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International Maritime Organization

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The International Maritime Organization (IMO; Template:Langx; Template:Langx)<ref name="about">Template:Cite web</ref> is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for regulating maritime transport.<ref name="IntroductionUKS">Template:Cite book</ref> The IMO was established following agreement at a UN conference held in Geneva in 1948<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the IMO came into existence ten years later, meeting for the first time on 17 March 1958.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> Headquartered in London, United Kingdom, the IMO, in 2024, has 176 Member States and three Associate Members.<ref name=IMO/>

The IMO's primary purpose is to develop and maintain a comprehensive regulatory framework for shipping and its remit today includes maritime safety, environmental concerns, and legal matters, among other issues. IMO is governed by an assembly of members which meets every two years.<ref name="IntroductionUKS"/> Its finance and organization is administered by a council of 40 members elected from the assembly.<ref name="IntroductionUKS"/> The work of IMO is conducted through five committees and these are supported by technical subcommittees.<ref name="IntroductionUKS"/> Other UN organizations may observe the proceedings of the IMO. Observer status is granted to qualified NGOs.<ref name="IntroductionUKS"/>

IMO is supported by a permanent secretariat of employees who are representative of the organization's members. The secretariat is composed of a Secretary-General who is periodically elected by the assembly, and various divisions such as those for marine safety, environmental protection and a conference section.<ref name="IntroductionUKS"/>

History

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File:International Maritime Organization Headquarters.jpg
The headquarters of the IMO are located on Albert Embankment, Lambeth, London.

IMO was established in 1948 following a UN conference in Geneva to institutionalize the regulation of the safety of shipping into an international framework.<ref name="IntroductionUKS"/> Hitherto such international conventions had been initiated piecemeal, notably the Safety of Life at Sea Convention (SOLAS), first adopted in 1914 following the Titanic disaster.<ref name="about"/> Under the name of the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO), IMO's first task was to update the SOLAS convention; the resulting 1960 convention was subsequently recast and updated in 1974 and it is that convention that has been subsequently modified and updated to adapt to changes in safety requirements and technology. Since 1978, every last Thursday of September has been celebrated as World Maritime Day, commemorating the establishment of the International Maritime Organization in 1958.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

When IMCO began its operations in 1959 certain other pre-existing conventions were brought under its aegis, most notable the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL) 1954. In January 1959, IMO began to maintain and promote the 1954 OILPOL Convention. Under the guidance of IMO, the convention was amended in 1962, 1969, and 1971. The first meetings of the newly formed IMCO were held in London in 1959.<ref name=IMOHistoryInPics/>

As oil trade and industry developed, many people in the industry saw a need for further improvements in regards to oil pollution prevention at sea. This became increasingly apparent in 1967, when the tanker Torrey Canyon spilled 120,000 tons of crude oil when it ran aground entering the English Channel<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> The Torrey Canyon grounding was the largest oil pollution incident recorded up to that time. This incident prompted a series of new conventions.<ref name=":0" />

File:IMO Secretaries-General.jpg
Former Secretary-General Kitack Lim (left), with predecessor Secretaries-General O'Neill, Mitropoulos and Sekimizu

IMO held an emergency session of its council to deal with the need to readdress regulations pertaining to maritime pollution. In 1969, the IMO Assembly decided to host an international gathering in 1973 dedicated to this issue.<ref name=":0" /> The goal at hand was to develop an international agreement for controlling general environmental contamination by ships when out at sea. During the next few years IMO brought to the forefront a series of measures designed to prevent large ship accidents and to minimize their effects. It also detailed how to deal with the environmental threat caused by routine ship duties such as the cleaning of oil cargo tanks or the disposal of engine room wastes. By tonnage, the aforementioned was a bigger problem than accidental pollution.<ref name=":0" /> The most significant development to come out of this conference was the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (MARPOL). It covers not only accidental and operational oil pollution but also different types of pollution by chemicals, goods in packaged form, sewage, garbage and air pollution.<ref name=":1" /> The original MARPOL was signed on 17 February 1973, but did not come into force due to lack of ratifications. The current convention is a combination of 1973 Convention and the 1978 Protocol. It entered into force on 2 October 1983. As of January 2018, 156 states, representing 99.42 per cent of the world's shipping tonnage, are signatories to the MARPOL convention.<ref name="IMO_Status_2019">Template:Citation</ref>Template:Update inline

As well as updates to MARPOL and SOLAS, the IMO facilitated several updated international maritime conventions in the mid to late 20th century, including the International Convention on Load Lines in 1966 (replacing an earlier 1930 Convention), the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea in 1972 (also replacing an earlier set of rules) and the STCW Convention in 1978.<ref name="IntroductionUKS"/> In 1975, the assembly of the IMO decided that future conventions of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and other IMO instruments should use SI units only.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As such, sea transportation is one of few industrial areas that still commonly uses non-metric units such as the nautical mile (nmi) for distance and knots (kn) for speed or velocity.<ref>One nautical mile is approximately one minute of arc of latitude along any meridian arc, and is today precisely defined as 1852 meters (about 1.151 statute miles).</ref>

In 1982, IMCO was renamed as the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Throughout its existence, the IMO has continued to produce new and updated conventions across a wide range of maritime issues covering not only safety of life and marine pollution but also encompassing safe navigation, search and rescue, wreck removal, tonnage measurement, liability and compensation, ship recycling, the training and certification of seafarers, and piracy. More recently SOLAS has been amended to bring an increased focus on maritime security through the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code. The IMO has also increased its focus on smoke emissions from ships. In 1983, the IMO established the World Maritime University in Malmö, Sweden and also facilitated the adoption of the IGC Code.<ref name="IntroductionUKS"/> In 1991, the IMO facilitated the adoption of the International Grain Code.<ref name="IntroductionUKS"/>

In December 2002, new amendments to the 1974 SOLAS Convention were enacted by the IMO. These amendments gave rise to the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, which went into effect on 1 July 2004. The concept of the code is to provide layered and redundant defences against smuggling, terrorism, piracy, stowaways, etc. The ISPS Code required most ships and port facilities engaged in international trade to establish and maintain strict security procedures as specified in ship and port specific Ship Security Plans and Port Facility Security Plans.

Headquarters

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File:International Maritime Organization Plaques.jpg
Opening and anniversary plaques of Queen Elizabeth II and model of Queen Mary 2 in the lobby of the IMO Headquarters building

The IMO headquarters are located in a large purpose-built building facing the River Thames on the Albert Embankment, in Lambeth, London.<ref name=HistoryofIMO>Template:Cite web</ref> The organization moved into its new headquarters in late 1982, with the building being officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 17 May 1983.<ref name=HistoryofIMO/> The architects of the building were Douglass Marriott, Worby & Robinson.<ref name=MancHistory>Template:Cite web</ref> The front of the building is dominated by a seven-metre high, ten-tonne bronze sculpture of the bow of a ship, with a lone seafarer maintaining a look-out.<ref name=MancHistory/> The previous headquarters of IMO were at 101 Piccadilly (now the home of the Embassy of Japan), prior to that at 22 Berners Street in Fitzrovia and originally in Chancery Lane.<ref name=IMOHistoryInPics>Template:Cite web</ref>

Structure

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The IMO consists of an Assembly, a Council and five main Committees.<ref name="IntroductionUKS"/> The organization is led by a Secretary-General.<ref name="IntroductionUKS"/> A number of Sub-Committees support the work of the main technical committees.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Governance of IMO

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File:Secretary Generals, International Maritime Organization.jpg
The International Maritime Organization wall honouring former Secretaries-General

The governing body of the International Maritime Organization is the Assembly which meets every two years. In between Assembly sessions a Council, consisting of 40 Member States elected by the Assembly, acts as the governing body. The technical work of the International Maritime Organization is carried out by a series of Committees. The Secretariat consists of some 300 international civil servants headed by a Secretary-General.<ref name="marine.gov.uk">Template:Cite web</ref>

The current Secretary-General is Arsenio Dominguez who took office for a four year term on 1 January 2024, having been elected in July 2023.<ref name="IMOElect">Template:Cite web</ref> The previous Secretary-General was Kitack Lim from South Korea elected for a four-year term at the 114th session of the IMO Council in June 2015 and at the 29th session of the IMO's Assembly in November 2015. His mandate started on 1 January 2016. At the 31st session of the Assembly in 2019 he was re-appointed for a second term, ending on 31 December 2023.<ref name=NewSG1>Personal Page of the Secretary-General Template:Webarchive, accessed: 9 July 2020</ref><ref name=NewSG2>Press-Briefing "Positional changes at IMO Secretariat" Template:Webarchive, accessed: 30 January 2012</ref>

Name Country Term
Ove Nielsen Template:Flagicon Denmark 1959-1961
William Graham<ref>acting, following death of Mr Nielsen</ref> Template:Flagicon United Kingdom 1961-1963
Jean Roullier Template:Flagicon France 1964-1967
Colin Goad Template:Flagicon United Kingdom 1968-1973
Chandrika Prasad Srivastava Template:Flagicon India 1974-1989
William A. O'Neil Template:Flagicon Canada 1990-2003
Efthymios Mitropoulos Template:Flagicon Greece 2004-2011
Koji Sekimizu Template:Flagicon Japan 2012-2015
Kitack Lim Template:Flagicon South Korea 2016–2023
Arsenio Dominguez Template:Flagicon Panama 2024-present

Technical committees

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File:International Maritime Organization Committee.jpg
An image of the main hall assembly chamber, where the MSC and MEPC committees of the International Maritime Organization meet each year

The technical work of the International Maritime Organization is carried out by five principal Committees.<ref name=IMOStructure/><ref name="marine.gov.uk"/> These include:

Maritime Safety Committee

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It is regulated in the Article 28(a) of the Convention on the IMO:

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File:International Maritime Organization, Plenary Hall.jpg
The main Plenary Hall of the IMO, where the Maritime Safety Committee meets

The Maritime Safety Committee is the most senior of these and is the main Technical Committee; it oversees the work of its nine sub-committees and initiates new topics. One broad topic it deals with is the effect of the human element on casualties; this work has been put to all of the sub-committees, but meanwhile, the Maritime Safety Committee has developed a code for the management of ships which will ensure that agreed operational procedures are in place and followed by the ship and shore-side staff.<ref name="marine.gov.uk"/>

Sub-Committees

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The MSC and MEPC are assisted in their work by a number of sub-committees which are open to all Member States.<ref name=IMOStructure>Template:Cite web</ref> The committees are:

  • Sub-Committee on Human Element, Training and Watchkeeping (HTW)
  • Sub-Committee on Implementation of IMO Instruments (III)
  • Sub-Committee on Navigation, Communications and Search and Rescue (NCSR)
  • Sub-Committee on Pollution Prevention and Response (PPR)
  • Sub-Committee on Ship Design and Construction (SDC)
  • Sub-Committee on Ship Systems and Equipment (SSE)
  • Sub-Committee on Carriage of Cargoes and Containers (CCC).<ref name="IntroductionUKS"/><ref name="Reg124"/>

The names of the IMO sub-committees were changed in 2013.<ref name=IMOStructure/> Prior to 2013 there were nine Sub-Committees as follows:

  • Bulk Liquids and Gases (BLG)
  • Carriage of Dangerous Goods, Solid Cargoes and Containers(DSC)
  • Fire Protection (FP)
  • Radio-communications and Search and Rescue (COMSAR)
  • Safety of Navigation (NAV)
  • Ship Design and Equipment (DE)
  • Stability and Load Lines and Fishing Vessels Safety (SLF)
  • Standards of Training and Watchkeeping (STW)
  • Flag State Implementation (FSI)

Membership

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To become a member of the IMO, a state ratifies a multilateral treaty known as the Convention on the International Maritime Organization. As of 2024, there are 176<ref name=Membership>Template:Cite web</ref> member states of the IMO, which includes 175 of the UN member states plus the Cook Islands. The first state to ratify the convention was Canada in 1948.

These are the current members with the year they joined: Template:Clear Template:Div col

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The three associate members of the IMO are the Faroe Islands, Hong Kong and Macau.

In 1961, the territories of Sabah and Sarawak, which had been included through the participation of United Kingdom, became joint associate members.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1963 they became part of Malaysia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The most recent members to join were Armenia and Nauru (which became IMO members in January and May 2018, respectively). Botswana, joined the IMO in October 2021.<ref name=IMO>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=IMOBotswana>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Botswana">Template:Cite web</ref> On 27 February 2024, Kyrgyzstan became the 176th Member State of the organization.<ref name=IMOKyrgyz>Template:Cite web</ref>

Most UN member states that are not members of IMO are landlocked countries. These include Afghanistan, Andorra, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Eswatini, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The Federated States of Micronesia, an island-nation in the Pacific Ocean, is also a non-member. Taiwan is neither a member of the IMO nor of the UN, although it has a major shipping industry.

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Template:Admiralty law IMO is the source of approximately 60 legal instruments that guide the regulatory development of its member states to improve safety at sea, facilitate trade among seafaring states and protect the maritime environment. The most well known is the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), as well as International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). Others include the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC).<ref name="iocp">Template:Cite web</ref> It also functions as a depository of yet to be ratified treaties, such as the International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea, 1996 (HNS Convention) and Nairobi International Convention of Removal of Wrecks (2007).<ref name="Removal of Wrecks">Template:Citation</ref>

IMO regularly enacts regulations, which are broadly enforced by national and local maritime authorities in member countries, such as the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG). The IMO has also enacted a Port state control (PSC) authority, allowing domestic maritime authorities such as coast guards to inspect foreign-flag ships calling at ports of the many port states. Memoranda of Understanding (protocols) were signed by some countries unifying Port State Control procedures among the signatories.<ref name="IntroductionUKS"/>

Conventions, Codes and Regulations:

Current priorities

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Recent initiatives at the IMO have included amendments to SOLAS, which among other things, included upgraded fire protection standards on passenger ships, the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seamen (STCW) which establishes basic requirements on training, certification and watchkeeping for seafarers and to the Convention on the Prevention of Maritime Pollution (MARPOL 73/78), which required double hulls on all tankers.

The IMO's e-Navigation system has harmonized marine navigation systems with supporting shore services, as available to seamen and shore-side traffic services called. An e-Navigation strategy was ratified in 2005, and an implementation plan was developed through three IMO sub-committees. The plan was completed by 2014 and implemented in November of that year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> IMO has also served as a key partner and enabler of US international and interagency efforts to establish maritime domain awareness.Template:Citation needed

Environmental issues

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The IMO has a role in tackling international climate change. The First Intersessional Meeting of IMO's Working Group on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships took place in Oslo, Norway (23–27 June 2008), tasked with developing the technical basis for the reduction mechanisms that may form part of a future IMO regime to control greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping, and a draft of the actual reduction mechanisms themselves, for further consideration by IMO's Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC).<ref>SustainableShipping: (S) News – IMO targets greenhouse gas emissions (17 Jun 2008) – The forum dedicated to marine transportation and the environmentTemplate:Dead link</ref> The IMO participated in the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris seeking to establish itself as the "appropriate international body to address greenhouse gas emissions from ships engaged in international trade".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Nonetheless, there has been widespread criticism of the IMO's relative inaction since the conclusion of the Paris conference, with the initial data-gathering step of a three-stage process to reduce maritime greenhouse emissions expected to last until 2020.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2018, the Initial IMO Strategy on the reduction of GHG emissions from ships was adopted.<ref name="Kopela2020">Template:Cite book</ref> In 2021, The New York Times wrote that the IMO "has repeatedly delayed and watered down climate regulations".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The IMO has also taken action to mitigate the global effects of ballast water and sediment discharge, through the 2004 Ballast Water Management Convention, which entered into force in September 2017.<ref name="IMO-BWM-media">Template:Cite web</ref>

In December 2023 the IMO adopted a resolution targeting "dark fleet" tankers that form a risk by undertaking illegal and unsafe activities at sea. Primarily working for Iran and Russia to breach international sanctions, the tankers, many of which are elderly and unreliable, often undertake mid ocean transfers in an attempt to evade sanctions. The resolution calls upon flag states to “adhere to measures which lawfully prohibit or regulate” the transfer of cargoes at sea, known as ship-to-ship transfers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fishing safety

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The IMO Cape Town Agreement is an international International Maritime Organization legal instrument established in 2012, that sets out minimum safety requirements for fishing vessels of 24 metres in length and over or equivalent in gross tons.<ref name="IMOCapeTown">Template:Cite web</ref> As of 2022, the Agreement is not yet in force but the IMO is encouraging more member States to ratify the Agreement.<ref name="IMOCapeTown"/>

See also

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Notes and references

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Further reading

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