Christmas Island

Christmas Island, officially the Territory of Christmas Island, is an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean comprising the island of the same name. It is located approximately Template:Convert south of Java and Sumatra and about Template:Convert north-west of the closest point on the Australian mainland. With an area of Template:Convert,<ref name=Area>Shire of Christmas Island</ref> Christmas Island's geographic isolation and history of minimal human disturbance has led to a high level of endemism among its flora and fauna, which is of interest to scientists and naturalists.<ref name="wilderness society">Template:Cite web</ref> The territory derives its name from its discovery on Christmas Day 1643 by Captain William Mynors.

The first European to sight Christmas Island was Richard Rowe of the Thomas in 1615. Captain William Mynors named it on Christmas Day, 25 December 1643. It was first settled in the late 19th century, after abundant phosphate deposits were found, originally deposited as guano, leading Britain to annex the island in 1888, and begin commercial mining in 1899.<ref name="lus19">Template:Cite web</ref> Christmas Island was invaded by the Japanese in 1942 to secure its phosphate deposits, and transferred from Singapore to Australia, where it remains, in 1958.

Christmas Island had a population of 1,692 residents Template:As of,<ref name=Census2021/> with the majority living in settlements on the northern edge of the island. The main settlement is Flying Fish Cove. Other settlements include Poon Saan, Drumsite and Silver City. Historically, Asian Australians of Chinese, Malay, and Indian descent formed the majority of the population.<ref name="SCMP">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Today, around two-thirds of the island's population is estimated to have Straits Chinese origin (though just 22.2% of the population declared a Chinese ancestry in 2021),<ref name=Census2021/> with significant numbers of Malays and European Australians and smaller numbers of Straits Indians and Eurasians. Several languages are in use including English, Malay, and various Chinese dialects.

Religious beliefs vary geographically. The Anglo-Celtic influence in the capital known simply as The Settlement is closely tied to Catholicism, whereas in Poon Saan Buddhism is common, and Sunni Islam is generally observed in the shoreline water village where the Malays live.<ref name="ethnic">Template:Cite news</ref>

The majority (63%) of the island is made up of Christmas Island National Park, which features several areas of primary monsoonal forest.

History

File:Ah Dampier, you would have made them but a sorry meal. (Dampier and Swan on the Cygnet).jpg

William Dampier (left) and Charles Swan (right) aboard the latter's ship Cygnet, as illustrated in a work by Jules Verne. Dampier was the first visitor to Christmas Island in 1688.

First visits by Europeans, 1643

The first European to sight the island was Richard Rowe of the Thomas in 1615.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> Captain William Mynors of the East India Company vessel Royal Mary named the island when he sailed past it on Christmas Day in 1643.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The island was included on English and Dutch navigation charts early in the 17th century, but it was not until 1666 that a map published by Dutch cartographer Pieter Goos included the island. Goos labelled the island "Mony" or "Moni",<ref name=EB1911>Template:Cite EB1911</ref> the meaning of which is unclear.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

English navigator William Dampier, aboard the privateer Charles Swan's ship Cygnet, made the earliest recorded visit to the sea around the island in March 1688.<ref name=EB1911/> In writing his account, he found the island uninhabited.<ref name=EB1911/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Dampier was trying to reach Cocos from New Holland. His ship was blown off course in an easterly direction, arriving at Christmas Island 28 days later. Dampier landed on the west coast, at "the Dales". Two of his crewmen became the first Europeans to set foot on Christmas Island.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Captain Daniel Beeckman of the Eagle passed the island on 5 April 1714, chronicled in his 1718 book, A Voyage to and from the Island of Borneo, in the East-Indies.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Exploration and annexation

The first attempt at exploring the island was made in 1857 by Captain Sidney Grenfell of the frigate Template:HMS. An expedition crew were sent ashore with instructions to reach the summit of the plateau, but they failed to find a route up the inland cliff and were forced to turn back.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> During the 1872–1876 Challenger expedition to Indonesia, naturalist John Murray carried out extensive surveys.<ref name="Tourism">Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1886, Captain John Maclear of Template:HMS, having discovered an anchorage in a bay that he named "Flying Fish Cove", landed a party and made a small collection of the flora and fauna.<ref name="EB1911" /> In the next year, Pelham Aldrich, on board Template:HMS, visited the island for 10 days, accompanied by J. J. Lister, who gathered a larger biological and mineralogical collection.<ref name="EB1911" /> Among the rocks then obtained and submitted to Murray for examination were many of nearly pure phosphate of lime. This discovery led to annexation of the island by the British Crown on 6 June 1888.<ref name="Tourism" />

Settlement and exploitation

File:Flying Fish Cove at Christmas Island.jpg

The Settlement, also called Flying Fish Cove, Christmas Island's capital

Soon afterwards, a small settlement was established in Flying Fish Cove by G. Clunies Ross, the owner of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands some Template:Convert to the southwest, to collect timber and supplies for the growing industry on Cocos. In 1897 the island was visited by Charles W. Andrews, who did extensive research on the natural history of the island, on behalf of the British Museum.<ref name="Andrews">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Phosphate mining began in 1899 using indentured workers from Singapore, British Malaya, and China. John Davis Murray, a mechanical engineer and recent graduate of Purdue University, was sent to supervise the operation on behalf of the Phosphate Mining and Shipping Company. Murray was known as the "King of Christmas Island" until 1910, when he married and settled in London.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The island was administered jointly by the British Phosphate commissioners and district officers from the United Kingdom Colonial Office through the Straits Settlements, and later the Crown Colony of Singapore. Hunt (2011) provides a detailed history of Chinese indentured labour on the island during those years. In 1922, scientists unsuccessfully attempted to view a solar eclipse in late September from the island to test Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.<ref name=Hunt2012>Template:Cite news</ref>

Japanese invasion

Template:Main From the outbreak of the South-East Asian theatre of World War II in December 1941, Christmas Island was a target for Japanese occupation because of its rich phosphate deposits.<ref name=Klemen/> A naval gun was installed under a British officer, four non-commissioned officers (NCOs) and 27 Indian soldiers.<ref name="Klemen">Template:Cite web</ref> The first attack was carried out on 20 January 1942 by the Template:Jsub, which torpedoed the Norwegian freighter Eidsvold.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The vessel drifted and eventually sank off West White Beach. Most of the European and Asian staff and their families were evacuated to Perth.

In late February and early March 1942, there were two aerial bombing raids. Shelling from a Japanese naval group on 7 March led the district officer to hoist the white flag.<ref name=Klemen/> But after the Japanese naval group sailed away, the British officer raised the Union Flag once more.<ref name=Klemen/> During the night of 10–11 March, mutinous Indian troops, abetted by Sikh policemen, killed an officer and the four British NCOs in their quarters as they were sleeping. "Afterwards all Europeans on the island, including the district officer, who governed it, were lined up by the Indians and told they were going to be shot. But after a long discussion between the district officer and the leaders of the mutineers the executions were postponed and the Europeans were confined under armed guard in the district officer's house".<ref name=Klemen/>

At dawn on 31 March 1942, a dozen Japanese bomber aircraft launched an attack, destroying the radio station. The same day, a Japanese fleet of nine vessels arrived, and the island was surrounded. About 850 men of the Japanese 21st and 24th Special Base Forces and 102nd Construction Unit came ashore at Flying Fish Cove and occupied the island.<ref name=Klemen/> They rounded up the workforce, most of whom had fled to the jungle. Sabotaged equipment was repaired, and preparations were made to resume the mining and export of phosphate. Only 20 men from the 21st Special Base Force were left as a garrison.<ref name=Klemen/>

Isolated acts of sabotage and the torpedoing of the cargo ship Template:Ship at the wharf on 17 November 1942<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> meant that only small amounts of phosphate were exported to Japan during the occupation. In November 1943, over 60% of the island's population were evacuated to Surabaya prison camps, leaving a population of just under 500 Chinese and Malays and 15 Japanese to survive as best they could. In October 1945, Template:HMS re-occupied Christmas Island.<ref>Public Record Office, England War Office and Colonial Office Correspondence/Straits Settlements.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Interviews conducted by J. G. Hunt with Island residents, 1973–1977.</ref><ref>Correspondence J. G. Hunt with former Island residents, 1973–1979.</ref>

After the war, seven mutineers were traced and prosecuted by the Military Court in Singapore. In 1947, five of them were sentenced to death. However, following representations made by the newly independent government of India, their sentences were reduced to penal servitude for life.<ref name=Klemen/>

Transfer to Australia

The United Kingdom transferred sovereignty of Christmas Island to Australia at the latter's request, with a $20 million payment from the Australian government to Singapore as compensation for the loss of earnings from the phosphate revenue.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> The United Kingdom's Christmas Island Act was given royal assent on 14 May 1958 by Queen Elizabeth II, enabling Britain to transfer authority over Christmas Island from Singapore to Australia by an order-in-council.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Australia's Christmas Island Act was passed in September 1958, and the island was officially placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 October 1958.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> This transfer did not see any process involving the local population, who could remain Singaporean citizens or obtain Australian citizenship. Links between Singapore and Christmas Island have occasionally reemerged in Singaporean politics and in Australia–Singapore relations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Chan2022">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Under Commonwealth Cabinet Decision 1573 of 9 September 1958, D.E. Nickels was appointed the first official representative of the new territory.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In a media statement on 5 August 1960, the minister for territories, Paul Hasluck, said, among other things, that, "His extensive knowledge of the Malay language and the customs of the Asian people ... has proved invaluable in the inauguration of Australian administration ... During his two years on the island he had faced unavoidable difficulties ... and constantly sought to advance the island's interests."

John William Stokes succeeded Nickels and served from 1 October 1960, to 12 June 1966. On his departure, he was lauded by all sectors of the island community. In 1968, the official secretary was retitled an administrator and, since 1997, Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands together are called the Australian Indian Ocean Territories and share a single administrator resident on Christmas Island.

The village of Silver City was built in the 1970s, with aluminium-clad houses that were supposed to be cyclone-proof.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, centred off the western shore of Sumatra in Indonesia, resulted in no reported casualties, but some swimmers were swept some Template:Convert out to sea for a time before being swept back in.<ref>Main article: Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</ref>

Refugee and immigration detention

Template:See also

File:Christmas Island Immigration Detention Centre and the Lilac compound (5775019842).jpg

Immigration Detention Centre

From the late 1980s and early 1990s, boats carrying asylum seekers, mainly departing from Indonesia, began landing on the island. In 2001, Christmas Island was the site of the Tampa controversy, in which the Australian government stopped a Norwegian ship, MV Tampa, from disembarking 438 rescued asylum-seekers. The ensuing standoff and the associated political reactions in Australia were a major issue in the 2001 Australian federal election.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Howard government operated the "Pacific Solution" from 2001 to 2007, excising Christmas Island from Australia's migration zone so that asylum seekers on the island could not apply for refugee status. Asylum seekers were relocated from Christmas Island to Manus Island and Nauru. In 2006, an immigration detention centre, containing approximately 800 beds, was constructed on the island for the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs. Originally estimated to cost Template:AUD million,<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> the final cost was over $400 million.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2007, the Rudd government decommissioned Manus Regional Processing Centre and Nauru detention centre; processing would then occur on Christmas Island itself.<ref name="Close Nauru Manus">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In December 2010, 48 asylum-seekers died just off the coast of the island in what became known as the Christmas Island boat disaster when their boat hit the rocks near Flying Fish Cove, and then smashed against nearby cliffs.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the case Plaintiff M61/2010E v Commonwealth of Australia, the High Court of Australia ruled, in a 7–0 joint judgment, that asylum seekers detained on Christmas Island were entitled to the protections of the Migration Act. Accordingly, the Commonwealth was obliged to afford asylum seekers a minimum of procedural fairness when assessing their claims.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:As of, after the interception of four boats in six days, carrying 350 people, the Immigration Department stated that there were 2,960 "irregular maritime arrivals" being held in the island's five detention facilities, which exceeded not only the "regular operating capacity" of 1,094 people, but also the "contingency capacity" of 2,724.<ref name="beyond capacity">Template:Cite news</ref>

The Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre closed in September 2018.<ref name="Christmas Island detention centre closure">Template:Cite news</ref> The Morrison government announced it would re-open the centre in February the following year, after Australia's parliament passed legislation giving sick asylum seekers easier access to mainland hospitals.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, the government opened parts of the Immigration Reception and Processing Centre to be used as a quarantine facility to accommodate Australian citizens who had been in Wuhan, the point of origin of the pandemic.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The evacuees arrived on 3 February.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They left 14 days later to their homes on the mainland.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Geography

File:Map of Christmas Island 1976.jpg

Christmas Island map (1976)

The island is about Template:Convert in greatest length and Template:Convert in breadth. The total land area is Template:Convert, with Template:Convert of coastline. Steep cliffs along much of the coast rise abruptly to a central plateau. Elevation ranges from sea level to Template:Convert at Murray Hill. The island is mainly tropical rainforest, 63% of which is national parkland. The narrow fringing reef surrounding the island poses a maritime hazard.

Christmas Island lies Template:Convert northwest of Perth, Western Australia, Template:Convert south of Indonesia, Template:Convert east-northeast of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Template:Convert west of Darwin, Northern Territory. Its closest point to the Australian mainland is Template:Convert from the town of Exmouth, Western Australia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Only small parts of the shoreline are easily accessible. The island's perimeter is dominated by sharp cliff faces, making many of the island's beaches difficult to get to. Some of the easily accessible beaches include Flying Fish Cove (main beach), Lily Beach, Ethel Beach, and Isabel Beach, while the more difficult beaches to access include Greta Beach, Dolly Beach, Winifred Beach, Merrial Beach, and West White Beach, which all require a vehicle with four wheel drive and a difficult walk through dense rainforest.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Geology

File:Christmas Island (5775094028).jpg

Flying Fish Cove in golden twilight

The volcanic island is the flat summit of an underwater mountain more than Template:Convert high,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which rises from about Template:Convert below the sea and only about Template:Convert above it.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The mountain was originally a volcano, and some basalt is exposed in places such as The Dales and Dolly Beach, but most of the surface rock is limestone accumulated from coral growth. The karst terrain supports numerous anchialine caves.<ref name="IliffeADM2016">Template:Cite journal</ref> The summit of this mountain peak is formed by a succession of Tertiary limestones ranging in age from the Eocene or Oligocene up to recent reef deposits, with intercalations of volcanic rock in the older beds.<ref name="Andrews" />

Marine Park

Reefs near the islands have healthy coral and are home to several rare species of marine life. The region, along with the Cocos (Keeling) Islands reefs, have been described as "Australia's Galapagos Islands".<ref name="Birch 2022">Template:Cite web</ref>

In the 2021 budget the Australian Government committed A$39.1 million to create two new marine parks off Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The parks will cover up to Template:Convert of Australian waters.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After months of consultation with local people, both parks were approved in March 2022, with a total coverage of Template:Convert. The park will help to protect spawning of bluefin tuna from illegal international fishers, but local people will be allowed to practise fishing sustainably inshore in order to source food.<ref name="Birch 2022" />

Climate

Christmas Island lies near the southern edge of the equatorial region. It has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) and temperatures vary little throughout the year. The highest temperature is usually around Template:Convert in March and April, while the lowest temperature is Template:Convert and occurs in August. There is a dry season from July to October with only occasional showers. The wet season is between November and June and includes monsoons, with downpours of rain at random times of the day. Tropical cyclones also occur in the wet season, bringing very strong winds, heavy rain, wave action, and storm surge.

Template:Weather box

Demographics

File:Christmas Island Population Pyramid-2011.png

Christmas Island's population pyramid, from a census in 2011, showing a large proportion of males over females.

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As of the 2021 Australian census, the population of Christmas Island is 1,692.<ref name=Census2021>Template:Cite web</ref> 22.2% of the population had Chinese ancestry (up from 18.3% in 2001), 17.0% had generic Australian ancestry (11.7% in 2001), 16.1% had Malay ancestry (9.3% in 2001), 12.5% had English ancestry (8.9% in 2001), and 3.8% of the population was of Indonesian origin. As of 2021, most are people born in Christmas Island and many are of Chinese and Malay origin.<ref name=Census2021/> 40.8% of people were born in Australia. The next most common country of birth was Malaysia at 18.6%. 29.3% of the population spoke English as their family language, while 18.4% spoke Malay, 13.9% spoke Mandarin Chinese, 3.7% Cantonese and 2.1% Southern Min (Minnan).<ref name=Census2021/> Additionally, there are small local populations of Malaysian Indians and Indonesians.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The 2016 Australian census recorded that the population of Christmas Island was 40.5% female and 59.5% male, while in 2011 the figures had been 29.3% female and 70.7% male.<ref name=Census2021/> In contrast, the 2021 figures for the whole of Australia were 50.7% female, 49.3% male.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Since 1998 there has been no provision for childbirth on the island; expectant mothers travel to mainland Australia approximately one month before their expected due date to give birth.<ref name="joyner">Template:Cite news</ref>

Ethnicity

Historically, the majority of Christmas Islanders were those of Chinese, Malay and Indian origins, the initial permanent settlers.<ref name="SCMP" /> Today, the plurality of residents are Chinese, with significant numbers of European Australians and Malays as well as a smaller Indian community, alongside more recent Filipino arrivals. Since the turn of the 21st century and right up to the present, Europeans have mainly confined themselves to The Settlement, where there is a small supermarket and several restaurants, the Malays live in their coastal kampong, and the Chinese reside in Poon Saan (Cantonese for "in the middle of the hill").<ref name="ethnic"/>

Language

The main languages spoken at home on Christmas Island, according to respondents, are English (28%), Mandarin (17%), Malay (17%), with smaller numbers of speakers of Cantonese (4%) and Hokkien (2%). 27% did not specify a language.<ref>Christmas Island, CIA Factbook, 2016 estimate.</ref>

Religion

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Religious practices differ by geography across the island and effectively correspond to the island's three primary settlements: the capital (known simply as The Settlement), the Cantonese village Poon Saan, and the Malay water village which is referred to often as the Kampong.

Major religious affiliation in Christmas Island (2021)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

374 people or 22.1% are Muslim, up from 19.3% in 2016.
333 people or 19.7% are Irreligion, up from 15.3% in 2016
258 people or 15.2% are Buddhists, down from 18.2% in 2016
123 people or 7.3% are Catholic, down from 8.8% in 2016
35 people or 2.1% are Anglican, down from 3.6% in 2016

The Capital

Due to the large numbers of English and Australians who make up the bulk of the island's capital, there is a strong Anglo-Celtic influence in The Settlement which has contributed to the strong presence of Catholicism. This has been further reinforced by recent Filipino arrivals.<ref name="ethnic"/>

Poon Saan

File:Christmas Island (5774564505).jpg

A Taoist temple

In the village of Poon Saan, which functions like the island's Chinatown, Buddhism is commonplace. Traditional Cantonese folk practices also are represented in this area.<ref name="ethnic"/> Chinese temples and shrines include seven Buddhist temples (like Guan Yin Monastery (观音寺) at Gaze Road), ten Taoist temples (like Soon Tian Kong (顺天宫) in South Point and Grants Well Guan Di Temple) and shrines dedicated to Na Tuk Kong or Datuk Keramat on the island.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Kampong

Malays who have settled on the island's edge in their shoreline kampong tend to follow Sunni Islam.<ref name="ethnic"/> The kampong has a mosque but it is in a state of decay and disrepair with rotting timbers and cracks.<ref name=ahd-105402>Template:Cite AHD</ref>

Other groups

Other smaller and less geographically concentrated groups include Anglicans who make up 3.6%, Uniting Church adherents who make up 1.2%, other Protestants who make up 1.7%, and other Christian groups with 3.3%. Other religious communities collectively constitute 0.6% of the island's population.

Holidays and festivals

As an external territory of Australia, the two religious festivals which are official holidays are Christmas and Easter. Other non-official festivals include Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Qingming Festival, Zhong Yuan Festival, Hari Raya Puasa, and Hari Raya Haji.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Government

Christmas Island is a non-self-governing external territory of Australia Template:As of, part of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories administered by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (from 29 November 2007 until 14 September 2010, administration was carried out by the Attorney-General's Department,<ref name="AussieAG">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="AG">Template:Cite web</ref> and prior to this by the Department of Transport and Regional Services).<ref name="DOTARS">Template:Cite web</ref>

The legal system is under the authority of the Governor-General of Australia and Australian law. An administrator appointed by the governor-general represents the monarch and Australia and lives on the island. The territory falls under no formal state jurisdiction, but the Western Australian government provides many services as established by the Christmas Island Act.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Australian government provides services through the Christmas Island Administration and the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development. Under the federal government's Christmas Island Act 1958, Western Australian laws are applied to Christmas Island; non-application or partial application of such laws is at the discretion of the federal government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The act also gives Western Australian courts judicial power over Christmas Island. Christmas Island remains constitutionally distinct from Western Australia, however; the power of the state to legislate for the territory is delegated by the federal government. The kind of services typically provided by a state government elsewhere in Australia are provided by departments of the Western Australian government, and by contractors, with the costs met by the federal government. A unicameral Shire of Christmas Island with nine seats provides local government services and is elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. Elections are held every two years, with four or five of the members standing for election.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:As of women held one of the nine seats in the Christmas Island Shire Council.<ref name="council">Template:Cite web</ref> Its second president was Lillian Oh, from 1993 to 1995.

The most recent local election took place on 21 October 2023 alongside elections in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Christmas Island residents who are Australian citizens vote in Australian federal elections. Christmas Island residents are represented in the House of Representatives by the Division of Lingiari in the Northern Territory and in the Senate by Northern Territory senators.<ref name="AEC">Template:Cite web</ref> At the 2019 federal election, the Labor Party received majorities from Christmas Island electors in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.<ref name="senate">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="house">Template:Cite web</ref>

Defence and police

While there is no permanent Australian military presence on Christmas Island, the Royal Australian Navy and Australian Border Force deploy Template:Sclass2 and Template:Sclass patrol boats to conduct surveillance and counter-migrant smuggling patrols in adjacent waters.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of 2023, the Navy's Armidale-class boats are in the process of being replaced by larger Template:Sclasss.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The airfield on Christmas Island has a 2100m long runway while that on Cocos (West Island, Template:Cvt to the west) is Template:Cvt in length. Both airfields have scheduled jet services, however, the airfield on Cocos is being upgraded by the Australian Defence Force for the purpose of acting as a forward operating base for Australian surveillance and electronic warfare aircraft in the region.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Australian Federal Police provides community policing services to Christmas Island and also carries out duties related to immigration enforcement, the processing of visiting aircraft and ships, and in coordinating emergency operations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Residents' views

Template:Quote box Residents find the system of administration frustrating, with the island run by bureaucrats in the federal government, but subject to the laws of Western Australia and enforced by federal police. There is a feeling of resignation that any progress on local issues is hampered by the confusing governance system. A number of islanders support self-governance, including shire President Gordon Thompson, who also believes that a lack of news media to cover local affairs had contributed to political apathy among residents.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>

Flag

File:Flag of Christmas Island.svg

Flag of Christmas Island

In early 1986, the Christmas Island Assembly held a design competition for an island flag; the winning design was adopted as the informal flag of the territory for over a decade, and in 2002 it was made the official flag of Christmas Island. At the centre of the flag is a yellow roundel showing an image of the island in green.

Economy

Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity, but in December 1987 the Australian government closed the mine. In 1991, the mine was reopened by Phosphate Resources Limited, a consortium that included many of the former mine workers as shareholders and is the largest contributor to the Christmas Island economy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

With the support of the government, the $34 million Christmas Island Casino and Resort opened in 1993 but was closed in 1998. Template:As of, the resort has re-opened without the casino.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Australian government in 2001 agreed to support the creation of a commercial spaceport on the island; however, this has not yet been constructed and appears that it will not proceed. The Howard government built a temporary immigration detention centre on the island in 2001 and planned to replace it with a larger, modern facility at North West Point until Howard's defeat in the 2007 elections.

Culture

Christmas Island cuisine can best be described as an eclectic combination of traditional Australian cuisine and Asian cuisine.

The main local organisation that promotes and supports the status and interests of female Christmas Islanders is the Christmas Island Women's Association which was established in 1989 and is a member organisation of the Associated Country Women of the World.<ref name="Ciwa">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="acww">Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Christmas Island (5775114458).jpg

Trekking across the backroads of Christmas Island

Christmas Island is well known for its biological diversity. There are many rare species of animals and plants on the island, making nature-walking a popular activity. Along with the diversity of species, many different types of caves exist, such as plateau caves, coastal caves, raised coastal caves and alcoves, sea caves, fissure caves, collapse caves, and basalt caves; most of these are near the sea and have been formed by the action of water. Altogether, there are approximately 30 caves on the island,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> with Lost Lake Cave, Daniel Roux Cave, and Full Frontal Cave being the most well-known. The many freshwater springs include Hosnies Spring Ramsar, which also has a mangrove stand.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Dales is a rainforest in the western part of the island and consists of seven deep valleys, all of which were formed by spring streams. Hugh's Dale waterfall is part of this area and is a popular attraction. The annual breeding migration of the Christmas Island red crabs is a popular event.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fishing is another common activity. There are many distinct species of fish in the oceans surrounding Christmas Island. Snorkelling and swimming in the ocean are two other activities that are extremely popular. Walking trails are also very popular, for there are many beautiful trails surrounded by extravagant flora and fauna. 63% of the island is covered by the Christmas Island National Park.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Sport

Cricket and rugby league are the two main organised sports on the island.

The Christmas Island Cricket Club was founded in 1959, and is now known as the Christmas Island Cricket and Sporting Club. Aussie Rules was popular from 1995 to 2014 and games were played between the visiting Australian Navy and the locals. With one international game representing Australia, which was played in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2006 against the Jakarta Bintangs. Auskick was also presented for the kids and they participated in 2 years as represented in AFL games of half time entertainment between 2006 and 2010. In 2019 the club celebrated its 60-year anniversary. The club entered its first representative team into the WACA Country Week in 2020, where they were runners up in the F-division.

Rugby league is growing in the island: the first game was played in 2016, and a local committee, with the support of NRL Western Australia, is willing to organise matches with nearby Cocos Islands and to create a rugby league competition in the Indian Ocean region.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Unlike Norfolk Island, another external territory of Australia, Christmas Island does not participate in the Commonwealth Games or the Pacific Games, though Pacific Games participation has been discussed.<ref name="Nick 2017">Template:Cite web</ref>

Flora and fauna

Template:Main Template:See also

File:Cococrb2.jpg

Robber crab (coconut crab)

File:Christmas Island (5775069028).jpg

Christmas Island red crab

File:Red-footed booby.jpg

Red-footed boobies

File:Anous stolidus nesting cropped.JPG

Common noddy

File:Brown booby.jpg

Brown booby

Christmas Island was uninhabited until the late 19th century, allowing many species to evolve without human interference. Two-thirds of the island has been declared a National Park, which is managed by the Australian Department of Environment and Heritage through Parks Australia. Christmas Island contains unique species, both of flora and fauna, some of which are threatened or have become extinct.

Flora

The dense rainforest has grown in the deep soils of the plateau and on the terraces. The forests are dominated by 25 tree species. Ferns, orchids and vines grow on the branches in the humid atmosphere beneath the canopy. The 135 plant species include at least 18 endemic species. The rainforest is in great condition despite the mining activities over the last 100 years. Areas that have been damaged by mining are now a part of an ongoing rehabilitation project.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Christmas Island's endemic plants include the trees Arenga listeri, Pandanus elatus and Dendrocnide peltata var. murrayana; the shrubs Abutilon listeri, Colubrina pedunculata, Grewia insularis and Pandanus christmatensis; the vines Hoya aldrichii and Zehneria alba; the herbs Asystasia alba, Dicliptera maclearii and Peperomia rossii; the grass Ischaemum nativitatis; the fern Asplenium listeri; and the orchids Brachypeza archytas, Flickingeria nativitatis, Phreatia listeri and Zeuxine exilis.<ref>Christmas Island National Park: Flora.</ref>

Fauna

Two species of native rats, the Maclear's and bulldog rats, have become extinct since the island was settled, while the Javan rusa deer has been introduced. The endemic Christmas Island shrew has not been seen since the mid-1980s and may be extinct, while the Christmas Island pipistrelle (a small bat) is presumed to be extinct.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The fruit bat (flying fox) species Pteropus natalis is only found on Christmas Island; its epithet natalis is a reference to that name. The species is probably the last native mammal, and an important pollinator and rainforest seed-disperser; the population is also in decline and under increasing pressure from land clearing and introduced pest species. The flying fox's low rate of reproduction (one pup each year) and high infant mortality rate makes it especially vulnerable, and its conservation status is critically endangered.<ref name="SPRAT2014">Template:Cite web</ref> Flying foxes are an 'umbrella' species helping forests regenerate and other species survive in stressed environments.

The land crabs and seabirds are the most noticeable fauna on the island. Christmas Island has been identified by BirdLife International as both an Endemic Bird Area and an Important Bird Area because it supports five endemic species and five subspecies as well as over 1% the world populations of five other seabirds.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Twenty terrestrial and intertidal species of crab have been described here, of which thirteen are regarded as true land crabs, being dependent on the ocean only for larval development. Robber crabs, known elsewhere as coconut crabs, also exist in large numbers on the island. The annual red crab mass migration to the sea to spawn has been called one of the wonders of the natural world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This takes place each year around November – after the start of the wet season and in synchronisation with the cycle of the moon. Once at the ocean, the mothers release the embryos where they can survive and grow until they are able to live on land.

The island is a focal point for seabirds of various species. Eight species or subspecies of seabirds nest on it. The most numerous is the red-footed booby, which nests in colonies, using trees on many parts of the shore terrace. The widespread brown booby nests on the ground near the edge of the seacliff and inland cliffs. Abbott's booby (listed as endangered) nests on tall emergent trees of the western, northern and southern plateau rainforest, the only remaining nesting habitat for this bird in the world.

Of the ten native land birds and shorebirds, seven are endemic species or subspecies. This includes the Christmas thrush and the Christmas imperial pigeon. Some 86 migrant bird species have been recorded as visitors to the island. The Christmas frigatebird has nesting areas on the northeastern shore terraces. The more widespread great frigatebirds nest in semi-deciduous trees on the shore terrace, with the greatest concentrations being in the North West and South Point areas. The common noddy and two species of bosun or tropicbirds also nest on the island, including the golden bosun (P. l. fulvus), a subspecies of the white-tailed tropicbird that is endemic to the island.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Six species of butterfly are known to occur on Christmas Island. These are the Christmas swallowtail (Papilio memnon), striped albatross (Appias olferna), Christmas emperor (Polyura andrewsi), king cerulean (Jamides bochus), lesser grass-blue (Zizina otis), and Papuan grass-yellow (Eurema blanda).<ref name="butterflies">Template:Cite book</ref>

Insect species include the yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes), introduced to the island and since subjected to attempts to destroy the supercolonies that emerged with aerial spraying of the insecticide Fipronil.<ref name="EWG2010">Template:Cite web</ref>

Media

Radio broadcasts to Christmas Island from Australia include ABC Radio National, ABC Kimberley, Triple J and Hit WA (Formerly Red FM). All services are provided by satellite links from the mainland. Broadband internet became available to subscribers in urban areas in mid-2005 through the local internet service provider, CIIA (formerly dotCX). Because of its proximity to South East Asia, Christmas Island falls within many of the satellite footprints throughout the region. This results in ideal conditions for receiving various Asian broadcasts, which locals sometimes prefer to those emanating from Western Australia. Additionally, ionospheric conditions are conducive to terrestrial radio transmissions, from HF through VHF and sometimes into UHF. The island plays home to a small array of radio equipment that spans a good chunk of the usable spectrum. A variety of government-owned and operated antenna systems are employed on the island to take advantage of this.

Television

Free-to-air digital television stations from Australia are broadcast in the same time zone as Perth and are broadcast from three separate locations:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Broadcaster	Drumsite	Phosphate Hill	Rocky Point
ABC	ABC 6	ABC 34	ABC 40
SBS	SBS 7	SBS 35	SBS 41
WAW	WAW 8	WAW 36	WAW 42
WOW	WOW 10	WOW 36	WOW 43
WDW	WDW 11	WDW 38	WDW 44

Cable television from Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the United States commenced in January 2013.

Telecommunications

Telephone services are provided by Telstra and are a part of the Australian network with the same prefix as Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory (08).<ref name=2g1/> In February 2005, a 900 MHz band GSM based 2G mobile telephone system replaced the old analogue network.<ref name=2g1>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2022, 4,600 kilometre long 60 terabits per second high-capacity backhaul sole submarine cable connection between Australia and Christmas Island was implemented to replace the existing satellite based 2G mobile network with the 4GX technology with enhanced mobile and data services on Christmas Island.<ref name=4gu>Vocus and Telstra team up on Christmas Island mobile project, ARN News, 11 May 2022.</ref>

Newspapers

The Shire of Christmas Island publishes a fortnightly newsletter, The Islander.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There are no independent newspapers.<ref name=":0" />

Postage stamps

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File:Stamp Christmas Island 1958 2c.jpg

Postage stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1958

A postal agency was opened on the island in 1901 and sold stamps of the Strait Settlements.<ref name="GSM 102008">Template:Cite magazine</ref> After the Japanese occupation (1942–1945), postage stamps of the British Military Administration in Malaya were in use, then stamps of Singapore.<ref name="StG Aus">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1958, the island received its own postage stamps after being put under Australian custody. It had a large philatelic and postal independence, managed first by the Phosphate Commission (1958–1969) and then by the island's administration (1969–1993).<ref name="GSM 102008" /> This ended on 2 March 1993 when Australia Post became the island's postal operator; Christmas Island stamps may be used in Australia and Australian stamps may be used on the island.<ref name="StG Aus" />

Transport

File:Red Crab Migration (25172962299).jpg

Transportation routes in Christmas Island are periodically affected due to road closures to protect the island's crab migration

A container port exists at Flying Fish Cove with an alternative container-unloading point to the east of the island at Norris Point, intended for use during the December-to-March "swell season" of rough seas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The now-defunct standard gauge Template:Convert Christmas Island Phosphate Co.'s Railway from Flying Fish Cove to the phosphate mine was constructed in 1914. It was closed in December 1987, when the Australian government closed the mine, and since has been recovered as scrap, leaving only earthworks in places.

Virgin Australia provides two weekly flights to Christmas Island from Perth in Western Australia, with the service connecting to Cocos Keeling Islands in both directions. A fortnightly freight flight provides fresh supplies to the island. Rental cars are available from the airport; however, no franchised companies are represented.<ref name=cocofly1>Template:Cite news</ref> Road conditions across the island can vary, though inclement weather can cause the roads to become slippery or damaged.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Many of the tracks on the island are restricted to four-wheel-drive vehicles.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Education

The island-operated crèche is in the Recreation Centre.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Christmas Island District High School, catering to students in grades P-12, is run by the Western Australian Education Department. There are no universities on Christmas Island. The island has one public library.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Notes

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References

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External links

Christmas Island Archives – Featuring historical stories, articles and more.
Christmas Island Stories - Conserving and sharing the authentic stories of the people of Christmas Island.
Christmas Island Virtual Museum – Presenting historical artifacts, coins and ephemera.

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