Kalki
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Kalki (Template:Langx), also called Kalkin,<ref name="Brockington1998p287">Template:Cite book</ref> is the prophesied tenth and final incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. According to Vaishnava cosmology, Kalki<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> is destined to appear at the end of the Kali Yuga, the last of the four ages in the cycle of existence (Krita). His arrival will mark the end of the Kali Yuga and herald the beginning of the Satya Yuga, the most virtuous age, before the ultimate dissolution of the universe (Mahapralaya).<ref name="Brockington1998p287" /><ref name="Dalal2010p188" />
In the Puranas, Kalki is depicted as the avatar who will rejuvenate existence by ending the darkest period of adharma (unrighteousness) and restoring dharma (righteousness). He is described as riding a white horse named Devadatta and wielding a fiery sword.<ref name="Dalal2010p188" /> The portrayal of Kalki varies across different Puranas, and his narrative is also found in other traditions, including the Kalachakra-Tantra of Tibetan Buddhism<ref name="Lopez2015p202" /><ref name="Perry2017p220" /><ref name="Dahla2006p90" /> and Sikh texts.<ref name="Rinehart2011p29" />
Etymology
[edit]The name Kalki is derived from Kal, which means "time" (Kali Yuga).<ref name="Klostermaier2006p75">Template:Cite book</ref> The original term may have been Karki (white, from the horse) which morphed into Kalki. This proposal is supported by two versions of Mahabharata manuscripts (e.g. the G3.6 manuscript) that have been found, where the Sanskrit verses name the incarnation to be Karki.<ref name="Brockington1998p287" />Template:Vaishnavism
Description
[edit]Hindu texts
[edit]Kalki is an avatara of Vishnu. Avatar means "descent", and refers to a descent of the divine into the material realm of human existence. Kalki appears for the first time in the Mahabharata.<ref name="Hiltebeitel2011p104" />
The Garuda Purana lists ten incarnations, with Kalki being the final one.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He is described as the incarnation who appears at the end of the Kali Yuga. He ends the darkest, degenerating, and chaotic stage of the Kali Yuga to remove adharma and ushers in the Satya Yuga, while riding a white horse with a fiery sword.<ref name="Dalal2010p188" /><ref name="Doniger1999p629">Template:Cite book</ref> He restarts a new cycle of time.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He is described as a Brahmin warrior in the Puranas.<ref name="Dalal2010p188" /><ref name="Doniger1999p629" /> It is mentioned in the Puranas that the immortal Chiranjivis will assist him in various stages of his life.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A minor text named Kalki Purana is a relatively recent text, likely composed in Bengal. Its dating floruit is the 18th-century.Template:Sfn Wendy Doniger dates the Kalki Mythology containing Kalki Purana to between 1500 and 1700 CE.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the Kalki Purana, Kalki is born into the family of Vishnuyashas and Sumati, in a village called Shambala,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> on the thirteenth day during the fortnight of the waxing moon. At a young age, he is taught the holy scriptures on topics such as dharma, karma, artha, jñāna, and undertakes military training under the care of the Parashurama (the sixth incarnation of Vishnu).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Soon, Kalki worships Shiva, who gets pleased by the devotion and provides him in return a divine white horse named Devadatta (a manifestation of Garuda), a powerful sword, whereby its handle is bedecked with jewels, and a parrot named Shuka, who is an all-knower; the past, the present and the future.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Other accessories are also given by other devas, devis, saints, and righteous kings. He fights an evil army and in many wars, ending evil, but does not end existence. Kalki returns to Shambala, inaugurates a new Yuga for the good, and then goes to Vaikuntha.Template:Sfn In the Kalki Purana, there is a mention of a Buddhist city whose residents don't adhere to dharma (not worshipping the devas, ancestors, and not upholding the varna system), which Kalki fights and conquers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Agni Purana describes Kalki's role:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Blockquote The Devi Bhagavata Purana features the devas hailing Vishnu, invoking his Kalki avatara:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Buddhist texts
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In the Buddhist Text Kalachakra Tantra, the righteous kings are called Kalki (Kalkin, lit. chieftain) living in Sammu. There are many Kalki in this text, each fighting barbarism, persecution and chaos. The last Kalki is called "Rudra Cakrin" and is predicted to end the chaos and degeneration by assembling a large army to eradicate a barbarian army.<ref name="Lopez2015p202" /><ref name="Perry2017p220" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A great war, which will include an army of both Hindus and Buddhists, will destroy the barbaric forces, states the text.<ref name="Lopez2015p202" /><ref name="Perry2017p220" /><ref name="Dahla2006p90">[a] Template:Cite book, Quote: "(...) the Shambala-bodhisattva-king [Cakravartin Kalkin] and his army will defeat and destroy the enemy army, the barbarian Muslim army and their religion, in a kind of Buddhist Armadgeddon. Thereafter Buddhism will prevail.";
[b] Template:Cite book
[c] Template:Cite book</ref> This is most likely borrowed from Hinduism to Buddhism due to the arrival of Islamic kingdoms from the west to the east, mainly settled in West Tibet, Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to Donald Lopez – a professor of Buddhist Studies, Kalki is predicted to start the new cycle of perfect era where "Buddhism will flourish, people will live long, happy lives and righteousness will reign supreme".<ref name="Lopez2015p202" /> The text is significant in establishing the chronology of the Kalki idea to be from post-7th century, probably the 9th or 10th century.<ref name="JIN2017p49">Template:Cite book</ref> Lopez states that the Buddhist text likely borrowed it from Hindu vedic texts.<ref name="Lopez2015p202">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Perry2017p220">Template:Cite book</ref> Other scholars, such as Yijiu Jin, state that the text originated in Central Asia in the 10th-century, and Tibetan literature picked up a version of it in India around 1027 CE.<ref name="JIN2017p49" />
Sikh texts
[edit]The Kalki incarnation appears in the historic Sikh Texts, most notably in Dasam Granth, a text that is traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name="Rinehart2011p29">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Chaubis Avatar (24 incarnations) section mentions Sage Matsyanra describing the appearance of Vishnu incarnations to fight evil, greed, violence and ignorance. It includes Kalki as the twenty-fourth incarnation to lead the war between the forces of righteousness and unrighteousness.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Development
[edit]While there is no mention of Kalki in the Vedic literature,<ref name=academy81>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book, Quote: "Kalki as an incarnation of Visnu is not mentioned in the Vedic literature."</ref> the epithet "Kalmallkinam", meaning "Brilliant Remover Of Darkness", is found in the Vedic Literature for Rudra (later Shiva), has been interpreted to be "Forerunner Of Kalki".<ref name=academy81/>
Kalki appears for the first time in the great war epic Mahabharata.<ref name="Hiltebeitel2011p104">Template:Cite book</ref> The mention of Kalki in the Mahabharata occurs only once, over the verses 3.188.85–3.189.6.<ref name="Brockington1998p287"/> The Kalki incarnation is found in the Maha Puranas such as Vishnu Purana,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Matsya Purana, and the Bhagavata Purana.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, the details relating the Kalki mythologies are divergent between the epic and the Puranas, as well as within the Puranas.<ref name="Mitchiner2000p68">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Hiltebeitel2011p104"/>
In the Mahabharata, according to Hiltebeitel, Kalki is an extension of the Parashurama incarnation legend, where a Brahmin warrior destroys Kshatriyas who were abusing their power to spread chaos, evil, and the persecution of the powerless. The epic character of Kalki restores dharma, restores justice in the world, but does not end the cycle of existence.<ref name="Hiltebeitel2011p104"/><ref name="Hiltebeitel2011p288">Template:Cite book</ref> The Kalkin section in the Mahabharata is present in the Markandeya section. There, states Luis Reimann, can "hardly be any doubt that the Markandeya section is a late addition to the epic. Making Yudhishthira ask a question about conditions at the end of Kali and the beginning of Krta — something far removed from his own situation — is merely a device for justifying the inclusion of this subject matter in the epic."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
According to Cornelia Dimmitt, the "clear and tidy" systematization of Kalki and the remaining nine incarnations of Vishnu is not found in any of the Maha Puranas.<ref name="Dimmitt2012p63"/> The coverage of Kalki in these Hindu texts is scant, in contrast to the legends of Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Vamana, Narasimha, and Krishna, all of whom are repeatedly and extensively described. According to Dimmitt, this was likely because just like the concept of the Buddha as a Vishnu Incarnation, the concept of Kalki was "somewhat in flux" when the major Puranas were being compiled.<ref name="Dimmitt2012p63">Template:Harvnb</ref>
This Kalki concept may have further developed in the Hindu texts both as a reaction to the invasions of the Indian subcontinent by various armies over the centuries from its northwest, and in reaction to the mythologies these invaders brought with them.<ref name="Brockington1998p287"/><ref name="Doniger2004p235">Template:Cite book</ref> Similarly, the Buddhist Literature dated to the late 1st millennium, a future Buddha Maitreya is depicted as Kalki.<ref>Template:Cite book; Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book; Template:Cite book</ref> According to John Mitchiner, the Kalki concept owes "in some measure" to Jewish, Christian, Zoroastrian and other concepts.<ref name="Mitchiner2000p75">Template:Cite book</ref> Mitchiner states that some Puranas such as the Yuga Purana do not mention Kalki and offer a different cosmology than the other Puranas. The Yuga Purana mythologizes in greater details the post-Maurya era Indo-Greek and Saka era, while the Manvantara theme containing the Kalki idea is mythologized greater in other Puranas.<ref name="Mitchiner2000p69">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Hiltebeitel2011p104" /> Luis Gonzales-Reimann concurs with Mitchiner, stating that the Yuga Purana does not mention Kalki.<ref name="Reimann2002p95">Template:Cite book</ref> In other texts such as the sections 2.36 and 2.37 of the Vayu Purana, states Reimann, it is not Kalkin who ends the Kali Yuga, but a different character named Pramiti.<ref name="Reimann2002p112">Template:Cite book; Note: Reimann mentions some attempts to "identify both Pramiti and Kalkin with historical rulers".</ref> Most historians, states Arvind Sharma, link the development of Kalki mythology in Hinduism to the suffering caused by foreign invasions.<ref name="Sharma2012p244">Template:Cite book</ref> Unlike other messianic concepts, Kalki's purpose is to destroy the invaders and heretics in order to reverse the current age Kali Yuga, the age of evil.<ref>"Hindu Myths", p. 236, Penguin Books, 1994</ref>
Predictions about birth and arrival
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In the Cyclic Concept Of Time (Puranic Kalpa), Kali Yuga is estimated to last 432,000 years. In some Vaishnava texts, Kalki is foretold to appear on a white horse on the day of pralaya to end Kali Yuga, to end the evil and wickedness, and to recreate the world anew along with A New Cycle Of Time (Yuga).<ref name=coulter2013>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Oxford University Press">Template:Cite book</ref>
Kalki's description varies with manuscripts. Some state Kalki will be born to Awejsirdenee and Bishenjun,<ref name=coulter2013/> others in the family of Sumati and Vishnuyasha.<ref name="emperor"/>Template:Sfn In Buddhist manuscripts, Vishnuyasha is stated to be a prominent headman of the village called Shambhala. He will become the king, a "Turner Of The Wheel", and one who triumphs. He will eliminate all barbarians and robbers, end adharma, restart dharma, and save the good people.<ref name="incarnation">Template:Cite book</ref> After that, humanity will be transformed and the golden age will begin state the Hindu manuscripts.<ref name="incarnation"/>
In the Kanchipuram temple, two relief Puranic panels depict Kalki, one relating to lunar (moon-based) dynasty as mother of Kalki and another to solar (sun-based) dynasty as father of Kalki.<ref name="emperor"/> In these panels, states D.D. Hudson, the story depicted is in terms of Kalki fighting and defeating asura Kali. He rides a white horse called Devadatta, ends evil, purifies everyone's minds and consciousness, and heralds the start of Satya Yuga.<ref name="emperor">Template:Cite book</ref>
People who claimed to be Kalki
[edit]- Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, founder of the Ahmadiyya movement, claimed to be the Kalki Avatar, as well as the Mahdi.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- In the Baháʼí Faith, Baháʼu'lláh is identified as Kalki as well as the prophesied redeeming messenger of God at the end of the world, as claimed in the Bábí religion, Judaism (Mashiach), Christianity (Messiah), Islam (Masih and Mahdi), Buddhism (Maitreya), Zoroastrianism (Shah Bahram), and other religions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Bassuk1987p146">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Kalki Bhagawan, born Vijaykumar Naidu, born on 7 March 1949, founder of Oneness University.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Samael Aun Weor, founder of the Universal Christian Gnostic Movement.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi of Kalki Avatar Foundation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Works cited
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External links
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