's neutrality during the war. Ireland applied in 1946 and the US and UK voted approval, but the Soviet Union vetoed it. Ireland was finally admitted to the UN in 1955.<ref>Ronan Fanning, "The Anglo-American Alliance and the Irish Application for Membership of the United Nations." Irish Studies in International Affairs 2#2 (1986), pp. 35–61. online Template:Webarchive</ref> It joined the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973; it is now known as the European Union (EU). In 1974 it began the Irish Aid programme to provide assistance to developing countries. In 1991 it established the Irish Institute of International and European Affairs to conduct research and analysis on international and European affairs. In 1992 the Irish Refugee Council began as a humanitarian advocate for the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in Ireland.<ref>John Doyle, "100 years of Irish Foreign Policy." Irish Studies in International Affairs 30.1 (2019): 1–5.</ref>

United Kingdom

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File:Irish embassy in London.JPG
Embassy of Ireland in London

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Since at least the 12th century Ireland, as a result of military conquest, has had political connections with the United Kingdom and its predecessor states, with the whole island becoming a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1801 to 1922. From the time Ireland became independent from the United Kingdom in 1922, the two countries have been involved in a dispute over the status of Northern Ireland. Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland formerly claimed Northern Ireland as a part of the "national territory", though in practice the Irish government did recognise the UK's jurisdiction over the region.
From the onset of the Troubles in 1969, the two governments sought to bring the violence to an end. The Sunningdale Agreement of 1973 and the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985 were important steps in this process. In 1998, both states signed the Good Friday Agreement and now co-operate closely to find a solution to the region's problems. Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland were amended as part of this agreement, the territorial claim being replaced with a statement of aspiration to unite the people of the island of Ireland. As part of the Good Friday Agreement, the states also ended their dispute over their respective names: Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Each agreed to accept and use the others' correct name.

When the Troubles were raging in Northern Ireland, the Irish Government sought, with mixed success, to prevent the import of weapons and ammunition through its territory by illegal paramilitary organisations for use in their conflict with the security forces in Northern Ireland. In 1973 three ships of the Irish Naval Service intercepted a ship carrying weapons from Libya which were probably destined for Irish Republican paramilitaries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Law enforcement acts such as these additionally improved relations with the government of the United Kingdom. However, the independent judiciary blocked a number of attempts to extradite suspects between 1970 and 1998 on the basis that their crime might have been 'political' and thus contrary to international law at the time.

Ireland is one of the parties to the Rockall continental shelf dispute that also involves Denmark, Iceland, and the United Kingdom. Ireland and the United Kingdom have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area. However, neither has concluded similar agreements with Iceland or Denmark (on behalf of the Faroe Islands) and the matter remains under negotiation. Iceland now claims<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> a substantial area of the continental shelf to the west of Ireland, to a point 49°48'N 19°00'W, which is further south than Ireland.

The controversial Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in north-western England has also been a contentious issue between the two governments. The Irish government has sought the closure of the plant, taking a case against the UK government under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. However, the European Court of Justice found that the case should have been dealt with under EU law.<ref>Irish Government must pursue Sellafield case via EU Template:Webarchive — European Parliament press release, 8 June 2006.</ref> In 2006, however, both countries came to a friendly agreement which enabled both the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland and the Garda Síochána (Irish Police Force) access to the site to conduct investigations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

United States

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File:Embassy of Ireland in Washington DC.jpg
Embassy of Ireland to the US, in Washington, D.C.

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The United States recognised the Irish Free State on 28 June 1924 with diplomatic relations being established on 7 October 1924. In 1927, the United States opened an American Legation in Dublin.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Due to the ancestral ties between the two countries, Ireland and the US have a strong relationship, both politically and economically, with the US being Ireland's biggest trading partner since 2000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ireland also receives more foreign direct investment from the US than many larger nations, with investments in Ireland equal to France and Germany combined and, in 2012, more than all of developing Asia put together.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The use of Shannon Airport as a stop-over point for US forces en route to Iraq has caused domestic controversy in Ireland. Opponents of this policy brought an unsuccessful High Court case against the government in 2003, arguing that this use of Irish airspace violated Irish neutrality.<ref>Horgan v. An Taoiseach & others IEHC 64 (28 April 2003) Template:Webarchive — High Court judgement in the unsuccessful case brought by Ed Horgan</ref> Restrictions such as carrying no arms, ammunition, or explosives, and that the flights in question did not form part of military exercises or operations were put in place to defend Irish neutrality, however, allegations have been made against the Central Intelligence Agency that the airport has been used between 30 and 50 times for illegal extraordinary rendition flights to the U.S. without the knowledge of the Irish Government, despite diplomatic assurances by the US that Irish airspace would not be used for transport of detainees.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In July 2006, the former Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Dermot Ahern voiced concern over the 2006 Lebanon War.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A shipment of bombs being sent to Israel by the United States was banned using Irish airspace or airfields.<ref name="scotsman-20060730">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1995 a decision was made by the U.S. government to appoint a Special Envoy to Northern Ireland to help with the Northern Ireland peace process. During the 2008 presidential campaign in the United States, however, Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama was reported as having questioned the necessity to keep a US Special Envoy for Northern Ireland. His remarks caused an uproar within the Republican Party, with Senator John McCain questioning his leadership abilities and his commitment to the ongoing peace process in Northern Ireland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:As of, Geraldine Byrne Nason is the Irish ambassador to the United States while the position of U.S. ambassador to Ireland is held by Claire D. Cronin.

China

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File:Irish Embassy in Beijing.JPG
Embassy of Ireland in Beijing

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Ireland's official relationship with the People's Republic of China began on 22 June 1979.<ref>Centre for Asian Studies, University Collete Dublin, China the Emerging Power: Prospects for Sino-Irish Relations, By Keisha Carty, Asia Correspondent, The Irish Times</ref> Following his visit to China in 1999, former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern authorised the establishment of an Asia Strategy.<ref name="ReferenceA">Irish Department of Foreign Affairs: a Decade of the Asia Strategy</ref> This Strategy aimed to ensure that the Irish Government and Irish enterprise work coherently to enhance the important relationships between Ireland and Asia.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In recent years due to the rapid expansion of the Chinese economy, China is becoming a key trade partner of Ireland, with over $6bn worth of bilateral trade between the two countries in 2010. In July 2013, the Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade were invited to China by the Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi on a trade mission to boost both investment and political ties between the two countries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ireland has raised its concerns in the area of human rights with China on several occasions. On 12 May 2007, during a visit to Beijing, former Taoiseach Brian Cowen (then Minister for Finance) discussed human rights issues with Chinese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing.<ref name="Wednesday 2007">Oireachtas: WRITTEN answer on Wednesday, 31 January 2007. Ref No: 43859/06</ref> Former Tánaiste Mary Coughlan also raised human rights issues and concerns with visiting Chinese Vice-Premier Zeng Peiyan.<ref name="Wednesday 2007"/> Ireland also participates in the EU-China Human Rights Dialogue.

Concerning the Taiwan issue, Ireland follows a One-China policy and emphasizes the Taiwan issue being best settled through dialogue "between the parties concerned". Ireland does not maintain official diplomatic ties with Taiwan although there is a Taipei Representative Office that has a representative function about economic and cultural promotion.

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Ireland, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang internment camps.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Ireland maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Ireland.svg
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4 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="oireachtas_1960-02-10">Template:Cite web</ref>
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26 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Ireland today 2">Template:Cite book</ref>
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46 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Oireachtas">Template:Cite book</ref>
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49 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Relatório">Template:Cite book</ref>
50 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Ireland Today 879-941">Template:Cite book</ref>
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52 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Magyar külpolitikai évkönyv">Template:Cite book</ref>
53 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="ARR, Arab Report and Record">Template:Cite book</ref>
54 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
55 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="archive.org">Template:Cite book</ref>
56 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Embassy of China in Ireland">Template:Cite web</ref>
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60 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="overseas.mofa.go.kr">Template:Cite web</ref>
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65 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Indonesian - Irlandia relations">Template:Cite web</ref>
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129 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Government of Mauritius">Template:Cite news</ref>
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131 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="kiribatituvalu">Template:Cite web</ref>
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173 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
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188 Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="madagascar">Template:Cite web</ref>
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Bilateral relations

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Africa

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Country Formal relations began Notes
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  • Ireland is represented in Algeria through its embassy in Bern (Switzerland).
  • Algeria has an embassy in Dublin.
  • There are 1,047 Algerians living in Ireland.<ref name="Ireland 2011 Census"/>
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  • Ireland is represented in Cameroon through its embassy in Abuja (Nigeria).
  • Cameroon is represented in Ireland through an honorary consulate in Dublin.
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  • Ireland is represented in the Democratic Republic of Congo through its embassy in Pretoria (South Africa).
  • Democratic Republic of Congo received €7.4 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.<ref name="Irish Aid Annual report 2011">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • There are 1,770 citizens from between both the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo living in Ireland. The exact number from each is uncertain due to the fact Congo with no distinction was used solely in census reports.<ref name="Ireland 2011 Census"/>
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Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Ireland-Ethiopia relations">Template:Cite web</ref> See Ethiopia–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia closed its embassy in Dublin in 2021.
  • In 2011, Ethiopia received €36.4 million in aid from Ireland.<ref name="Irish Aid Annual report 2011"/>
  • In November 2014 the President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins visited Ethiopia on a state visit to celebrate 20 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries. During this visit a bilateral transport agreement was signed which paved the way for Ethiopian Airlines to commence direct flights to Dublin from Addis Ababa, the first between Ireland and Sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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  • Ireland is represented in Ghana through its embassy in Abuja (Nigeria). Ireland also maintains a visa applications centre in Accra.
  • Ghana is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
  • There are 1,158 Ghanaians living in Ireland.<ref name="Ireland 2011 Census"/>
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Template:Flag 4 April 1979<ref name="archive.org"/>
  • Ireland has an embassy in Nairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Dublin.
  • Kenya received €9.3 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.<ref name="Irish Aid Annual report 2011"/>
  • There are approximately 2,000 Irish citizens living in Kenya.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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  • Ireland is represented in Lesotho through its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa after closing its embassy in Maseru in 2014.
  • Lesotho has an embassy in Dublin.
  • In June 2006 the President of Ireland, Mary McAleese made a state visit to the country.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Lesotho received €11.3 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.<ref name="Irish Aid Annual report 2011"/>
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  • Ireland has an embassy in Monrovia.
  • Liberia is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
  • Liberia received €7.5 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.<ref name="Irish Aid Annual report 2011"/>
  • Between 2003 and 2007, as part of the United Nations Mission in Liberia, Ireland deployed a quick reaction force of 430 troops to assist with peacekeeping.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 July 1977<ref name="ARR, Arab Report and Record"/>
  • Ireland is represented in Libya through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
  • Libya is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).

Under Muammar Gaddafi, the prime governor of Libya from 1969 to 2011, relations between both countries were strained due to Gaddafi's support of the Irish Republican Army. Gaddafi was sympathetic to their cause and also wanted revenge for the United States Air Force's bombing attacks on Tripoli and Benghazi in 1986. Between 1984 and 1987 Libya sent the IRA about 1,000 AK47 assault rifles and six tonnes of Semtex explosive alongside other weapons. This shipment ensured The Troubles could continue for many more years, mainly until the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 ended the conflict.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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  • Ireland is represented in Mauritius through its embassy in Pretoria, (South Africa).
  • Mauritius is represented in Ireland through its high commission in London (United Kingdom).
  • There are 2,844 citizens of Mauritius living in Ireland.<ref name="Irish Census 2011"/>

Following the murder of Irish tourist Michaela McAreavey on the island in January 2011, several Irish businesses proposed a boycott of the island due to the questionable trial in which all 3 suspects were acquitted.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Another source of discontent was the investigation by the Mauritian authorities. The Major Crime Investigation Team (MCIT), who was in charge, admitted they failed to interview fellow guests at the hotel who were staying close to the room in which the murder occurred. They also failed to preserve the crime scene and did not provide any solid DNA evidence against the accused.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As a result, the Irish ambassador to Mauritius conveyed in person to the Prime Minister of Mauritius, Navin Ramgoolam, a formal government to government protest over what happened.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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In November 2012 Morocco recalled its ambassador to Ireland temporarily due to the fact the leader of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Mohamed Abdelaziz, met with top Irish officials, including the President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins and the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Eamon Gilmore. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims sovereignty over Western Sahara, a disputed territory that Morocco also claims to own.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

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  • Ireland has an embassy in Maputo.<ref name="Department of Foreign Affairs">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Mozambique is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
  • Mozambique received €42.2 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.<ref name="Irish Aid Annual report 2011"/>
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Following Namibia's Independence from South Africa in 1990, Ireland sent 50 Garda officers as well as 20 military observers to the country as part of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group. This group was sent to monitor the peace process and elections taking place there at the time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="nation.sc"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ireland has an embassy in Freetown since 2014.
  • Sierra Leone is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate in Muine Bheag in County Carlow.
  • Sierra Leone received €9.1 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.<ref name="Irish Aid Annual report 2011"/>
  • Between 2005 and 2014 Ireland provided over €88 million in assistance to projects in Sierra Leone.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A principled stand against apartheid by Ireland came to prevent the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. As a result, Ireland was the only EU country that did not have full diplomatic relations with South Africa until 1993, when an exchange of ambassadors was agreed with the De Klerk administration in anticipation of the ending of apartheid.

Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ireland has an embassy in Dar es Salaam.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Tanzania is represented in Ireland through its high commission in London (United Kingdom).
  • Tanzania received €35.4 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.<ref name="Irish Aid Annual report 2011"/>
Template:Flag 1994
  • Ireland has an embassy in Kampala.
  • Uganda is represented in Ireland through its high commission in London (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate in Dublin.
  • In 2011 Uganda received €42.7 million from Ireland through a variety of aid programmes.<ref name="Irish Aid Annual report 2011"/>
  • Irish people are one of the few citizens that do not need a visa to travel to Uganda.<ref name="Uganda Business and Tourist FAQs">Template:Cite web</ref>

It was found in November 2012 that €4 million worth of Irish foreign aid was misappropriated by senior officials of the country. Instead of going towards aiding the development of the country, this money was redirected into the personal account of the prime minister of Uganda. The Irish government then halted all aid payments towards Uganda until the money was recouped, which eventually occurred in January 2013.<ref name="Ugandan aid fraud">Template:Cite news</ref>

Template:Flag 1984
  • Ireland is represented in Zimbabwe through an honorary consulate in Harare.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Zimbabwe is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
  • Zimbabwe received €7.6 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.<ref name="Irish Aid Annual report 2011"/>
  • There are 1,537 Zimbabweans living in Ireland.<ref name="Ireland 2011 Census"/>

Americas

[edit]

Template:See also

Country Formal relations began Notes
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Argentina-Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
  • Argentina has an embassy in Dublin.
  • In 2012 the Irish president Michael D. Higgins became the third Irish President in succession to visit Argentina on a state visit.
  • In March 2008, a new visa programme between the two countries allowing young people from each country to work in the other for up to 9 months was announced.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • See Also: Irish Argentine
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Brazil–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Brasília and consulate general in São Paulo.
  • Brazil has an embassy in Dublin and an honorary consulate in Cork.
  • There are 8,704 Brazilians living in Ireland.<ref name="Irish Census 2011"/>
  • Ireland is the fourth most popular country in the world for Brazilian students studying abroad.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • See also: Irish Brazilian
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Canada–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Canada has an embassy in Dublin.
  • There are 2,384 Canadian citizens residing in Ireland.<ref name="Irish Census 2011">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations, the importance of these relations centres on the history of Irish migration to Canada. Approximately 4 million Canadians have Irish ancestors, or approximately 14% of Canada's population.
Template:Flag 1 June 1992<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See also: Chile–Ireland relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Colombia–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Bogotá.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Colombia has an embassy in Dublin.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Colombia received over €1 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.<ref name="Irish Aid Annual report 2011"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ireland has an honorary consulate in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Dublin.
  • A large number of Irish people migrated to Cuba in the 19th century.
  • The Irish Republican political party, Sinn Féin is also known to have close political links to the Cuban government. In 2015 Sinn Féin party leader, Gerry Adams made an official visit to the country.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag 13 July 2000<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ireland is represented in the Dominican Republic through its embassy in Bogotá, Colombia
  • The Dominican Republic is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ireland is represented in Ecuador through its embassy in Santiago, (Chile) and an honorary consulate in Quito.
  • Ecuador is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, (United Kingdom) and has an honorary consulate in Dublin.
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Ireland–Mexico relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="andina.pe"/> Template:Main
  • Ireland is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile and maintains an honorary consulate in Lima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Dublin.
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See above and Ireland–United States relations

Asia

[edit]

Template:Legend

Country Formal relations began Notes
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ireland is represented in Afghanistan through its embassy in Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates).
  • Ireland gave €6.5 million in aid to Afghanistan in 2011.<ref name="Irish Aid Annual report 2011"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Republic of Ireland"/>
  • Ireland is represented in Azerbaijan through its embassy in Ankara (Turkey).
  • Azerbaijan is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).<ref name="Missions and representations accredited to Ireland">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Bilateral relations"/>
Template:Flag
  • Ireland is represented in Bangladesh through its embassy in New Delhi (India).
  • Bangladesh is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
  • There are 2,319 Bangladeshis living in Ireland.<ref name="Ireland 2011 Census"/>
Template:Flag N/A Ireland does not maintain diplomatic relations with Bhutan.
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Embassy of China in Ireland"/> See above and China–Ireland relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ireland is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Kyiv (Ukraine).
  • Georgia has an embassy in Dublin.

Ireland supports EU initiatives to promote peace between Georgia and Russia. Ireland recognises Georgian sovereignty over the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Ireland condemned the decision of Russia to recognise South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent states.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The parallel the Abkhaz Parliament referred to stems from the fact that the breakaway and largely unrecognised Irish Republic (1919–22), enjoyed some form of recognition from the RSFSR.Template:Citation needed

Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="gov_Ireland2020">Template:Cite web</ref> See India–Ireland relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Indonesian - Irlandia relations"/> See Indonesia–Ireland relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Ireland Today 879-941"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="oireachtas_2006-05-24">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ireland is represented in Iraq through its embassy in Amman (Jordan).
  • Iraq has an embassy in Dublin .
  • There are 1,081 Iraqis living in Ireland.<ref name="CSO Emigration"/>
  • After the conclusion of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988, Ireland sent 177 personnel to supervise the ceasefire as part of the United Nations led UNIIMOG.<ref name="Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Ireland–Israel relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Ireland–Japan relations
Template:Flag 15 May 1984<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ireland is represented in Kazakhstan through its embassy in Moscow (Russia) and an honorary consulate in Almaty, (Kazakhstan).
  • Kazakhstan is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate in Cork.<ref name="Missions and representations accredited to Ireland"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="ARR: Arab Report and Record"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="ME" />
  • Ireland is represented in Lebanon through its embassy in Cairo (Egypt) and an honorary consulate in Beirut.
  • Lebanon is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).

From 1978 to 2001, a battalion of 580 Irish troops was deployed in Lebanon, rotating every 6 months, as part of the United Nations led force UNIFIL. In all, 30,000 Irish soldiers served in Lebanon over the 23 years. Over the course of this mission 48 Irish soldiers died in Lebanon.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ireland has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Dublin.
  • There are 3,295 Malaysians living in Ireland.<ref name="Irish Census 2011"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts
  • DPR Korea opened an embassy in Ireland after they both established diplomatic relations. However, on 16 July 2005, North Korea closed the embassy in Dublin.
  • Ireland is represented to DPR Korea from its embassy in Seoul.
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flag See Ireland–Pakistan relations
  • Ireland is represented in Pakistan through its embassy in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) and an consulate general in Karachi and is planning to open in Islamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Dublin.
  • There are 6,847 Pakistanis living in Ireland.<ref name="CSO Emigration"/>
  • Pakistan received over €1.5 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.<ref name="Irish Aid Annual report 2011"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Ireland-Palestine relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> See Ireland–Philippines relations
  • Diplomatic relations officially began in 1984 and have become more intense over the years as increasing numbers of Filipinos have migrated to Ireland.
  • Ireland has an embassy in Manila.
  • The Philippines is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate in Dublin.
  • There are 12,791 Filipinos living in Ireland.<ref name="CSO Emigration"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref>
  • Ireland is represented in Singapore through its embassy in Singapore.
  • Singapore is represented in Ireland through its honorary consulate in Dublin.
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="overseas.mofa.go.kr"/> The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and Ireland started on 4 October 1983.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ireland is represented in Sri Lanka through its embassy in New Delhi (India) and an honorary consulate in Colombo.
  • Sri Lanka is represented in Ireland through an honorary consulate in Dublin.
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Foreign Affairs Bulletin"/>
  • Ireland has an embassy in Bangkok.
  • Thailand is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate in Dublin.
  • There are 1,381 Thai living in Ireland.<ref name="Ireland 2011 Census"/>
Template:Flag 2 October 1951<ref name="oireachtas_1960-02-10"/> See Ireland–Turkey relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Vow World Vietnam"/>

Europe

[edit]

Ireland is consistently the most pro-European of EU member states, with 88% of the population approving of EU membership according to a poll in 2022.[1] Template:Webarchive Ireland was a founding member of the euro single currency. In May 2004, Ireland was one of only three countries to open its borders to workers from the 10 new member states. EU issues important to Ireland include the Common Agricultural Policy, corporation tax harmonisation and the EU Constitution. The Irish electorate declined to ratify the Treaty of Lisbon in 2008. A second referendum in October 2009 passed the bill, allowing the treaty to be ratified. Before it was ratified Ireland required legal guarantees on issues such as the right of Ireland to remain militarily neutral (and not engage in any kind of "European army"), the right of the state to maintain its low levels of corporation tax and that the treaty would not change the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland making abortion illegal (since deleted). Ireland has held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on seven occasions (in 1975, 1979, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2004 and 2013), and is due to hold it for the eight time from July to December 2026.

Country Formal relations began Notes
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="hri.org"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Although Ireland is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, (Spain) all consular queries are with regard to Andorra are dealt with through Ireland's consulate-general in Barcelona.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Andorra does not have an accreditation to Ireland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Template:Flag 1 March 1952<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag 7 September 1932<ref name="oireachtas_1960-02-10"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Croatia–Ireland relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="FBIS Daily Report--Western Europe"/> See Cyprus-Ireland relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="mzv.cz"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Ireland today 2"/> See Denmark–Ireland relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag 19 October Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="oireachtas_1960-02-10"/> See France–Ireland relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Germany–Ireland relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Greece–Ireland relations
Template:Flag
  • Ireland has signed several tax treaties with the Guernsey.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">Template:Cite news</ref> The treaties provide a mechanism for inter-governmental sharing of information about offshore assets, and avoidance of dual-taxation.<ref name="Irish Tax and Customs">Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Anchor
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Holy See–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Rome to the Holy See.
  • The Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Dublin.
  • In November 2011 Ireland closed its embassy in the Vatican over the Irish Church's handling of sex abuse cases and accusations that the Vatican had encouraged secrecy and obstructed investigations into these matters.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The embassy was reopened in January 2014, a sign of thawing relations between the two jurisdictions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The majority of Irish people are Roman Catholic.
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="Magyar külpolitikai évkönyv"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Iceland–Ireland relations
Template:Flag 27 September 1937<ref name="oireachtas_1960-02-10"/>
Template:Flag
  • Ireland has signed several tax treaties with Jersey.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> The treaties provide a mechanism for inter-governmental sharing of information about offshore assets, and avoidance of dual-taxation.<ref name="Irish Tax and Customs"/> Template:Anchor
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Ireland–Kosovo relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag 1992
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag See Ireland-Isle of Man relations
  • Ireland has signed several tax agreements with the Isle of Man.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The agreements provide a mechanism for inter-governmental sharing of information about offshore assets, and avoidance of dual-taxation.
  • Ireland and the Isle of Man have collaborated on preparing reports and jointly opposing the Sellafield nuclear plant to the UK government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Although Ireland has an honorary consulate in Monaco, Ireland is represented through its embassy in Paris (France).
  • Monaco has an honorary consulate in Dublin.
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ireland is represented in Montenegro through its embassy in Budapest (Hungary).
  • Montenegro declared its independence from Serbia on 3 June 2006 and Ireland recognised it on 20 June 2006.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
  • Ireland is an EU member and Montenegro is an EU candidate.
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="oireachtas_1960-02-10"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Ireland–Poland relations
Template:Flag 26 February Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="oireachtas_1960-02-10"/>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link</ref> See Ireland–Russia relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ireland is represented in San Marino through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
  • San Marino has an honorary consulate in Limerick.
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2010 Slovak airport security planted actual explosives in the luggage of unsuspecting passengers as part of a security exercise. As result of additional mistakes, the explosives were flown to Dublin, Ireland causing international controversy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Prime Minister Fico refused to dismiss the interior minister after the incident.

Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="oireachtas_1960-02-10"/> See Ireland–Spain relations
Template:Flag 18 July 1946<ref name="oireachtas_1960-02-10"/> See Ireland–Sweden relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref name="eda.admin.ch">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Ireland–Ukraine relations
Template:Flag 8 January 1923<ref name="britain" /> See above and Ireland–United Kingdom relations

Oceania

[edit]

Template:Legend

Country Formal relations began Notes
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Australia–Ireland relations
Template:Flag Template:Dts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Ireland–New Zealand relations

United Nations

[edit]

The United Nations was founded in 1945, but Ireland's membership was blocked by the Soviet Union until 1955,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "partly because of Dublin's neutrality" during the Second World War.<ref>"What would Scottish independence mean at the UN?" Template:Webarchive, BBC, 10 September 2014</ref> Since 2017, the Irish ambassador to the UN Office at Geneva has been Michael Gaffey.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ireland has been elected to the UN Security Council as a non-permanent member on four occasions — in 1962, in 1981–1982, in 2001–2002 and most recently in 2021–2022.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Ireland is a member state of the International Criminal Court, having signed the Rome Statute in 1998 and ratified it in 2002.<ref>International Criminal Court: Ireland — retrieved 13 November 2006 Template:Webarchive</ref>

Irish Aid, the Government of Ireland's programme of assistance to developing countries financed the redesign of the UNV Online Volunteering service website in 2008 and supported its operations from 2007 to 2010, which led to a significant growth in the number of online volunteers and the tasks they completed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2017, Ireland signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Peacekeeping missions

[edit]

Ireland has a long history of participation in UN peacekeeping efforts starting in 1958, just three years after joining the UN. Template:As of, 90 members of the Irish Defence Forces had been killed on peacekeeping missions.<ref>UN Peacekeeping, "Total Fatalities since 1948" Template:Webarchive, Nationality: Ireland. Retrieved 2 October 2018.</ref>

List of major peacekeeping operations:<ref name="idf-missions">Defence Forces Service Overseas: List of Missions Template:Webarchive — from the Irish Defence Forces website. Retrieved 13 November 2006.</ref>

As well as these missions, Irish personnel have served as observers in Central America, Russia, Cambodia, Afghanistan, Namibia, Western Sahara, Kuwait and South Africa.<ref name=idf>Overseas Service: Ireland and the United Nations Template:Webarchive — from the Irish Defence Forces website. Retrieved 13 November 2006.</ref>

Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations

[edit]

Ireland was a member state of the British Commonwealth from 1922 until 1949, initially as a Dominion called the Irish Free State from 1922 until 1937, when Ireland adopted a new constitution and changed the name of the state to "Ireland". Although the King's position was removed from the Constitution in 1936, but included in the External Relations Act 1936 itself, a republic was only formally declared from 18 April 1949 when the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 came into effect.

Under the rules for membership at the time, a republic could not be a member state of the Commonwealth. Only a Dominion could be a British Commonwealth member state, along with King George VI as their head of state.

This was changed a week later with the adoption of the London Declaration, then India became the first Commonwealth republic on 26 January 1950. King George VI became the first Head of the Commonwealth as a result.

Since 1998, some people in Ireland have advocated joining the Commonwealth of Nations, most notably Éamon Ó Cuív, Frank Feighan, and Mary Kenny.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

International organisations

[edit]

Ireland is a member of or otherwise participates in the following international organisations:<ref>CIA – The World Factbook – Ireland Template:Webarchive — CIA World Factbook entry. Retrieved 15 November 2006.</ref>

Foreign aid

[edit]

Template:Main

Ireland's aid programme was founded in 1974, and in 2017 its budget amounted to €651 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The government had previously set a target of reaching the Millennium Development Goal of 0.7% of Gross National Product in aid by 2012, which was not met as aid was reduced as a result of the Irish financial crisis.<ref name="aid-pr">Ireland's Overseas Aid Increases by 11.4% Template:Webarchive — Irish government press release, 4 April 2006.</ref> Irish development aid is concentrated on eight priority countries: Lesotho, Mozambique, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Zambia, Uganda, Vietnam and East Timor.<ref name="aid-faq">Irish Aid: Frequently Asked Questions Template:Webarchive — Irish government website. Retrieved 13 November 2006.</ref> In 2006, Malawi was announced as the ninth priority country, with a tenth country to follow.<ref name="irishaid-whitepaper">Irish government white paper on aid Template:Webarchive — Irish government white paper, 2006</ref>

Human rights

[edit]

There have been no serious civil, human or social rights abuses/problems in the State, according to Amnesty International and the U.S. State Department.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The country consistently comes among the top nations in terms of freedom and rights ratings.

Index Ranking (Most Recent) Result
Freedom in the World – Political Rights 1st (Joint) 1 ("Free")
Freedom in the World – Civil Liberties 1st (Joint) 1 ("Free")
Index of Economic Freedom 9th 76.9 ("Mostly Free")
Worldwide Press Freedom Index Ranking 15th −4.00 ("Free")
Global Peace Index 6th (Joint) 1.33 ("More Peaceful")
Democracy Index 12th 8.79 ("Full Democracy")
International Property Rights Index 13th (Joint) 7.9
Corruption Perceptions Index 16th (Joint) 7.7
Fragile States Index 170th (7th from the bottom) 26.5 ("Sustainable")

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Template:Reflist

Further reading

[edit]
  • Burgess, Niall. "One hundred years of Irish foreign policy: looking back, looking forwards." Irish Studies in International Affairs 30.1 (2019): 5–11. excerpt
  • Clérigh, Gearóid Ó. "A Changed Approach to Diplomacy: The Department of Foreign Affairs Then and Now." Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 109.434 (2020): 202–208. online Template:Webarchive
  • Doyle, John. "100 years of Irish Foreign Policy." Irish Studies in International Affairs 30.1 (2019): 1–5. excerpt Template:Webarchive
  • Doyle, John. "Irish diplomacy on the UN Security Council 2001–2: foreign policy-making in the light of day." Irish Studies in International Affairs 30.1 (2019) online.
  • Fanning, Ronan. "The Anglo-American Alliance and the Irish Application for Membership of the United Nations." Irish Studies in International Affairs 2#2 (1986), pp. 35–61. online Template:Webarchive
  • Kennedy, Liam. "From the Good Friday Agreement to Brexit: Irish Diaspora Diplomacy in the United States." Routledge International Handbook of Diaspora Diplomacy (Routledge, 2022). 243–254.
  • O'Brien, Ann Marie. "A century of change: The (in) visibility of women in the Irish Foreign Service, 1919–2019." Irish Studies in International Affairs 30.1 (2019): 73–92. excerpt
  • O'Brien, Ann Marie. "Locating women within the Irish Department of External Affairs: a case study of Irish women at the League of Nations and United Nations, 1923–76." Irish Historical Studies 43.163 (2019): 94–110.
  • O'Brien, Ann Marie. "The revolutionary aims of Ireland's forgotten diplomats, 1919–1922." Historical Journal 64.5 (2021): 1332–1354.
  • Ó'Fathartaigh, Mícheál Ó., and Liam Weeks. Birth of a state: the Anglo-Irish Treaty (Irish Academic Press. 2021). online review Template:Webarchive
  • Rees, Nicholas, and John O'Brennan. "The dual crisis in Irish foreign policy: the economic crash and Brexit in a volatile European landscape." Irish Political Studies 34.4 (2019): 595–614, on 21st century.
  • Tonra, Ben. The Europeanisation of national foreign policy: Dutch, Danish and Irish foreign policy in the European Union (Routledge, 2018) online Template:Webarchive.
  • Whelan, Barry. Ireland's revolutionary diplomat: a biography of Leopold Kerney (University of Notre Dame Press, 2019)
  • Whelan, Bernadette. De Valera and Roosevelt: Irish and American diplomacy in times of crisis, 1932–1939 (Cambridge University Press. 2021). online Template:Webarchive
[edit]
  • Department of Foreign Affairs official site
    • Irish Treaty Series "All treaties published in the Irish Treaty Series since 2002 are available in pdf format on this site. A limited number of selected treaties published in earlier years is also available"

Template:Foreign relations of the Republic of Ireland Template:Foreign relations of Europe Template:Foreign relations of the Commonwealth of Nations

Template:Ireland topics

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