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Foreign relations of Cyprus

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Template:Short description Template:External links Template:Politics of Cyprus

Cyprus is a member of the United Nations<ref name='S/4469'> Template:Cite web Template:Dead link</ref> along with most of its agencies as well as the Commonwealth of Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and Council of Europe. In addition, the country has signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Agreement (MIGA). Cyprus has been a member of the European Union since 2004 and in the second half of 2012 it held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Historical non-alignment

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Template:See also Cyprus has historically followed a non-aligned foreign policy, although it increasingly identifies with the West in its cultural affinities and trade patterns, and maintains close relations with the European Union, Greece, Armenia, Lebanon, Israel and the United States.

File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F013050-0001, München, Staatsbesuch Präsident von Zypern.jpg
Cyprus former President Makarios III at a state visit in Munich with the German Chancellor in 1962

The prime originator of Cypriot non-alignment was Archbishop of Cyprus Makarios III, the first President (1960–1977) of the independent republic of Cyprus. Prior to independence, Makarios - by virtue of his post as Archbishop of Cyprus and head of the Cypriot Orthodox Church - was the Greek Cypriot Ethnarch, or de facto leader of the community. A highly influential figure well before independence, he participated in the 1955 Bandung Conference. After independence, Makarios took part in the 1961 founding meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement in Belgrade.

File:Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti'nin diplomatik ilişkileri.png
Cyprus representations abroadTemplate:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend
Template:Legend

Reasons for this neutrality may lie in the extreme pressures exerted on the infant Republic by its larger neighbours, Turkey and Greece. Intercommunal rivalries and movements for union with Greece or partial union with Turkey may have persuaded Makarios to steer clear of close affiliation with either side. In any case Cyprus became a high-profile member of the Non-Aligned Movement and retained its membership until its entry into the European Union in 2004. At the non-governmental level, Cyprus has also been a member of the popular extension of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organisation hosting several high-level meetings.

Immediately after the 1974 Greek-sponsored coup d'état and the Turkish invasion, Makarios secured international recognition of his administration as the legitimate government of the whole island. This was disputed only by Turkey, which currently recognizes only the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, established in 1983.

Since the 1974 crisis, the chief aim of the foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus has been to secure the withdrawal of Turkish forces and the reunification of the island under the most favorable constitutional and territorial settlement possible. This campaign has been pursued primarily through international forums such as the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement, and in recent years through the European Union.

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Cyprus maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Cyprus.svg
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Bilateral relations

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Multilateral

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Organization Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Flag Cyprus joined the Council of Europe as a full member on 24 May 1961.
Template:Flag See Cyprus in the European UnionTemplate:PbCyprus joined the European Union as a full member on 1 May 2004.
Template:Flag See Cyprus–NATO relationsTemplate:PbCyprus is not a member of NATO.

Africa

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Country Formal relations began Notes
Template:Flag 3 April 1979 See Algeria–Cyprus relations
Template:Flag
Template:Flag Cyprus is represented in Comoros by its embassy in Pretoria.<ref name="mfa.gov.cy-2">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag 30 September 1960, severed diplomatic relations 21 February 1978, restored 30 May 1984 See Cyprus–Egypt relationsTemplate:PbEgypt is a close ally of Cyprus as both countries share an oilfield. Egypt conquered Cyprus many times in ancient, medieval and modern eras and it was ruled by Egyptians which added Egyptian culture to the local culture and supported increasing the relationship between both countries. The relationship between the two countries was strained in February 1978 when Cypriot National Guardsmen shot dead Egyptian Commandos at Larnaca International Airport when the commandos attempted to intervene in a hostage situation.
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy in Nicosia.
Template:Flag
Template:Flag 25 February 2004
Template:Flag 8 November 1973 See Cyprus–Libya relations
Template:Flag
Template:Flag 22 June 2000
Template:Flag
Template:Flag February 1, 2001<ref name="olc.gov.cy">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag 1979
Template:Flag
Template:Flag 1 July 1976
Template:Flag December 10, 1993
Template:Flag 24 September 2015 Cyprus is represented in Togo by its embassy in Paris, France.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag 5 November 1999
Template:Flag 1 February 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1977 when accredited first High Commissioner of Cyprus to Uganda with residence in Nairobi Mr. F. A. Grammenopoulos<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations and have signed an Agreement for Cooperation in the Field of Tourism.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Template:Flag

Americas

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Country Formal relations began Notes
Template:Flag 20 May 1968 and 3 June 1968
Template:Flag 21 July 2000
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on July 21, 2000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Cyprus is represented in Belize through its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.<ref name="www.mfa.gov.cy"/>
  • Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Template:Flag July 21, 1964
Template:Flag See Canada–Cyprus relations

Canadian bilateral political relations with Cyprus stemmed initially from Cypriot Commonwealth membership at independence in 1960 (that had followed a guerrilla struggle with Britain). These relations quickly expanded in 1964 when Canada became a major troop contributor to UNFICYP. The participation lasted for the next 29 years, during which 50,000 Canadian soldiers served and 28 were killed. In large measure Canadian relations with Cyprus continue to revolve around support for the ongoing efforts of the United Nations, G8 and others to resolve the Island's divided status. Contacts with Cyprus on other issues also take place in international organizations such as the UN, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Commonwealth of Nations.

Template:Flag 25 January 1966 and 14 May 1970
  • Colombia is represented in Cyprus through its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Cyprus is represented in Colombia through its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.
  • In 2010, both Ministers of Foreign Affairs signed a cooperation agreement regarding tourism and the war on drugs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag 13 June 2001 Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. A Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Cyprus and the Commonwealth of Dominica was signed on the 13 June 2001 in New York<ref name="olc">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag 11 February 1972
Template:Flag 20 February 1974 See Cyprus–Mexico relations
  • Cyprus does not have an accreditation to Mexico.
  • Mexico is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Athens, Greece and maintains an honorary consulate in Nicosia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag 19 September 1966
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Cyprus is represented in Peru through its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.<ref name="mfa.gov.cy"/>
Template:Flag 2 August 2006
Template:Flag
Template:Flag 16 August 1960 See Cyprus–United States relations
File:Demetris Christofias with Obamas.jpg
Cyprus president Dimitris Christofias and Cyprus first lady with U.S. President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama

Asia

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Country Formal relations began Notes
Template:Flag 18 March 1992 See Armenia–Cyprus relations
Template:Flag 14 December 1971 See China–Cyprus relations
Template:Flag 9 July 1992 See Cyprus–Georgia relations
Template:Flag 10 February 1962 See Cyprus–India relations
Template:Flag 4 December 1987 See Cyprus–Indonesia relations
Template:Flag 1960s
Template:Flag 17 August 1960 See Cyprus–Israel relations

In the case of Israel, Cyprus has occasionally outwardly backed the Palestinians in the Arab–Israeli conflict, to the annoyance of some in the Israeli government. Cyprus, like over 100 other countries, officially recognizes Palestine as a de facto state.

The island is also host to a number of Palestinian and Lebanese refugees.

Relations between the two countries continued to suffer when Cypriot first lady Antroulla Vasiliou, the wife of the then President George Vasiliou, was declared persona non grata in Israel when a delegation she was leading attempted to meet with Yasser Arafat, who was under house arrest.

Controversy and public outcry arose in the early 2000s, when members of the Cypriot branch of the Greek Orthodox Church were accused of selling church-owned land in the West Bank to Israeli developers, putting Cypriot commitment to the Palestinian cause at question.

The expulsion of two alleged Israeli spies from the island in 1998 also caused tension between the two governments.

The two countries now appear to be on improving terms, there has been coopertation on numerous areas but mostly on agriculture, military and tourism. The Cypriot government has also been reported to be making deals with both Israel and Egypt in exploring for oil off the southern Cyprus coast.

Israeli foreign minister Avigdor Lieberman visited Cyprus at the invitation of his Cypriot counterpart when Netanyahu was in Washington for the direct talks with the Palestinian leader. Lieberman and Cypriot foreign minister Kyprianou have met several times this year in an effort to strengthen relations between their countries.

Template:Flag 11 May 1962
Template:Flag 11 January 1962
Template:Flag 2 April 1992
Template:Flag 20 February 1992
Template:Flag 3 May 2005 See Cyprus–Kuwait relations
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Kuwait City.
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Nicosia.
Template:Flag 20 September 1960
Template:Flag 1 November 1987
Template:Flag 19 December 1973 and 19 December 1979

Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:Flag 1978
Template:Flag 1988 See Cyprus–Palestine relations
Template:Flag 21 February 2001 See Cyprus–Qatar relations
Template:Flag See Cyprus–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Cyprus is represented through its honorary consulate in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia is represented through its embassy in Nicosia.
  • Both countries are members of the United Nations.
  • [1]
Template:Flag March 1981
Template:Flag See Cyprus–Syria relations
Template:Flag 27 February 1992
Template:Flag 5 May 1980
  • Cyprus is represented in Thailand through its High Commission in New Delhi, India.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Thailand is represented in Cyprus through its embassy in Rome, Italy.<ref name="Ministry Foreign Affairs of Cyprus"/>
Template:Flag Suspended Turkey does not recognize the government of the Republic of Cyprus, stating that the Republic—as established by the Constitution of 1960—ceased to exist when the intercommunal violence that commenced in December 1963 ended Turkish Cypriot participation in the Cypriot government. The attempted coup in July 1974—engineered by Greek Military Junta—was responded to by Turkey by a full military invasion, which resulted in the northern third of the island being occupied by Turkish military forces. This portion of Cyprus unilaterally declared independence in November 1983 as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which only Turkey recognizes. Turkey refers to the Republic of Cyprus government as the "Greek Administration of Southern Cyprus".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Cyprus takes the view that the TRNC government is a puppet administration, and thus prefers to negotiate with Turkey over the resolution of the Cyprus Problem. Turkey insists that the TRNC government is the institution that the RoC government must refer to in negotiations.

Cyprus' accession to the European Union has had a negative impact on Turkey in regards to its own accession negotiations. The refusal of Turkey to allow Cypriot-flagged ships to access Turkish ports has resulted in a partial suspension of its accession negotiations.

Template:Flag 12 April 1978 and 6 June 2007 See Cyprus–United Arab Emirates relations
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Abu Dhabi
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Nicosia
Template:Flag 29 November 1975 Cyprus is represented in Vietnam through its embassy in New Delhi, India. Vietnam is represented in Cyprus through its embassy in Tripoli, Libya.

Europe

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Template:See also

File:Birger Jarlsgatan 37.JPG
Cyprus embassy in Stockholm
File:Povarskaya 9 by I.S.Kuznetsov1910d.jpg
Cyprus embassy in Moscow

Cyprus' 1990 application for full EU membership caused a storm in the Turkish Cypriot community, which argued that the move required their consent. Following the December 1997 EU Summit decisions on EU enlargement, accession negotiations began 31 March 1998. Cyprus joined the European Union on 1 May 2004. To fulfil its commitment as a member of the European Union, Cyprus withdrew from the Non-Aligned Movement on accession, retaining observer status.

Country Formal relations began Notes
Template:Flag 28 August 1991
Template:Flag See Austria–Cyprus relations
  • Austria has an embassy in Nicosia.
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Vienna.
  • Austria joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Cyprus joined on 1 May 2004.
Template:Flag 1960
Template:Flag 30 October 1960 See Bulgaria–Cyprus relations
Template:Flag 4 February 1993 See Croatia–Cyprus relations
Template:Flag 1 February 1961 and 1 January 1993 See Cyprus–Czech Republic relations
Template:Flag 2 November 1960 See Cyprus–Denmark relations
Template:Flag 20 December 1991
Template:Flag 29 September 1961 See Cyprus–Finland relations
Template:Flag 16 August 1960 See Cyprus–France relations
Template:Flag 20 August 1960 See Cyprus–Germany relations
Template:Flag 16 August 1960
  • See Cyprus–Greece relations
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Athens and a consulate-general in Thessaloniki.
  • Greece has an embassy in Nicosia.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the Council of Europe.
  • The Greek Cypriot majority in Cyprus and the ethnic Greek population of Greece share a common ethnicity, heritage, language, and religion, leading to an exceptionally close relationship between the two countries.
Template:Flag 18 October 1960
Template:FlagiconIceland 4 September 1979
  • Cyprus is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.<ref name="mfa.gov.cy-2"/>
  • Iceland is represented in Cyprus by its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.<ref name="mfa.gov.cy-2"/>
Template:Flagicon Ireland 23 November 1984 See Cyprus–Ireland relations
Template:Flag 1960
Template:Flag
  • Cyprus is represented in Latvia through its embassy in Stockholm (Sweden).
  • Latvia is represented in Cyprus through its embassy in Athens (Greece). and an honorary consulates in Limassol.
  • Both countries became members of the European Union on 1 May 2004.
Template:Flag 3 December 1992
Template:Flag
  • Cyprus is represented to Luxembourg through its accredited embassy in The Hague (Netherlands).
  • Luxembourg is represented to Cyprus through its accredited embassy in Athens (Greece).
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
Template:Flag 13 September 1972 See Cyprus–Malta relations
Template:Flag 21 February 1992
Template:Flag 24 February 2011
Template:Flag 12 March 2007 See Cyprus–Montenegro relations
Template:Flag 1960 See Cyprus–Netherlands relations
Template:Flag 22 March 1963 See Cyprus–Norway relations

Cyprus–Norway relations are foreign relations between Cyprus and Norway. Diplomatic relations were established on 22 March 1963.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The government in Cyprus considers that "bilateral relations between Cyprus and Norway are excellent in all fields".<ref name="Cyprus Embassy"/>

Neither country has resident ambassadors. Cyprus is represented in Norway through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden, and 2 honorary consulates, one in Oslo and the second in Kristiansand. Norway is represented in Cyprus through its embassy in Athens, Greece, and an honorary consulate in Nicosia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. Diplomatic relations were established on 22 March 1963.<ref name="Cyprus Embassy">Template:Cite web</ref>

On 21 August 1951, there was a Consular Convention and an Exchange of Letters relating to establishing diplomatic relations. On 2 May 1951, there was a Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income. On 17 May 1962, there was an Exchange of Letters constituting an Agreement on the Abolition of Visa Requirement in Nicosia. On 5 March 1963, there was an Agreement on Commercial Scheduled Air Transport signed in London.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The taxation levels in Cyprus are considerably lower than in Norway, and Cyprus has actively courted Norwegians to move to Cyprus.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Among the Norwegians who moved to Cyprus is the shipping billionaire John Fredriksen, who was the richest man in Norway.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1996 tax rules in Norway were changed to keep shipping companies competitive and under the Norwegian flag. By 2008 changes to the tonnage tax regime to harmonize them with the European Union forced some companies to register in Cyprus.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Norwegian Service rig company Prosafe moved their headquarters to Cyprus.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Several Norwegian retirees also moved to Cyprus; this too is largely to benefit from the lower tax rate on Cyprus and the minimal crime.<ref name=colony>Template:Cite news</ref>

Template:Flag 15 January 1961 See Cyprus–Poland relations
Template:Flag 5 March 1975
Template:Flag 15 November 1960
Template:Flag 18 August 1960 See Cyprus–Russia relations
File:Dmitry Medvedev with Demetris Christofias-3.jpg
Presidents of Russia and Cyprus meet at least once every year.
  • The USSR established diplomatic relations with the newly independent Republic of Cyprus on 18 August 1960.
  • Cooperation between both countries has increased since the 1990s and the fall of the USSR.
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Moscow and consulates-general in Krasnodar, Saint Petersburg, Samara and in Yekaterinburg.
  • Russia has an embassy in Nicosia.
Template:Flag 7 October 1960 See Cyprus–Serbia relations
Template:Flag 1 January 1993
Template:Flag 10 December 1992 See Cyprus–Slovenia relations
Template:Flag 25 December 1967 See Cyprus–Spain relations
Template:Flag 12 December 1960 See Cyprus–Sweden relations
Template:Flag
  • Cyprus is represented in Switzerland through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Nicosia.
Template:Flag 19 February 1992
Template:Flag 16 August 1960 See Cyprus–United Kingdom relationsTemplate:PbCyprus established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 16 August 1960. The UK is a "guarantor power" of Cyprus's independence.

The UK governed Cyprus from 1878 until 1960, when it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, the Council of Europe, European Court of Human Rights, the International Criminal Court, the OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Oceania

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Country Formal relations began Notes
Template:Flag
Template:Flag 1978
Template:Flag
Template:Flag 31 March 1978
Template:Flag May 5, 2010
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 5, 2010.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Cyprus is represented in the Solomon Islands via parallel accreditation of its High Commission in Canberra, Australia.<ref name="www.mfa.gov.cy"/>
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
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Multilateral relations

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International disputes

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File:Rice speaks with troops after landing in Larnaca July 24 2006.jpg
Condoleezza Rice by US ambassadors in Larnaca International Airport, Cyprus

The 1974 invasion of the Turkish army divided the island nation into two. The internationally recognised Republic of Cyprus currently has effective control in the south of the island (59% of the island's land area) while its area not under its effective control makes up 37% of the island. Turkey utilising the territory occupied during the invasion recognizes a declared separatist<ref>Christopher Hitchens, Uncorking the Genie: The Cyprus Question and Turkey's Military Rule MERIP Reports, No. 122, Turkey under Military Rule (Mar. - Apr., 1984), pp. 25-27, Template:Doi</ref> UDI of Turkish Cypriots in 1983, contrary to multiple United Nations Security Council Resolutions. The two territories of the Republic are separated by a United Nations Buffer Zone (4% of the island); there are two UK sovereign base areas mostly within the Greek Cypriot portion of the island.

See also

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References

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