Szczecin

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Distinguish Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox settlement Szczecin (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell,<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell,<ref>Template:Cite American Heritage Dictionary</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> Template:IPA; Template:Langx Template:IPA; Template:Langx Template:IPA; Template:Langx or Template:Lang)<ref>Johann Georg Theodor Grässe: Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benennungen der bekanntesten Städte etc., Meere, Seen, Berge und Flüsse in allen Theilen der Erde nebst einem deutsch-lateinischen Register derselben. T. Ein Supplement zu jedem lateinischen und geographischen Wörterbuche. Dresden: G. Schönfeld’s Buchhandlung (C. A.Werner), 1861, p. 179, 186, 278. [access-date: 2010-01-10].</ref> is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border, it is a major seaport, the largest city of northwestern Poland, and seventh-largest city of Poland. Template:As of the population was 391,566.<ref name="population" />

Szczecin is located on the Oder River, south of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Bay of Pomerania. The city is situated along the southwestern shore of Dąbie Lake, on both sides of the Oder and on several large islands between the western and eastern branches of the river. It is also surrounded by dense forests, shrubland and heaths, chiefly the Wkrzańska Heath shared with Germany (Ueckermünde) and the Szczecin Landscape Park. Szczecin is adjacent to the town of Police and is the urban centre of the Szczecin agglomeration, an extended metropolitan area that includes communities in the German states of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

The city's recorded history dates back over 1,300 years, when diverse tribes and peoples such as the Vikings and Lechites erected strongholds in the vicinity. It subsequently served as the seat of the Dukes of Pomerania and the House of Griffin. In the course of the millennium, Szczecin was part of Piast Poland, Denmark, the Holy Roman Empire, Sweden, Prussia, Germany and modern-day Poland. The city's architecture and cultural heritage reflects these periods, with excellent examples of Brick Gothic, Gründerzeit, Neoclassical, socialist realist and contemporary styles. The planned urban landscape was based on the Orion constellation, with avenues, roundabouts and extensive parkland. The city's chief landmarks include the Szczecin Cathedral, the Ducal Castle, the National Museum and the Szczecin Philharmonic.

Szczecin is the administrative and industrial centre of West Pomeranian Voivodeship and is the site of the University of Szczecin, Pomeranian Medical University, Maritime University, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Art Academy, and the see of the Szczecin-Kamień Catholic Archdiocese. From 1999 onwards, Szczecin has served as the site of the headquarters of NATO's Multinational Corps Northeast. The city was a candidate for the European Capital of Culture in 2016.<ref name="szczecin2016.pl">Template:Cite web</ref>

Name and etymology

Template:Lang and Template:Lang are the Polish and German equivalents of the same name, which is of Proto-Slavic origin, though the exact etymology is the subject of ongoing research.<ref name="Bialecki">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn In her Etymological Dictionary of Geographical Names of Poland, Maria Malec lists 11 theories regarding the origin of the name, including derivations from either: an Old Slavic word for 'hill peak' (Template:Langx), the plant fuller's teasel (Template:Langx), or the personal name Template:Lang.<ref>Słownik etymologiczny nazw geograficznych Polski Profesor Maria Malec PWN 2003</ref>

Other medieval names for the town are Burstaborg (in the Knytlinga saga)<ref name=Labuda14/><ref name=Rospond162>Stanisław Rospond, Slawische Namenkunde Ausg. 1,Template:NbspNr.Template:Nbsp3, C.Template:NbspWinter, 1989, p.Template:Nbsp162</ref> and Burstenburgh (in the Annals of Waldemar).<ref name =Labuda14/><ref name=Rospond162/> These names, which literally mean 'brush burgh', are likely derived from the translation of the city's Slavic name (assuming the second derivation mentioned above).<ref name=Rospond162/>

History

Middle Ages

File:Kamień kaszubski z gryfem przy katedrze w Szczecinie.jpg

The stone near Szczecin Cathedral commemorating the Kashubians (a Lehitic people), with an image of the Pomeranian Griffin

The recorded history of Szczecin began in the eighth century, when Vikings<ref>"Vikingar", Natur och Kultur 1995, Template:ISBN (CD)</ref> and West Slavs settled in Pomerania. The West Slavs, or Lechites, erected a new stronghold on the site of the modern castle.<ref name=Piskorski52/> Since the 9th century, the stronghold was fortified and expanded toward the Oder bank.<ref name=Piskorski52>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, p.Template:Nbsp52, Template:ISBN Template:OCLC</ref> Mieszko I of Poland took control of Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages and the region became part of Poland in the 10th century.<ref>The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 11, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1998, p.Template:Nbsp473 "In the 8th and 9th centuries Szczecin was a Slavic fishing and commercial settlement, later named Western Pomerania (Pomorze Zachodnie). During the 10th century, it was annexed to Poland by Mieszko I</ref><ref>The Origins of Polish state. Mieszko I and Bolesław Chrobry. Professor Henry Lang, Polish Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo. info-poland.buffalo.edu Template:Webarchive</ref> However, already Mieszko II Lambert (1025 ~ 1034) effectively lost control over the area and had to accept German suzerainty over the area of the Oder lagoon.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Subsequent Polish rulers, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Liutician federation all aimed to control the territory.<ref name="Bialecki"/>

After the decline of the neighbouring regional centre Wolin in the 12th century, the city became one of the more important and powerful seaports of the Baltic Sea.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In a campaign in the winter of 1121–1122,<ref name=Piskorski36>Jan M. Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, pg. 36; Template:ISBN, Template:OCLC</ref> Bolesław III Wrymouth, the Duke of Poland, gained control of the region, including the city of Szczecin and its stronghold.<ref name="Bialecki"/><ref name=Piskorski3136>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, pp. 31,36,43 Template:ISBN Template:OCLC: pg. 31 (yrs 967-after 1000 AD): "[...] gelang es den polnischen Herrschern sicherlich nicht, Wollin und die Odermündung zu unterwerfen." pg. 36: "Von 1119 bis 1122 eroberte er schließlich das pommersche Odergebiet mit Stettin, [...]" pg. 43: "[...] während Rügen 1168 erobert und in den dänischen Staat einverleibt wurde."</ref><ref>Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 100–101, Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Norbert Buske, Pommern, Helms Schwerin 1997, pp. 11ff; Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Kyra T. Inachin, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, pp.Template:Nbsp15ff; Template:ISBN: pp. 14–15: "Die westslawischen Stämme der Obroditen, Lutizen und Pomoranen konnten sich lange der Eroberung widersetzen. Die militärisch überlegenen Mächte im Norden und Osten, im Süden und im Westen übten jedoch einen permanenten Druck auf den südlichen Ostseeraum aus. Dieser ging bis 1135 hauptsächlich von Polen aus. Der polnische Herzog Boleslaw III Krzywousty (Schiefmund) unterwarf in mehreren Feldzügen bis 1121 pomoranisches Stammland mit den Hauptburgen Cammin und Stettin und drang weiter gen Westen vor", pg. 17: Das Interesse Waldemars richtete sich insbesondere auf das Siedlungsgebiet der Ranen, die nördlich des Ryck und auf Rügen siedelten und die sich bislang gegen Eroberer und Christianisierungsversuche gewehrt hatten. [...] und nahmen 1168 an König Waldemar I. Kriegszug gegen die Ranen teil. Arkona wurde erobert und zerstört. Die unterlegenen Ranen versprachen, das Christentum anzunehmen, die Oberhoheit des Dänenkönigs anzuerkennen und Tribut zu leisten."</ref><ref name="Barber">Malcolm Barber, "The two cities: medieval Europe, 1050–1320", Routledge, 2004, pg. 330 books.google.com</ref><ref>An historical geography of Europe, 450 B.C.Template:NsndnsA.D. 1330, Norman John Greville Pounds, Cambridge University Press 1973, pg. 241, "By 1121 Polish armies had penetrated its forests, captured its chief city of Szczecin."</ref>Template:Excessive citations inline The Polish ruler initiated Christianization, entrusting this task to Otto of Bamberg,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the inhabitants were Christianised<ref name="Bialecki"/> by two missions of Otto in 1124 and 1128.<ref>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, pp. 36ff; Template:ISBN, Template:OCLC</ref> At this time, the first Christian church of Saints Peter and Paul was erected. The Poles' minted coins were commonly used in trade in this period.<ref name="Bialecki"/> The population of the city at that time is estimated to be at around 5,000–9,000 people.<ref>Archeologia Polska, Volume 38, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej (Polska Akademia Nauk, pg. 309, Zakład im. Ossolińskich, 1993.</ref>

Polish rule ended with Boleslaw's death in 1138.<ref>Kyra Inachim, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, pg. 17; Template:ISBN: "Mit dem Tod Kaiser Lothars 1137 endete der sächsische Druck auf Wartislaw I., und mit dem Ableben Boleslaw III. auch die polnische Oberhoheit."</ref> During the Wendish Crusade in 1147, a contingent led by the German margrave Albert the Bear, an enemy of Slavic presence in the region,<ref name="Bialecki"/> papal legate, bishop Anselm of Havelberg and Konrad of Meissen besieged the town.<ref name=Schimmelpfennig16>Bernhard Schimmelpfennig, Könige und Fürsten, Kaiser und Papst nach dem Wormser Konkordat, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1996, pg. 16; Template:ISBN</ref><ref name=Fuhrmann147>Horst Fuhrmann, Deutsche Geschichte im hohen Mittelalter: Von der Mitte des 11. Bis zum Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts, 4th edition, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003, pg. 147; Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, The Encyclopedia of world history, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001; pg. 206 @ books.google.comTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press; Template:ISBN, pg. 362</ref> There, a Polish contingent supplied by Mieszko III the Old<ref name=Piskorski43>Jan M. Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, pg. 43; Template:ISBN Template:OCLC: Greater Polish continguents of Mieszko the Elder</ref><ref name=Heitz163>Template:Cite book</ref> joined the crusaders.<ref name=Schimmelpfennig16/><ref name=Fuhrmann147/> However, the citizens had placed crosses around the fortifications,<ref>Jean Richard, Jean Birrell, "The Crusades, c.Template:Nbsp1071Template:Nsndnsc.Template:Nbsp1291", Cambridge University Press, 1999, p.Template:Nbsp158, books.google.com</ref> indicating they already had been Christianised.<ref name="Bialecki"/><ref>Jonathan Riley-Smith, "The Crusades: A History", Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005, p.Template:Nbsp130, books.google.com</ref> Duke Ratibor I of Pomerania, negotiated the disbanding of the crusading forces.<ref name=Schimmelpfennig16/><ref name=Fuhrmann147/><ref>Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.Template:Nbsp30, Template:ISBN</ref>

File:Bazylika Archikatedralna pw. św. Jakuba Apostoła (1) (cropped).jpg

Szczecin Cathedral, first built in the 14th century

After the Battle of Verchen in 1164, Szczecin duke Bogusław I, Duke of Pomerania became a vassal of the Duchy of Saxony's Henry the Lion.<ref name="Buchholz, p.Template:Nbsp34">Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.Template:Nbsp34, Template:ISBN</ref> In 1173, Szczecin castellan Wartislaw II, could not resist a Danish attack and became vassal of Denmark.<ref name="Buchholz, p.Template:Nbsp34"/> In 1181, Bogusław became a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire.<ref name="Buchholz, p.Template:Nbsp35">Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.Template:Nbsp35, Template:ISBN</ref> In 1185, Bogusław again became a Danish vassal.<ref name="Buchholz, p.Template:Nbsp35"/> Despite falling under foreign suzerainty, local dukes maintained close ties with the fragmented Polish realm, and future Polish monarch Władysław III Spindleshanks stayed at the local court of Duke Bogusław I in 1186, on behalf of his father, Duke of Greater Poland Mieszko III the Old, who also periodically was the High Duke of Poland.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Following a conflict between his heirs and Canute VI of Denmark, the settlement was destroyed in 1189,<ref name=riis48>Template:Cite book</ref> but the fortress was reconstructed and manned with a Danish force in 1190.<ref>Université de Caen. Centre de recherches archéologiques médiévales, Château-Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale, XVIII : actes du colloque international tenu à Gilleleje, Danemark, 24–30 août 1996, CRAHM, 1998, p.Template:Nbsp218, Template:ISBN</ref> While the empire restored its superiority over the Duchy of Pomerania in the Battle of Bornhöved in 1227,<ref name="Buchholz, p.Template:Nbsp35"/> Szczecin was one of two bridgeheads remaining under Danish control (until 1235; Wolgast until 1241/43 or 1250).<ref name=riis48/>

In the second half of the 12th century, a group of German tradesmen ("multus populus Teutonicorum"<ref name=Heitz168>Template:Cite book</ref> from various parts of the Holy Roman Empire) settled in the city around St.Template:NbspJacob's Church, which was donated in 1180<ref name=Heitz168/> by Beringer, a trader from Bamberg, and consecrated in 1187.<ref name=Heitz168/><ref>Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 43, Template:ISBN</ref> Hohenkrug (now in Szczecin Struga) was the first village in the Duchy of Pomerania that was clearly recorded as German (villa teutonicorum) in 1173.<ref>Jan Maria Piskorski, Slawen und Deutsche in Pommern im Mittelalter, in Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa, Akademie Verlag, 2007, p.Template:Nbsp85, Template:ISBN</ref> Ostsiedlung accelerated in Pomerania during the 13th century.<ref>Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.Template:Nbsp43ff, Template:ISBN</ref> Duke Barnim I of Pomerania granted Szczecin a local government charter in 1237, separating the German settlement from the Slavic community settled around the St. Nicholas Church in the neighbourhood of Kessin (Template:Langx). In the charter, the Slavs were put under Germanic jurisdiction.<ref>Jan Maria Piskorski, Slawen und Deutsche in Pommern im Mittelalter, in Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa, Akademie Verlag, 2007, p.Template:Nbsp86, Template:ISBN</ref>

File:Szczecin Zamek Ksiazat Pomorskich (od pln-wsch).jpg

Szczecin Castle, the seat of the dukes of the House of Griffin, which was founded by Duke Wartislaw I

When Barnim granted Szczecin Magdeburg rights in 1243, part of the Slavic settlement was reconstructed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The duke had to promise to level the burgh in 1249.<ref>Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.Template:Nbsp83, Template:ISBN</ref> Most Slavic inhabitants were resettled to two new suburbs north and south of the town.<ref>Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.Template:Nbsp84, Template:ISBN</ref>

In 1249, Barnim I also granted equivalent Magdeburg town privileges to the town of Damm (also known as Altdamm) on the eastern bank of the Oder.<ref>Roderich Schmidt, Pommern und Mecklenburg, Böhlau, 1981, p.Template:Nbsp61, Template:ISBN</ref><ref name=Johanek277>Peter Johanek, Franz-Joseph Post, Städtebuch Hinterpommern 2–3, Kohlhammer Verlag, 2003, p.Template:Nbsp277, Template:ISBN</ref> Damm merged with neighbouring Szczecin on 15Template:NbspOctober 1939 and is now the Dąbie neighbourhood.<ref>Johannes Hinz, Pommernlexikon, Kraft, 1994, p.Template:Nbsp25, Template:ISBN</ref> This town had been built on the site of a former Pomeranian burg, "Vadam" or "Dambe", which Boleslaw had destroyed during his 1121 campaign.<ref name=Johanek277/>

On 2 December 1261, Barnim I allowed Jewish settlement in Szczecin in accordance with the Magdeburg law, in a privilege renewed in 1308 and 1371.<ref name=heitmann225>Template:Citation</ref> The Jewish Jordan family was granted citizenship in 1325, but none of the 22 Jews allowed to settle in the duchy in 1481 lived in the city, and in 1492, all Jews in the duchy were ordered to convert to Christianity or leaveTemplate:Sndsthis order remained effective throughout the rest of the Griffin era.<ref name=heitmann225/>

In 1273, in Szczecin duke of Poznań and future King of Poland Przemysł II married princess Ludgarda, granddaughter of Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania, in order to strengthen the alliance between the two rulers.<ref>Kronika wielkopolska, PWN, Warszawa, 1965, p. 297 (in Polish)</ref>

Szczecin was part of the federation of Wendish towns, a predecessor of the Hanseatic League, in 1283.<ref name="Wernicke">Template:Cite book</ref> The city prospered due to its participation in the Baltic Sea trade, primarily with herring, grain, and timber; craftsmanship also prospered, and more than forty guilds were established in the city.<ref name=aps344/> The far-reaching autonomy granted by the House of Griffins was in part reduced when the dukes reclaimed Stettin as their main residence in the late 15th century.<ref name=aps344/> The anti-Slavic policies of German merchants and craftsmen intensified in this period, resulting in measures such as bans on people of Slavic descent joining craft guilds, a doubling of customs tax for Slavic merchants, and bans against public usage of their native language.<ref name="Bialecki"/> The more prosperous Slavic citizens were forcibly stripped of their possessions, which were then handed over to Germans.<ref name="Bialecki"/> In 1514, the guild of tailors added a Wendenparagraph to its statutes, banning Slavs.<ref name=slaski97>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Alten Stettin Hogenberg.jpg

View of the city with fortifications, 1581

While not as heavily affected by medieval witchhunts as other regions of the empire, there are reports of the burning of three women and one man convicted of witchcraft in 1538.<ref>Hubertus Fischer, Klosterfrauen, Klosterhexen: Theodor Fontanes Sidonie von Borcke im kulturellen Kontext : Klosterseminar des Fontane-Kreises Hannover der Theodor-Fontane-Gesellschaft e.V. mit dem Konvent des Klosters St. Marienberg vom 14. bis 15. November 2003 in Helmstedt, Rübenberger Verlag Tania Weiss, 2005, p.Template:Nbsp22, Template:ISBN</ref>

In 1570, during the reign of John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania, a congress was held at Stettin ending the Northern Seven Years' War. During the war, Stettin had tended to side with Denmark, while Stralsund tended toward SwedenTemplate:Sndsas a whole, however, the Duchy of Pomerania tried to maintain neutrality.<ref name=Inachim62>Kyra Inachim, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.Template:Nbsp62, Template:ISBN</ref> Nevertheless, a Landtag that had met in Stettin in 1563 introduced a sixfold rise in real estate taxes to finance the raising of a mercenary army for the duchy's defence.<ref name=Inachim62/> Johann Friedrich also succeeded in elevating Stettin to one of only three places allowed to coin money in the Upper Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, the other two places being Leipzig and Berlin.<ref>Joachim Krüger, Zwischen dem Reich und Schweden: die landesherrliche Münzprägung im Herzogtum Pommern und in Schwedisch-Pommern in der frühen Neuzeit (ca. 1580 bis 1715), LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2006, pp.Template:Nbsp53–55, Template:ISBN</ref> Bogislaw XIV, who resided in Stettin beginning in 1620, became the sole ruler and Griffin duke when Philipp Julius, Duke of Pomerania died in 1625. Before the Thirty Years' War reached Pomerania, the city, as well as the entire duchy, declined economically due to the decrease in importance of the Hanseatic League and a conflict between Stettin and Frankfurt an der Oder.<ref name=Inachim65>Kyra Inachim, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.Template:Nbsp65, Template:ISBN</ref>

17th to 18th centuries

File:Stettin merian.JPG

The city's fortifications, as seen in 1642

Following the Treaty of Stettin of 1630, the town (along with most of Pomerania) was allied to and occupied by the Swedish Empire, which managed to keep the western parts of Pomerania after the death of BogislawTemplate:NbspXIV in 1637. From the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Stettin became the Capital of Swedish Pomerania.<ref name="auto">Swedish encyclopedia "Bonniers lexikon" (1960's), vol 13:15, column 1227</ref> Stettin was turned into a major Swedish fortress, which was repeatedly besieged in subsequent wars.<ref name=aps345/> The next Treaty of Stettin (1653) did not change this, but due to the downfall of the Swedish Empire after Charles XII, the city went to Prussia in 1720.<ref name="auto"/> Instead Stralsund became capital of the last remaining parts of Swedish Pomerania 1720–1815.<ref>Swedish encyclopedia "Bonniers lexikon" (1960's), vol 13:15, column s 709-710</ref>

The city was on the path of Polish forces led by Hetman Stefan Czarniecki moving from Denmark during the Second Northern War. Czarniecki, who led his forces to the city,<ref>Historia Szczecina: zarys dziejów miasta od czasów najdawniejszych, Tadeusz Białecki, 1992: "Nowa wojna polsko-szwedzka w połowie XVII w. nie ominęła i Szczecina. Oprócz zwiększonych podatków i zahamowania handlu w 1657 r. pod Szczecinem pojawiły się oddziały polskie Stefana Czarnieckiego"</ref> is today mentioned in the Polish anthem, and numerous locations in the city honour his name.

Wars inhibited the city's economic prosperity, which had undergone a deep crisis during the devastation of the Thirty Years' War and was further impeded by the new Swedish-Brandenburg-Prussian frontier, cutting Stettin off from its traditional Farther Pomeranian hinterland.<ref name=aps344>Peter Oliver Loew, Staatsarchiv Stettin: Wegweiser durch die Bestände bis zum Jahr 1945, German translation of Radosław Gaziński, Paweł Gut, Maciej Szukała, Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie, Poland. Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004, p.Template:Nbsp344, Template:ISBN</ref> Due to a Plague during the Great Northern War, the city's population dropped from 6,000 people in 1709 to 4,000 in 1711.<ref name="Buchholz, p.Template:Nbsp532">Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.Template:Nbsp532, Template:ISBN</ref> In 1720, after the Great Northern War, Sweden was forced to cede the city to King Frederick William I of Prussia. Stettin was made the capital city of the Prussian Pomeranian province, since 1815 reorganised as the Province of Pomerania. In 1816, the city had 26,000 inhabitants.<ref name="Buchholz, p. 416">Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.Template:Nbsp416, Template:ISBN</ref>

The Prussian administration deprived the city of its right to administrative autonomy, abolished guild privileges as well as its status as a staple town, and subsidised manufacturers.<ref name=aps345/> Also, colonists were settled in the city, primarily French Huguenots.<ref name=aps345/> The French established a prosperous community, greatly contributed to the city's economic revival, and were treated with reluctance by the German burghers and city authorities.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

19th to 20th centuries

In October 1806, during the War of the Fourth Coalition, believing that he was facing a much larger force, and after receiving a threat of harsh treatment of the city, the Prussian commander Lieutenant General Friedrich von Romberg agreed to surrender the city to the French led by General Lasalle.<ref>Petre, 252–253</ref> In fact, Lasalle had only 800 men against vonTemplate:NbspRomberg's 5,300 men. In March 1809 Romberg was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for giving up Stettin without a fight. In 1809, also Polish troops were stationed in the city, while the French remained until 1813.

File:Stettin Lange Brucke (1890-1900).jpg

Late 19th-century view of the city's riverfront

From 1683 to 1812, one Jew was permitted to reside in Stettin, and an additional Jew was allowed to spend a night in the city in case of "urgent business".<ref name=heitmann225/> These permissions were repeatedly withdrawn between 1691 and 1716, also between 1726 and 1730 although else the Swedish regulation was continued by the Prussian administration.<ref name=heitmann225/> Only after the Prussian Edict of Emancipation of 11Template:NbspMarch 1812, which granted Prussian citizenship to all Jews living in the kingdom, did a Jewish community emerge in Stettin, with the first Jews settling in the town in 1814.<ref name=heitmann225/> Construction of a synagogue started in 1834; the community also owned a religious and a secular school, an orphanage since 1855, and a retirement home since 1893.<ref name=heitmann226>Template:Citation</ref> The Jewish community had between 1,000 and 1,200 members by 1873 and between 2,800 and 3,000 members by 1927Template:Nsndns28.<ref name=heitmann226/> These numbers dropped to 2,701 in 1930 and to 2,322 in late 1934.<ref name=heitmann226/>

After the Franco Prussian war of 1870–1871, 1,700 French POWs were imprisoned there in deplorable conditions, resulting in the deaths of 600;<ref>Kultura i sztuka Szczecina w latach 1800–1945:materiały Seminarium Oddziału Szczecińskiego Stowarzyszenia Historyków Sztuki, 16–17 październik 1998 Stowarzyszenie Historyków Sztuki. Oddział Szczeciński. Seminarium, Maria Glińska</ref> after the Second World War monuments in their memory were built by the Polish authorities.

Until 1873, Stettin remained a fortress.<ref name=aps345/> When part of the defensive structures were levelled, a new neighbourhood, Neustadt ("New Town") as well as water pipes, sewerage and drainage, and gas works were built to meet the demands of the growing population.<ref name=aps345/>

Stettin developed into a major Prussian port and became part of the German Empire in 1871. While most of the province retained its agrarian character, Stettin was industrialised, and its population rose from 27,000 in 1813 to 210,000 in 1900 and 255,500 in 1925.<ref name="Schmidt 2009 19–20">Template:Cite book</ref> Major industries that flourished in Stettin from 1840 were shipbuilding, chemical and food industries, and machinery construction.<ref name=aps345/> Starting in 1843, Stettin became connected to the major German and Pomeranian cities by railways, and the water connection to the Bay of Pomerania was enhanced by the construction of the Kaiserfahrt (now Piast) canal.<ref name=aps345/> The city was also a scientific centre; for example, it was home to the Entomological Society of Stettin.

File:Manzelbrunnen 3.jpg

Sedina Monument (1899–1913)—Sedina was a personification of the city, symbolizing maritime trade and commerce.

On 20 October 1890, some of the city's Poles created the "Society of Polish-Catholic Workers" in the city, one of the first Polish organisations.<ref>Dzieje Szczecina:1806–1945 p.Template:Nbsp450 Bogdan Frankiewicz 1994</ref> In 1897, the city's ship works began the construction of the pre-dreadnought battleship Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse. In 1914, before World WarTemplate:NbspI, the Polish community in the city numbered over 3,000 people,<ref name="Bialecki"/> contributing about 2% of the population.<ref name="Schmidt 2009 19–20"/> These were primarily industrial workers and their families who came from the Poznań (Posen) area<ref name=Musekamp72>Template:Cite book. Quote1: "[...] Polen, die sich bereits vor Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges in der Stadt befunden hatten. Es handelte sich bei ihnen zum einen um Industriearbeiter und ihre Angehörigen, die bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg meist aus der Gegend um Posen in das damals zum selben Staat gehörende Stettin gezogen waren [...]"</ref> and a few local wealthy industrialists and merchants. Among them was Kazimierz Pruszak, director of the Gollnow industrial works and a Polish patriot, who predicted the eventual "return" of Szczecin to Poland.<ref name="Bialecki"/>

During the interwar period, Stettin was Weimar Germany's largest port on the Baltic Sea, and her third-largest port after Hamburg and Bremen.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Cars of the Stoewer automobile company were produced in Stettin from 1899 to 1945. By 1939, the Reichsautobahn BerlinTemplate:NsndnsStettin was completed.<ref name=aps345/>

Stettin played a major role as an entrepôt in the development of the Scottish herring trade with the Continent, peaking at an annual export of more than 400,000 barrels in 1885, 1894 and 1898. Trade flourished until the outbreak of the First World War and resumed on a reduced scale during the years between the wars.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In the March 1933 German elections to the Reichstag, the Nazis and German nationalists from the German National People's Party (or DNVP) won most of the votes in the city, together winning 98,626 of 165,331 votes (59.3%), with the NSDAP getting 79,729 (47.9%) and the DNVP 18,897 (11.4%).<ref name="verwaltungsgeschichte.de">Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1935, the Wehrmacht made Stettin the headquarters for WehrkreisTemplate:NbspII, which controlled the military units in all of Mecklenburg and Pomerania. It was also the area headquarters for units stationed at StettinTemplate:NbspI and II; Swinemünde (Świnoujście); Greifswald; and Stralsund.

In the interwar period, the Polish minority numbered 2,000 people,<ref name="Bialecki"/><ref name="AP & BD 1961">Polonia szczecińska 1890–1939 Anna Poniatowska Bogusław Drewniak, Poznań 1961</ref> less than 1% of the city's population at that time.<ref name="Schmidt 2009 19–20"/> A number of Poles were members of the Union of Poles in Germany (ZPN), which was active in the city from 1924.<ref>Historyczna droga do polskiego Szczecina:wybór dokumentów i opracowań. Kazimierz Kozłowski, Stanisław Krzywicki. Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, p.Template:Nbsp79, 1988</ref> A Polish consulate was located in the city between 1925 and 1939.<ref name=Musekamp73>Template:Cite book</ref> On the initiative of the consulate<ref name=Musekamp73/> and ZPN activist Maksymilian Golisz,<ref name=Musekamp74>Template:Cite book</ref> a number of Polish institutions were established, e.g., a Polish Scout team and a Polish school.<ref name="Bialecki"/><ref name=Musekamp73/> German historian Musekamp writes, "however, only very few Poles were active in these institutions, which for the most part were headed by employees of the [Polish] consulate."<ref name=Musekamp74/> The withdrawal of the consulate from these institutions led to a general decline of these activities, which were in part upheld by Golisz and Aleksander Omieczyński.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Intensified repressions by the Nazis,<ref name="Bialecki"/><ref name="AP & BD 1961"/> who exaggerated the Polish activities to propagate an infiltration,<ref name=Musekamp74/> led to the closing of the school.<ref name="Bialecki"/> In 1938, the head of Szczecin's Union of Poles unit, Stanisław Borkowski, was imprisoned in Sachsenhausen concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany.<ref name="Bialecki"/> In 1939, all Polish organisations in Stettin were disbanded by the German authorities.<ref name="Bialecki"/> Golisz and Omieczyński were murdered during the war.<ref name="Bialecki"/> After the defeat of Nazi Germany, a street was named after Golisz.<ref name=Musekamp74/> According to German historian Jan Musekamp, the activities of the Polish pre-war organizations were exaggerated after World War II for propaganda purposes.<ref>Musekamp, Jan: Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin, p. 74, with reference to: Edward Wlodarczyk: "Próba krytycznego spojrzenia na dzieje Polonii Szczecińskiej do 1939 roku" in Pomerania Ethnica, Szczecin 1998 Quote: "..und so musste die Bedeutung der erwähnten Organisationen im Sinne der Propaganda übertrieben werden."</ref>

World War II

File:Szczecin godlo z konsulatu.jpg

Emblem of the pre-war Polish Consulate, removed by the Germans in September 1939 and thrown into the Oder River; now an exhibit of the National Museum in Szczecin

During World War II, Stettin was the base for the German 2nd Motorised Infantry Division, which cut across the so-called Polish Corridor and was later used in 1940 as an embarkation point for Operation Weserübung, Germany's assault on Denmark and Norway.<ref>Gilbert, M (1989) Second World War, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, P52</ref>

On 15 October 1939, neighbouring municipalities were joined to Stettin, creating Groß-Stettin, with about 380,000 inhabitants, in 1940.<ref name=aps345>Peter Oliver Loew, Staatsarchiv Stettin: Wegweiser durch die Bestände bis zum Jahr 1945, German translation of Radosław Gaziński, Paweł Gut, Maciej Szukała, Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie, Poland. Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004, p.Template:Nbsp345, Template:ISBN</ref> The city had become the third-largest German city by area, after Berlin and Hamburg.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

As the war started, the number of non-Germans in the city increased as slave workers were brought in. The first transports came in 1939 from Bydgoszcz, Toruń and Łódź. They were mainly used in a synthetic silk factory near Stettin.<ref name="Bialecki"/> The next wave of slave workers was brought in 1940, in addition to PoWs who were used for work in the agricultural industry.<ref name="Bialecki"/> According to German police reports from 1940, 15,000 Polish slave workers lived within the city.<ref name="Bialecki"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

During the war, 135 forced labour camps for slave workers were established in the city. Most of the 25,000 slave workers were Poles, but Czechs, Italians, Frenchmen and Belgians, as well as Dutch citizens, were also enslaved in the camps.<ref name="Bialecki"/> A Nazi prison was also operated in the city, with forced labour subcamps in the region.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Szczecin1945.JPG

The city centre in 1945

In February 1940, the Jews of Stettin were deported to the Lublin reservation. International press reports emerged, describing how the Nazis forced Jews, regardless of age, condition and gender, to sign away all property and loaded them onto trains headed to the camp, escorted by members of the SA and SS. Due to publicity given to the event, German institutions ordered such future actions to be made in a way unlikely to attract public notice.<ref>The Origins of the Final Solution Christopher R. Browning, Jürgen Matthäus, page 64 University of Nebraska Press, 2007</ref> The action was the first deportation of Jews from prewar territory in Nazi Germany.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Allied air raids in 1944 and heavy fighting between the German and Soviet armies destroyed 65% of Stettin's buildings and almost all of the city centre, the seaport, and local industries. Polish Home Army intelligence assisted in pinpointing targets for Allied bombing in the area of Stettin.<ref>Polski ruch oporu 1939–1945 Andrzej Chmielarz, Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny im. Wandy Wasilewskiej, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1988 page 1019</ref> The city itself was covered by the Home Army's "Bałtyk" structure, and Polish resistance infiltrated Stettin's naval yards.<ref>Wywiad Związku Walki Zbrojnej—Armii Krajowej, 1939–1945 Piotr Matusak 2002 page 166</ref><ref>Wywiad Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie 1939–1945 Andrzej Pepłoński AWM, 1995 page 342</ref> Other activities of the resistance consisted of smuggling people, including Polish and British POWs who escaped from German captivity, to Sweden,<ref>Cudzoziemcy w polskim ruchu oporu: 1939–1945 Stanisław Okęcki 1975 page 49</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and distribution of Polish underground press.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The Soviet Red Army captured the city on 26Template:NbspApril 1945. While the majority of the almost 400,000 inhabitants had left the city, between 6,000 and 20,000 inhabitants remained in late April.<ref name=Dok>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:WOPR, Barka i Zamek Książąt Pomorskich.jpg

View of the Old Town from the Oder River. Most of the medieval buildings in the city centre were completely destroyed during World War II. The Ducal Castle can be seen in the background.

On 28 April 1945 Polish authorities tried to gain control,<ref name="Bialecki"/><ref name=Dok/> but in the following month, the Polish administration was twice forced to leave. The reason for this was, according to Polish sources, that the Western Allies raised protest against the Soviet and Polish policy of creating a fait-accomplit in Eastern Germany.<ref name=Musekamp72/> Finally the permanent handover occurred on 5Template:NbspJuly 1945.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the meantime, part of the German population had returned, believing it might become part of the Soviet occupation zone of Germany.<ref name=Piskorski376>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, p.Template:Nbsp376, Template:ISBN Template:OCLC</ref> The Soviet authorities had already appointed the German Communists Erich Spiegel and Erich Wiesner as mayors.<ref>Grete Grewolls: Wer war wer in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern? Ein Personenlexikon. Edition Temmen, Bremen 1995, Template:ISBN, p.Template:Nbsp467.</ref> Stettin is located mostly west of the Oder River, which was expected to become Poland's new western border, placing Stettin in East Germany. This would have been in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement between the victorious Allied powers, which envisaged the new border to be in "a line running from the Baltic Sea immediately west of Swinemünde, and thence along the Oder River[...]". Because of the returnees, the German population of the town swelled to 84,000.<ref name=Piskorski376/> The mortality rate was at 20%, primarily due to starvation.<ref name=Piskorski377>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, p.Template:Nbsp377, Template:ISBN Template:OCLC</ref> However, Stettin and the mouth of the Oder River became Polish on 5Template:NbspJuly 1945, as had been decided in a treaty signed on 26Template:NbspJuly 1944 between the Soviet Union and the Soviet-controlled Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN) (also known as "the Lublin Poles", as contrasted with the London-based Polish government-in-exile).<ref name="Bialecki"/> On 4Template:NbspOctober 1945, the decisive land border of Poland was established west of the 1945 line,<ref name="Bialecki"/><ref name=Piskorski380381>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, pp. 380–381, Template:ISBN Template:OCLC</ref> and the city was renamed to its historic Polish name Szczecin, but the area excluded the Police area, the Oder River itself and the port of Szczecin, which remained under Soviet administration.<ref name=Piskorski380381/> The Oder River was handed over to Polish administration in September 1946, followed by the port between February 1946 and May 1954.<ref name=Piskorski380381/>

Post-war

File:0907 Pomnik Czynu Polaków Szczecin SZN 1.jpg

The Monument to the Polish Endeavor, dedicated to three Generations of Poles in Western Pomerania: the pre-war Poles in Szczecin, the Poles who rebuilt the city after World War II, and the modern generation

While in 1945 the number of pre-war inhabitants dropped to 57,215 on 31 October 1945, the systematic expulsion of Germans started on 22 February 1946 and continued until late 1947, in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. In December 1946 about 17,000 German inhabitants remained, while the number of Poles living in the city reached 100,000.<ref name=Dok/> To ease the tensions between settlers from different regions, and help overcome fear caused by the continued presence of the Soviet troops, a special event was organised in April 1946 with 50,000 visitors in the partly destroyed city centre.<ref name=mcnamara3>Template:Cite book</ref> Settlers from Central Poland made up about 70% of Szczecin's new population.<ref name=musekamp20>Template:Cite book</ref> In addition to Poles, Ukrainians from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union settled there.<ref name=musekamp20/> Also Poles repatriated from Harbin, China and Greeks, refugees of the Greek Civil War, settled in Szczecin in the following years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1945 and 1946, the city was the starting point of the northern route used by the Jewish underground organisation Brichah to channel Jewish displaced persons from Central and Eastern Europe to the American occupation zone.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Szczecin was rebuilt, and the city's industry was expanded. At the same time, Szczecin became a major Polish industrial centre and an important seaport (particularly for Silesian coal) for Poland, Czechoslovakia and East Germany. Cultural expansion was accompanied by a campaign resulting in the "removal of all German traces".<ref name=musekamp2223>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1946, Winston Churchill prominently mentioned the city in his Iron Curtain speech: "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent".<ref>British Information Services excerpt of Churchill's speech</ref><ref>Peter H. Merkl, German Unification, Penn State Press, 2004, p.Template:Nbsp338</ref>

File:Strajk w stoczni szczecinskiej 1980.jpg

Szczecin Shipyard workers' strike against the communist government authorities in Poland, August 1980

The city witnessed anti-communist revolts in 1956,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 1970 and 1980.<ref name=pr>Template:Cite web</ref> On 30 August 1980, first of the four August Agreements, which led to the first legalisation of the trade union Solidarity, was signed in Szczecin.<ref name=pr/> The introduction of martial law in December 1981 met with a strike by the dockworkers of Szczecin shipyard, joined by other factories and workplaces in a general strike. All these were suppressed by the authorities.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Pope John Paul II visited the city on 11Template:NbspJune 1987.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Another wave of strikes in Szczecin broke out in 1988 and 1989, which eventually led to the Round Table Agreement and first semi-free elections in post-war Poland.

Szczecin has been the capital of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999.

Geography

Climate

Szczecin has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) with some humid continental (Dfb) characteristics in normal not updated, typical of Western Pomerania. The winters are colder than on the immediate coast and the summers are warm, but still with some moderation, especially due to the Baltic Sea.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The average air temperature in Szczecin ranges from 8 to 8.4 °C. The hottest month is July with a temperature of 15.8 °C to 20.3 °C, the coldest January from -4.1 °C to 2.6 °C. Air temperature below 0 °C occurs on average over 86 days a year, most frequently in January and February. The average annual rainfall is 537 mm, the average rainfall in the cool half-year is 225 mm, and in the warmer half-year is 350 mm. On average, 167 days with precipitation occurs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Weather box

Architecture and urban planning

File:Śląska Street in Szczecin, 2018 (14).jpg

Tenements on Śląska Street. Much of Szczecin's core, excluding the Old Town, features historic Gründerzeit architecture.

Szczecin's architectural style reflects trends popular in the last half of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century: Academic art (historicist Gründerzeit) and Art Nouveau. In many areas built after 1945, especially in the city centre, which had been partly destroyed due to Allied bombing, social realism is prevalent.

The city has an abundance of green areas: parks and avenuesTemplate:Sndswide streets with trees planted in the island separating opposing traffic (where often tram tracks are laid); and roundabouts corresponding to the Orion constellation. Szczecin's city plan resembles that of Paris, mostly because Szczecin was remodelled in the 1880s according to a design by Georges-Eugène Haussmann, who had redesigned Paris under Napoléon III.<ref name="ncdc.eu">Template:Cite web</ref> This pattern of street design is still used in Szczecin, as many recently built (or modified) city areas include roundabouts and avenues.<ref name="ncdc.eu"/>

During the city's reconstruction in the aftermath of World War II, the communist authorities of Poland wanted the city's architecture to reflect an old Polish Piast era. Since no buildings from that time existed, instead Gothic as well as Renaissance buildings were picked as worthy of conservation.<ref name=musekamp23>Template:Cite book</ref> The motivation behind this decision was that Renaissance architecture was used by the Griffin dynasty, which had Lechitic and West Slavic roots and was seen to be of Piast extraction by some historians.<ref name=musekamp31>Template:Cite book</ref> This view was manifested, for example, by erecting respective memorials, and the naming of streets and enterprises,<ref name=musekamp33>Template:Cite book</ref> while German traces were replaced by symbols of three main categories: Piasts, the martyrdom of Poles, and gratitude to the Soviet and Polish armies which had ended the Nazi atrocities against Polish citizens.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The ruins of the former Griffin residence, initially renamed "Piast Palace", also played a central role in this concept<ref name=musekamp31/> and were reconstructed in Renaissance style, with all traces of later eras removed.<ref name=musekamp30>Template:Cite book</ref> In general, post-Renaissance buildings, especially those from the 19th and early 20th centuries, were deemed unworthy of conservation until the 1970s,<ref name=musekamp23/> and were in part used in the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign (an effort to rebuild Warsaw after it had been systematically razed following the Warsaw Uprising): with 38 million bricks, Szczecin became Poland's largest brick supplier.<ref name=musekamp28>Template:Cite book</ref> The Old Town was rebuilt in the late 1990s, with new buildings, some of which were reconstructions of buildings destroyed in World WarTemplate:NbspII.

The Gothic monuments preserved to this day are parts of European Route of Brick Gothic, along with monuments of other Pomeranian cities, e.g. Stargard, Kamień Pomorski, Sławno and Chełmno.

A portion of the Szczecin Landscape Park in the forest of Puszcza Bukowa lies within Szczecin's boundaries.

Szczecin contains 28 extant historic water pumps, known as Szczecin pumps or Berliners, which are a popular tourist attraction due to their colorful and intricate design.<ref name="gs">Template:Cite web</ref>

• Façades in the rebuilt old town
  Façades in the rebuilt old town
• Globe Palace
  Globe Palace
• Tenement house at Vicory Square
  Tenement house at Vicory Square
• Velthusen Palace
  Velthusen Palace
• Bogusław X Street
  Bogusław X Street
• Grunwald Square
  Grunwald Square

Municipal administration

File:Szczecin urzad miejski2 (cropped).jpg

Town Hall

File:Szczecin administrative division 2010.png

Szczecin's administrative divisions

The city is administratively divided into districts (Polish: dzielnica), which are further divided into smaller neighbourhoods. The governing bodies of the latter serve the role of auxiliary local government bodies called Neighbourhood Councils (Polish: Rady Osiedla). Elections for neighbourhood councils are held up to six months after each City Council election. Voter turnout is rather low (on 20Template:NbspMay 2007 it ranged from 1.03% to 27.75% and was 3.78% on average). Councillors are responsible mostly for small infrastructure like trees, park benches, playgrounds, etc. Other functions are mostly advisory.

• Dzielnica Śródmieście (City Centre) includes: Centrum, Drzetowo-Grabowo, Łękno, Międzyodrze-Wyspa Pucka, Niebuszewo-Bolinko, Nowe Miasto, Stare Miasto, Śródmieście-Północ, Śródmieście-Zachód, Turzyn.
• Dzielnica Północ (North) includes: Bukowo, Golęcino-Gocław, Niebuszewo, Skolwin, Stołczyn, Warszewo, Żelechowa.
• Dzielnica Zachód (West) includes: Arkońskie-Niemierzyn, Głębokie-Pilchowo, Gumieńce, Krzekowo-Bezrzecze, Osów, Pogodno, Pomorzany, Świerczewo, Zawadzkiego-Klonowica.
• Dzielnica Prawobrzeże (Right-Bank) includes: Bukowe-Klęskowo, Dąbie, Kijewo, Osiedle Majowe, Osiedle Słoneczne, Płonia-Śmierdnica-Jezierzyce, Podjuchy, Wielgowo-Sławociesze, Załom, Zdroje, Żydowce-Klucz.

Other historical neighbourhoods

Template:Unreferenced section Babin, Barnucin, Basen Górniczy, Błędów, Boleszyce, Bystrzyk, Cieszyce, Cieśnik, Dolina, Drzetowo, Dunikowo, Glinki, Grabowo, Jezierzyce, Kaliny, Kępa Barnicka, Kijewko, Kluczewko, Kłobucko, Kniewo, Kraśnica, Krzekoszów, Lotnisko, Łasztownia, Niemierzyn, Odolany, Oleszna, Podbórz, Port, os.Przyjaźni, Rogatka, Rudnik, Sienna, Skoki, Słowieńsko, Sosnówko, Starków, Stoki, Struga, Śmierdnica, os.Świerczewskie, Trzebusz, Urok, Widok, Zdunowo.

Demographics

Template:Historical populations Since the 12th-century Christianization of the city, the majority of the population were Catholics, then since the Renaissance era, up to the end of World War II, the vast majority of the population were Lutheran Protestants, and since 1945, the majority are again Catholics. Historically, the number of inhabitants doubled from 6,081 in 1720,<ref name="Kratz">Kratz (1865), p. 405</ref> to 12,360 in 1740,<ref name="Kratz"/> and reached 21,255 in 1812, with only 476 Catholics and 5 Jews.<ref name="Kratz"/> By 1852 the population was 48,028,<ref name="Kratz"/> and 58,487 ten years later (1861), including 1,065 Catholics and 1,438 Jews.<ref name="Kratz"/> In 1885, it was 99,543,<ref name="verwaltungsgeschichte.de"/> and by 1905 it ballooned to 224,119 settlers (incl. the military), among them 209,152 Protestants, 8,635 Catholics and 3,010 Jews.<ref>Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition, vol.Template:Nbsp19, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, p.Template:Nbsp9 (in German).</ref> In 1939, the number of inhabitants reached 268,421 persons according to German sources including 233,424 Protestants, 10,845 Catholics, and 1,102 Jews.<ref name="verwaltungsgeschichte.de"/><ref name="Brockhaus">Der Große Brockhaus. 15th edition, vol.Template:Nbsp18, Leipzig 1934, p.Template:Nbsp153 (in German)</ref> The current population of Szczecin by comparison was 406,427 in 2009. Following the Revolution of Dignity, Szczecin, much like most other major urban centers in Poland, saw an unprecedented influx of foreign nationals, an overwhelming majority of them Ukrainians; in July 2017 26 thousand of them were officially registered as living and working in Szczecin, with unofficial estimates going as high as 50 thousand, thus making up more than 10% of the city's inhabitants.<ref name="ukraine">Template:Cite web</ref>

Number of inhabitants over the centuries

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bar:1840 from:0 till:35300
bar:1861 from:0 till:58500
bar:1872 from:0 till:76000
bar:1890 from:0 till:116200
bar:1910 from:0 till:236000
bar:1939 from:0 till:383000
bar:1945 from:0 till:26000
bar:1946 from:0 till:72948
bar:1950 from:0 till:178907
bar:1955 from:0 till:229462
bar:1960 from:0 till:269318
bar:1965 from:0 till:312013
bar:1978 from:0 till:384900
bar:1988 from:0 till:410296
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bar:1810 at: 20700 text: 20,7 shift:(0)
bar:1840 at: 35300 text: 35,3 shift:(0)
bar:1861 at: 58500 text: 58,5 shift:(0)
bar:1872 at: 76000 text: 76,0 shift:(0)
bar:1890 at: 116200 text: 116,2 shift:(0)
bar:1910 at: 236000 text: 236,0 shift:(0)
bar:1939 at: 383000 text: 383,0 shift:(0)
bar:1945 at: 26000 text: 26,0 shift:(0)
bar:1946 at: 72948 text: 72,9 shift:(0)
bar:1950 at: 178907 text: 178,9 shift:(0)
bar:1955 at: 229462 text: 229,4 shift:(0)
bar:1960 at: 269318 text: 269,3 shift:(0)
bar:1965 at: 312013 text: 312,0 shift:(0)
bar:1978 at: 384900 text: 384,9 shift:(0)
bar:1988 at: 410296 text: 410,3 shift:(0)
bar:1994 at: 419608 text: 419,6 shift:(0)
bar:2002 at: 415117 text: 415,1 shift:(0)
bar:2009 at: 406307 text: 406,3 shift:(0)
bar:2014 at: 407180 text: 407,1 shift:(0)

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Politics

File:Szczecin Urzad Wojewodzki dron (1).jpg

Szczecin Voivodeship Office

RecentlyTemplate:When, the city has favoured the centre right Civic Platform. Nearly two-thirds (64.54%) of votes cast in the second round of the 2010 presidential election went to the Civic Platform's Bronisław Komorowski,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and in the following year's Polish parliamentary election the party won 46.75% of the vote in the Szczecin constituency with Law and Justice second garnering 21.66% and Palikot's Movement third with 11.8%.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Members of European Parliament (MEPs) from Szczecin

• Sławomir Nitras, PO, former MP in the Polish lower house of Parliament.
• Bogusław Liberadzki, SLD-UP, economist, former Minister of Transport.
• Marek Gróbarczyk, PiS, engineer and manager, Minister of Maritime Economy.

Museums and galleries

File:Muzeum Techniki i Komunikacji Szczecin (1).jpg

Interior of the Museum of Technology and Transport

• National Museum in Szczecin (Template:Langx) is the largest cultural institution in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It has branches:
  • The Main Building of Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie, Wały Chrobrego 3 Street.<ref name="szczecin1">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Szczecin's History Museum (Polish Muzeum Historii Szczecina) in the Old Town Hall, Szczecin, Księcia Mściwoja II Street.<ref name="szczecin1"/>
  • The Old Art Gallery of the National Museum, Staromłyńska Street 27.<ref name="szczecin1"/>
  • The Museum of Contemporary Art, Staromłyńska 1 Street.<ref name="szczecin1"/>
  • The Narrow Gauge Railway Exhibition in Gryfice<ref name="szczecin1"/>
  • Planned investments: Dialogue Center Breakthroughs (Polish Centrum Dialogu Przełomy)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Maritime Science Centre (Polish Muzeum MorskieTemplate:SndsCentrum Nauki).
• Literature Museum (Polish Muzeum Literatury)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• EUREKA – the miracles of science.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• The Castle Museum (Polish Muzeum Zamkowe) in the Pomeranian Dukes' Castle, Szczecin.
• Museum of Technology and Transport (Polish Muzeum Techniki i KomunikacjiTemplate:SndsZajezdnia Sztuki).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Arts and entertainment

There are a few theatres and cinemas in Szczecin:

• The Castle Cinema (Polish Kino Zamek)
• Pionier 1909 Cinema (Polish Kino Pionier 1909)
• Kana Theatre (Polish Teatr Kana)
• Modern Theatre (Polish Teatr Współczesny)
• Opera in the Castle (Polish Opera na Zamku)
• Polish Theatre in Szczecin (Polish Teatr Polski w Szczecinie)
• The Cellar by the Vault Cabaret (Polish Kabaret Piwnica przy Krypcie)
• The Crypt Theatre (Polish Teatr Krypta)
• The Pleciuga Puppetry Theatre<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Polish Teatr Lalek Pleciuga)
• The Niema Theatre (Polish Teatr Niema)
• Szczecin Philharmonic

and many historic places as:

• Bismarck tower Szczecin
• (ruins of) The Quistorp's Tower (Polish Wieża Quistorpa)
• Napoleon mound (at the intersection of Klonowica Street and Unii Lubelskiej Street)

The statue, Monument of Sailor stands at the Grunwald Square at John Paul II Avenue.

Local cuisine

File:1104 Pasztecik Szczeciński.JPG

Pasztecik szczeciński with clear borscht, a local fast food

The local cuisine in Szczecin was mostly shaped in the mid-20th century by people who settled in the city from other parts and regions of Poland, including the former Eastern Borderlands.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The most renowned dishes of the area are pasztecik szczeciński and paprykarz szczeciński.<ref name="info-migrator.pl">Template:Cite web</ref> Other local traditional foods and drinks include Szczecin gingerbread and beer.

Pasztecik szczeciński is a deep-fried yeast dough traditionally stuffed with minced meat (pork and beef) or vegetarian filling - cheese and mushrooms or cabbage and mushrooms, served in specialised bars as a fast food. The first bar serving pasztecik szczeciński, Bar "Pasztecik", founded in 1969, is located on Wojska Polskiego Avenue 46 in the centre of Szczecin. Pasztecik szczeciński is usually served with clear red borscht.<ref name="info-migrator.pl"/>

Paprykarz szczeciński is a paste made by mixing fish paste (around 50%) with rice, onion, tomato concentrate, vegetable oil, salt and a mixture of spices including chili powder to put it on a sandwich. It is available in most grocery stores in the country.<ref name="info-migrator.pl"/>

File:Pierniki Szczecinskie (Poznan Smaki Regionów 2017).jpg

Szczecin gingerbread

Szczecin gingerbread (pierniki szczecińskie) is a traditional local gingerbread glazed with chocolate or sugar with decorations mostly referring either to the city's architecture or to maritime motifs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Szczecin beer (piwo szczecińskie) includes various types of traditional local Polish beer: light, amber, and wheat beer.<ref name=ps>Template:Cite web</ref> The city's brewing traditions go back over a thousand years.<ref name=ps/>

The word "szczeciński" or "szczecińskie" in the names of the products is an adjective from the name of the city of Szczecin, the place of its origin.

Sports

File:Szczecin Stadion Miejski dron (1).jpg

Stadium of Pogoń Szczecin

File:Arena Azoty Szczecin (cropped).jpg

Netto Arena

File:POL Szczecin-MSLWM(wgł).jpg

Athletics stadium

There are many popular professional sports teams in Szczecin area. The most popular sport today is probably football thanks to Pogoń Szczecin. Amateur sports are played by thousands of Szczecin citizens and also in schools of all levels (elementary, secondary, university).

Professional sports teams

Club	Sport	League	Trophies
Pogoń Szczecin	Football (men's)	Ekstraklasa	0
Pogoń Szczecin	Football (women's)	Ekstraliga	1 Polish Championship (2024)
Wilki Morskie Szczecin	Basketball (men's)	Polish Basketball League	1 Polish Championship (2023)
Świt Szczecin	Football (men's)	II liga	0
Pogoń Szczecin	Handball (women's)	Liga Centralna	3 Polish Championships (1983, 1986, 1991) 4 Polish Cups (1971, 1980, 1986, 1992)
Pogoń Szczecin	Handball (men's)	Liga Centralna	0

Other notable teams:

• Arkonia Szczecin – football team, which competes in the lower divisions, but played in the top division in the past, and one of the most successful Polish water polo clubs
• KS Stal Szczecin – 15 youth and junior teams, 1Template:Nbspsenior, being in 4th regional league in the 2008/2009 season
• KS Piast Szczecin – women's volleyball team, (SeriaTemplate:NbspA in the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons)
• Łącznościowiec Szczecin - women's handball team
• OSoT Szczecin - trains Polish and foreign pole jumpers
• SEJK Pogoń Szczecin - sailing team
• Wicher Warszewo – futsal team playing in Środowiskowa Liga Futsalu (Futsal League)Template:Sndstwo regional Futsal League: 2nd place in 2006/2007 seasonTemplate:Sndspromotion in the first regional Futsal League
• Husaria Szczecin – A karate kyoukishin and diving sports club
• Szczecin Dukes – senior baseball team

As can be seen above, many teams in Szczecin are named after Pogoń Lwów, a team from the Eastern Borderlands.

Amateur leagues

• Halowa Amatorska Liga Pilkarska – Hall Amateur Football League<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Halowa Liga Pilki Noznej – Hall Football League
• Szczecinska Liga Amatorskiej Koszykowki – Szczecin Amateur Basketball League<ref>infoludek.pl/slak Template:Webarchive</ref>
• Szczecinska Amatorska Liga Pilki Siatkowej – Szczecin Amateur Volleyball League<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> – women league, 1st, 2nd and 3rd men league
• Elita Professional Sport – Elita Hall Football League<ref>futsal.szczecina.pl Template:Webarchive</ref> – 1st and 2nd league, futsal cup
• Kaskada Szczecin Rugby Club – club rugby<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> – 7 and 15 league, rugby cup

Cyclic events

Every year in September the men's tennis tournament Pekao Szczecin Open is held in Szczecin. In August, a marathon is organized in Szczecin.

Economy and transport

File:Port Szczecin rejon przeladunkow drobnicowych.jpg

Port of Szczecin

File:Moderus Beta MF 29 AC BD 622, tram line 7, Szczecin, 2021.jpg

Moderus Beta tram, in the city's green and white livery

File:S3 Goleniow.jpg

The S3 Expressway links Szczecin with its airport (at Goleniów) and Baltic ferry terminal (in Świnoujście), as well as with the major cities of Western Poland to the south – Gorzów Wielkopolski and Zielona Góra.

Economy

Szczecin is a center of the maritime economy; it employs 13279 people. The seaport of Szczecin serves shipowners from all over the world and is the home port of two shipping companies: Polsteam and Euroafrica. In addition, other maritime-related companies are headquartered here.

In 2013, a subzone of the Szczecin-Kostrzyn-Slubice Special Economic Zone was established.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

As of September 2016, the number of registered unemployed in Szczecin included about 8,400 residents, representing an unemployment rate of 5.0% to the economically active population.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The average employee salary in October 2012 was PLN 3807.73, with the number of employed workers in Szczecin - 90,754 people. According to data from the District Labor Office in Szczecin, effective 1 January 2023, the minimum wage is PLN 3490, while the average salary of residents of the capital of West Pomerania is at PLN 6733.49.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2009, the average gross monthly salary in the enterprise sector in Szczecin was PLN 3439.94.

Szczecin's GDP is PLN 20.255 billion, which is 1/3 of the GDP of the entire province. There are 49497 zlotys per capita, about 40% more than the result for the province.

Air

Szczecin is served by Solidarity Szczecin–Goleniów Airport, which is Template:Convert northeast of central Szczecin. There is also a grass airstrip within city limits, the Szczecin-Dąbie Airstrip.

Trams

Template:Main Szczecin has a tram network comprising 12 tram lines serving 95 tram stops and measuring Template:Convert in length. Tram transport is operated by the Tramwaje Szczecińskie (TS).

Szczecin's first horse tram opened in 1879, running from Gałczyńskiego Square to Staszica Street. In 1896, the first line using electric traction was opened. By 1900, the horse trams had been entirely replaced by electric trams.

Buses

Template:Main Szczecin has a bus network of 70 bus routes. Bus transport is operated by 4Template:Nbspcompanies: SPA Dąbie, SPA Klonowica, SPPK and PKS Szczecin.

Of all bus routes, 50 lines are designated as normal. At nighttime, Szczecin is served by a night bus network of 16 routes. There are also 7Template:Nbspexpress bus lines, which do not serve all stops on their route.

Roads

The recently upgraded A6 motorway serves as the southern bypass of the city, and connects to the German A11 autobahn (portions of which are currently undergoing upgrade), from where one can reach Berlin in about 90 minutes (about Template:Convert). Other important highways are the S3 Expressway, linking Szczecin with the more southern cities of Gorzów Wielkopolski, Zielona Góra and Legnica, and the S6 Expressway, connecting Szczecin with Koszalin (and eventually Gdańsk once the easternmost section is completed). Through intersections with other highways, Szczecin has convenient highway connections with a number of other major Polish cities, such as Poznań, Łódź, Wrocław, Katowice, Warsaw and Kraków. Also planned is the construction of the S10 highway to connect the city with Bydgoszcz, Toruń, Płock and Warsaw.

Rail

File:Szczecin Glowny dron (2).jpg

Szczecin Główny railway station

The main railway stationTemplate:SndsSzczecin Główny railway stationTemplate:Sndsis situated in the city centre (Kolumba Street). Szczecin has good railway connections with "Solidarity" Szczecin–Goleniów Airport and the rest of Poland, e.g., Świnoujście, Kołobrzeg, Poznań, Wrocław, Warsaw and Gdańsk. Szczecin is also connected with Germany (Berlin (Gesundbrunnen) and through Pasewalk to Neubrandenburg and Lübeck), but only by two single-track, non-electrified lines. Because of this, the rail connection between Berlin and Szczecin is much slower and less convenient than what is typical for two European cities of that size and proximity.

Port

The Port of Szczecin is the third largest port in Poland and handles over 32Template:Nbspmillion tons of cargo annually.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This is a harbour of the Baltic Sea and the Oder river.

Education and science

File:Szczecin pomnik Jana Czekanowskiego.jpg

The monument of Jan Czekanowski, president of Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists (1923–1924), at the General Władysław Anders Square

• University of Szczecin (Polish: Uniwersytet Szczeciński), with 35,000 students; rector: Waldemar Tarczyński
• West Pomeranian University of Technology (Template:Langx)
• Pomeranian Medical University (Polish: Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny)
• Art Academy of Szczecin (Polish: Akademia Sztuki)
• Maritime University of Szczecin (Polish: Akademia Morska w Szczecinie)
• WSB Merito Universities – WSB Merito University in Poznań,<ref>WSB University in Poznań Template:Webarchive – WSB Universities</ref> departments of Economics
• The West Pomeranian Business School (Polish: Zachodniopomorska Szkoła Biznesu)
• Higher School of Public Administration in Szczecin (Polish: Wyższa Szkoła Administracji Publicznej w Szczecinie)
• High Theological Seminary in Szczecin (Polish: Arcybiskupie Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Szczecinie)
• Higher School of Applied Arts (Polish: Wyższa Szkoła Sztuki Użytkowej)
• Academy of European Integration (Polish: Wyższa Szkoła Integracji Europejskiej)
• Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomiczno-Turystyczna
• Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna TWP
• Wyższa Szkoła Języków Obcych
• Wyższa Szkoła Techniczno-Ekonomiczna
• Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa - Collegium Balticum
• Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa "OECONOMICUS" PTE
• Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania
• Bangor University

• Universities in Szczecin
• Pomeranian Medical University
  Pomeranian Medical University
• West Pomeranian University of Technology
  West Pomeranian University of Technology
• Maritime University of Szczecin
  Maritime University of Szczecin
• University of Szczecin, Faculty of Humanities
  University of Szczecin, Faculty of Humanities

Scientific and regional organisations

• Western Pomeranian Institute (Polish: Instytut Zachodnio-Pomorski)
• Szczecin Scientific Society (Polish: Szczecińskie Towarzystwo Naukowe)
• local branches of Polish scientific societies in many disciplines, including Polish Philosophical Society, Polish Historical Society, Polish Philological Society, Polish Mathematical Society, Polish Economic Society, Polish Geographical Society, Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists, Polish Phytopathological Society, Polish Parasitological Society and many medical societies
• local branches of students' societies, e.g., AIESEC, International Federation of Medical Students' Associations (IFMSA) and Polish Association of Dental Students

Famous people

File:Katharina-II-von-Russland.jpg

Catherine the Great was born in the city.

Template:Main Over the long course of its history Szczecin has been a place of birth and of residence for many famous individuals, including Empress Catherine the Great of Russia, composer Carl Loewe, writer Alfred Döblin, actress Dita Parlo, mathematician Hermann Günther Grassmann, Roman Catholic priest Carl Lampert, poet Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński, Helena Majdaniec – "the queen of Polish Twist", and singer Violetta Villas.

International relations

Consulates

Template:Multiple image There are 15 honorary consulates in Szczecin, of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Sweden and Ukraine.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Twin towns and sister cities

Szczecin is twinned with:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col

• Bari, Italy
• Bremerhaven, Germany
• Dnipro, Ukraine
• Esbjerg, Denmark
• Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg (Berlin), Germany
• Greifswald, Germany
• Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom
• Klaipėda, Lithuania
• Malmö, Sweden
• Rostock, Germany
• St. Louis, United States

See also

• Towns near Szczecin: Stargard, Police, Gryfino, Goleniów, Pyrzyce, Cedynia, Chojna, Mieszkowice, Moryń, Trzcińsko-Zdrój, Nowe Warpno, Penkun (Germany), Pasewalk (Germany), Eggesin (Germany), Gartz (Germany)
• Villages near Szczecin: Kolbacz, Przęsocin, Kołbaskowo
• Szczecin Lagoon
• Międzyodrze-Wyspa Pucka
• Wkrzanska Forest
• Central Cemetery in Szczecin
• Ostrów Grabowski, an Oder river island in Szczecin
• Bystry Rów, a stream in Niebuszewo
• Gacek, a popular cat from Szczecin

Bibliography

• Encyclopedia of Szczecin. Vol. I, A–O. Szczecin: University of Szczecin, 1999. Template:ISBN (pl).
• Encyclopedia of Szczecin. Vol. II, P–Ż. Szczecin: University of Szczecin, 2000. Template:ISBN (pl).
• Jan M. Piskorski, Bogdan Wachowiak, Edward Włodarczyk, A short history of Szczecin, Poznań, 2002. Template:ISBN (pl).
• Petre, F. Loraine. Napoleon's Conquest of Prussia 1806. London: Lionel Leventhal Ltd., 1993 (1907). Template:ISBN.
• Template:In lang Jan Musekamp: Zwischen Stettin und SzczecinTemplate:SndsMetamorphosen einer Stadt von 1945 bis 2001 (Between Stettin and SzczecinTemplate:Sndsa town's metamorphoses from 1945 to 2005). Wiesbaden, 2010 (restricted online preview), there is also a Polish edition Między Stettinem a Szczecinem. Metamorfoza miasta od 1945 do 2005.
• Template:In lang Martin Wehrmann: Geschichte der Stadt Stettin. Stettin, 1911 (reprinted in 1993 by Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg. Template:ISBN).
• Template:In lang W. H. Meyer: Stettin in alter und neuer Zeit (Stettin in ancient and modern times). Stettin, 1887.
• Template:In lang Gustav Kratz: Die Städte der Provinz PommernTemplate:SndsAbriss ihrer Geschichte, zumeist nach Urkunden (The towns of the Province of PomeraniaTemplate:SndsSketch of their history, mostly according to historical records). Berlin, 1865 (reprinted in 2010 by Kessinger Publishing, U.S.A., Template:ISBN), pp.Template:Nbsp376–412 (online).
• Template:In lang Fr. Thiede: Chronik der Stadt StettinTemplate:SndsBearbeitet nach Urkunden und bewährtesten historischen Nachrichten (Chronicle of the town of StettinTemplate:SndsWorked out according to documents and reliable historical records). Stettin, 1849 (online).

External links

• Szczecin City Official website (in Polish, some material available in English, German)
• Mesmering Szczecin. One day city exploring
• Szczecin Info Page in German