Abu Zubaydah

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use mdy dates Template:Excessive citations Template:Infobox War on Terror detainee

Abu Zubaydah (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Template:Langx, Abū Zubaydah; born March 12, 1971, as Zayn al-Abidin Muhammad Husayn) is a Saudi citizen and alleged terrorist born in Saudi Arabia<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> currently held by the U.S. in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba. He is held under the authority of Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists (AUMF).

Zubaydah was captured in Pakistan in March 2002 and has been in United States custody ever since, including Template:Frac years in the secret prison network of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). He was transferred among prisons in various countries including a year in Poland, as part of a United States extraordinary rendition program.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During his time in CIA custody, Zubaydah was extensively interrogated; he was waterboarded 83 times<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and subjected to numerous other torture techniques including forced nudity, sleep deprivation, confinement in small dark boxes, deprivation of solid food, stress positions, and physical assaults.<ref name="Matthews 2014">Template:Cite web</ref> Videotapes of some of Zubaydah's interrogations are allegedly amongst those destroyed by the CIA in 2005.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Zubaydah and ten other "high-value detainees" were transferred to Guantanamo in September 2006. He and other former CIA detainees are held in Camp 7, where conditions are the most isolating.

On July 24, 2014, the European Court of Human Rights ordered the Polish government to pay Zubaydah damages. Zubaydah stated through his US lawyer that he would be donating the awarded funds to victims of torture.

Biography and early activities

Template:See also According to his younger brother Hesham, they had eight siblings.<ref name="Leopold 2012">Template:Cite news</ref> Hesham remembers his older brother "as a happy-go-lucky guy, and something of a womanizer".<ref name="Leopold 2012" /> Born in Saudi Arabia, Zubaydah is reported to have studied computer science in Mysore, India, prior to his travel to Afghanistan/Pakistan at the age of 20 in 1991.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1991 he joined the mujahideen and fought against Afghan Communist Government forces during the Afghan Civil War,<ref name="Finn 2009">Template:Cite news</ref> perhaps serving under Mohamad Kamal Elzahabi.<ref name="Freeze 2009">Template:Cite news</ref> In 1992, Zubaydah was injured in an Afghan mortar attack, which left shrapnel in his head and caused severe memory loss, as well as the loss of the ability to speak for over one year.<ref name="CsrtAbuZubaydahVerbatimTranscript">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Eggen 2007">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Suskind 2007">Template:Cite book Template:Page needed</ref>

Zubaydah eventually became involved in the training camp known as the Khalden training camp, where he oversaw the flow of recruits and obtained passports and paperwork for men transferring out of Khalden.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He may also have worked as an instructor there.<ref name="Freeze 2009" /> Although originally described as an al-Qaeda training camp, this alleged connection, which has been used as justification for holding Zubaydah and others as enemy combatants,<ref name="CsrtAbuZubaydahVerbatimTranscript" /> has come under scrutiny from multiple sources,<ref name="CsrtAbuZubaydahVerbatimTranscript" /><ref name="Khalid">Khalid Sulaymanjaydh Al Hubayshi Unclassified Verbatim Combatant Status Review Tribunal Transcript, pp. 65–73, Department of Defense Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name="Uthamn">Noor Uthamn Muhammed Unclassified Verbatim Combatant Status Review Tribunal Template:Webarchive, p. 15, Department of Defense</ref><ref>9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States Template:Webarchive, July 22, 2006</ref><ref name="Lia 2008">Template:Cite book</ref> and the camp may have shut its doors in 2001 in response to an ideological division with al-Qaeda.<ref name="CsrtAbuZubaydahVerbatimTranscript" /><ref name="Khalid" /><ref name="Uthamn" /><ref name="Lia 2008" />

By 1999, the United States government was attempting to surveil Zubaydah.<ref>"Pak leadership under Sharif offered to try to capture Osama", The Press Trust of India Ltd. Through Asia Pulse, March 28, 2004 Template:Registration required</ref> By March 2000, United States officials were reporting that Zubaydah was a "senior bin Laden official", the "former head of Egypt-based Islamic Jihad", a "trusted aide" to bin Laden with "growing power", who had "played a key role in the East Africa embassy attacks".<ref name="Vise 2000">David A. Vise and Lorraine Adams, "Bin Laden Weakened, Officials Say", The Washington Post. March 11, 2000</ref> Zubaydah was convicted in absentia in Jordan and sentenced to death<ref>"Six Muslim militants sentenced to death for plotting to attack tourists in Jordan" Template:Webarchive, The Independent, September 19, 2000</ref> by a Jordanian court for his role in plots to bomb U.S. and Israeli targets there.<ref>Jamal Halaby, "Arabs of Terror Linked to Bin Laden", AP News Online</ref> A senior Middle East security official said Zubaydah had directed the Jordanian cell and was part of "bin Laden's inner circle".<ref>"Trainees in Terror", The Seattle Times, Sunday, March 5, 2000</ref>

In August 2001, the classified FBI report, "Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US", said that the foiled millennium bomber, Ahmed Ressam, had confessed that Zubaydah had encouraged him to blow up the Los Angeles airport and facilitated his mission.<ref name="CNN 2004">Template:Cite news</ref> The report said that Zubaydah was also planning his own attack on the U.S.<ref name="CNN 2004" /> However, when Ressam was tried in December 2001, federal prosecutors did not try to connect him to Zubaydah or refer to any of this supposed evidence in its case.<ref>Elaine Ganley, "Terror Plot Took Typical Path", AP Online, December 19, 2001</ref> After the trial, Ressam recanted his confession, saying he had been coerced into giving it.<ref name="Leopold 2010">Template:Cite web</ref>

According to a psychological evaluation conducted upon his capture,Template:Citation needed Zubaydah allegedly served as Osama bin Laden's senior lieutenant and counter-intelligence officer (i.e. third or fourth highest-ranking member of al Qaeda), managed a network of training camps, was involved in every major terrorist operation carried out by al Qaeda (including the planning of 9/11), and was engaged in planning future terrorist attacks against U.S. interests. These statements were widely echoed by members of the George W. Bush administration and other US officials.<ref name="Vise 2000" /><ref>"Report: Insider May Testitfy On Zubaydah"Template:Dead link Template:Cbignore April 2, 2002</ref><ref>"United States Helsinki Commission Briefing Transcript" Political/Congressional Transcript Wire, June 22, 2007 Template:Registration required</ref><ref>"Transcript of Video News Story on Guantanamo Bay with Kelli Arena Reporting", CNN, September 24, 2006 Template:Registration required</ref><ref>"Department of Defense News Briefing" April 2, 2002 Template:Registration required</ref><ref>Gerry Gilmore, "Rumsfeld Confirms Capture of Senior Al Qaeda Leader" Department of Defense, April 2, 2002</ref><ref>"Remarks by the President at Connecticut Republican Committee Luncheon" White House website, April 9, 2002</ref><ref>George W. Bush's Remarks at the Virginia Military Institute, April 17, 2002</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>George W. Bush "Remarks by the President at Thaddeus McCotter for Congress Dinner" White House website, October 14, 2002</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>"Terrorism Notebook. More attacks have been prevented, officials say" . The Seattle Times, January 11, 2003</ref><ref>Massimo Calabresi and Romesh Ratnesar (March 4, 2002). "Can we stop the next attack?". CNN News.</ref><ref>"Who's Who in al-Qaeda?"Template:Dead link BBC News</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Overcite Zubaydah's perceived "value" as a detainee would later be used by George W. Bush to justify the use of "enhanced interrogation techniques"<ref name="Bush 2006">Template:Cite news</ref> and Zubaydah's detention in secret CIA prisons around the world.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, Zubaydah's connection to al Qaeda is now often said to have beenTemplate:Sndaccording to Rebecca Gordon writing about "The al Qaeda Leader Who Wasn't"Template:Snda fictitious charge. Others have said instead that it is merely overstated,<ref name="Finn 2009" /><ref name="Suskind 2007" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>"Transcript of Representative John Conyers Jr. Hearing on C.I.A.'s Destruction of Tapes", Political/Congressional Transcript Wire, December 20, 2007 Template:Registration required</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and in response to his habeas corpus petition, the U.S. Government stated in 2009 that it did not contend Zubaydah had any involvement with the 9/11 attacks, or that he had even been a member of al Qaeda, simply because they did not have to: "In simple terms, the issue in this habeas corpus action is Petitioner's conduct", rather than membership or inclination: "Petitioner's personal philosophy is not relevant except to the extent that it is reflected in his actions".<ref name="Leopold 2010" /><ref>Template:Cite court</ref>

Capture

On March 28, 2002, CIA and FBI agents, in conjunction with Pakistani intelligence, raided several safe houses in Pakistan searching for Zubaydah.<ref name="Worthington 2007">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="McGirk 2002">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="Burns 2002">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Anti-terror raid">Template:Cite news</ref> Zubaydah was apprehended from one of the targeted safe houses in Faisalabad, Pakistan.<ref name="Worthington 2007" /><ref name="McGirk 2002" /><ref name="Burns 2002" /><ref name="Anti-terror raid" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Pakistani intelligence service had paid a small amount for a tip on his whereabouts. The United States paid far more to Pakistan for its assistance; a CIA source later said: "We paid $10 million for Zubaydah."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

During the raid, Zubaydah was shot in the thigh, the testicle, and the stomach with rounds from a Kalashnikov assault rifle.<ref name="Worthington 2007" /> Not recognized at first, he was piled into a pickup truck along with other prisoners by the Pakistani forces until a senior CIA officer identified him. He was taken by the Pakistanis to a Pakistani hospital nearby and treated for his wounds. The attending doctor told the CIA lead officer of the group which apprehended Zubaydah that he had never before seen a patient survive such severe wounds. The CIA flew in a doctor from Johns Hopkins University to ensure Zubaydah would survive during transit out of Pakistan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

His pocket litter supposedly contained two bank cards, which showed that he had access to Saudi and Kuwaiti bank accounts; most al-Qaeda members used the preferred, untraceable hawala banking.<ref name="Risen 2006">Risen, James. State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration, 2006</ref> According to James Risen: "It is not clear whether an investigation of the cards simply fell through the cracks, or whether they were ignored because no one wanted to know the answers about connections between al Qaeda and important figures in the Middle East—particularly in Saudi Arabia."<ref name="Risen 2006" /> One of Risen's sources chalks up the failure to investigate the cards to incompetence rather than foul play: "The cards were sent back to Washington and were never fully exploited. I think nobody ever looked at them because of incompetence."<ref name="Risen 2006" />

When Americans investigated the cards, Risen wrote that they worked with

a Muslim financier with a questionable past, and with connections to the Afghan Taliban, al Qaeda, and Saudi intelligence. ... Saudi intelligence officials had seized all of the records related to the card from the Saudi financial institution in question; the records then disappeared. There was no longer any way to trace the money that had gone into the account.<ref name="Risen 2006" />

A search of the safehouse turned up Zubaydah's 10,000-page diaries, in which he recorded his thoughts as a young boy, older man, and at his current age. What appears to be multiple separate identities is how Zubaydah was piecing his memories together after his 1992 shrapnel head wound. As part of his therapy to regain his memories, he began recording a diary that detailed his life, emotions, and what people were telling him. He split information into categories, such as what he knew about himself and what people told him, and listed them under different names to distinguish one set from the other. This was later interpreted by some analysts reviewing the diary as symptoms of Dissociative Identity Disorder, which some others disputed and said to be incorrect.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Zubaydah was handed to the CIA.<ref>Dan Froomkin, "Bush's Exhibit A for Torture", The Washington Post, December 18, 2007</ref><ref>Dana Priest, "CIA Holds Terror Suspects in Secret Prisons", The Washington Post, November 2, 2005</ref> Reports later alleged that he was transferred to secret CIA-operated prisons, known as black sites, in Pakistan, Thailand, Afghanistan, Poland, Northern Africa, and Diego Garcia.<ref>"Lawmakers to examine claims Indian Ocean island used in secret prison network", International Herald Tribune, October 19, 2007</ref><ref name="Marty 2007">Dick Marty, "Secret detentions and illegal transfers of detainees involving Council of Europe member states: Second report", Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, June 7, 2007</ref><ref name="Ross 2005">Brian Ross and Richard Esposito, "EXCLUSIVE: Sources Tell ABC News Top Al Qaeda Figures Held in Secret CIA Prisons", ABC News, December 5, 2005</ref><ref>"CIA Shuffled Prisoners Out of Poland" Template:Webarchive, Global Pulse, December 5, 2005</ref><ref>Jason Burke, "Secret World of U.S. Jails", The Observer, June 13, 2004</ref><ref name="EnforcedDisappearance">"Enforced Disappearance, Illegal Interstate Transfer, and Other Human Rights Abuses Involving the UK Overseas Territories: Executive Summary" Template:Webarchive, Reprieve</ref>Template:Excessive citations inline Historically, renditions of prisoners to countries which commit torture have been illegal. A memo written by John Yoo and signed by Jay Bybee of the Office of the Legal Counsel, DOJ, days before Zubaydah's capture, provided a legal opinion providing for CIA renditions of detainees to places such as Thailand.<ref>Jay Bybee, "Rendition Memo", Department of Justice, March 13, 2002</ref> In March 2009, the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee launched a year-long study on how the CIA operated the secret prisons, or black sites, around the world.<ref>James Rowley Template:Webarchive, Bloomberg Report, March 5, 2009</ref>

Top U.S. officials approved torture techniques

In the spring of 2002, immediately following the capture of Zubaydah, top Bush administration officials, Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of State Colin Powell, CIA Director George Tenet, National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld, and US Attorney General John Ashcroft discussed at length whether or not the CIA could legally use harsh techniques against him.<ref name="Mazzetti 2008">Mark Mazzetti, "Bush Aides Linked to Talks on Interrogations", New York Times, September 24, 2008</ref><ref name="Bush aware interrogation">"Bush aware of advisers' interrogation talks", ABC News, April 11, 2008</ref> Condoleezza Rice specifically mentioned the SERE program during the meeting, saying, "I recall being told that U.S. military personnel were subjected to training to certain physical and psychological interrogation techniques".<ref name="Mazzetti 2008" />

In addition, in 2002 and 2003, the administration briefed several Democratic Congressional leaders on the proposed "enhanced interrogation techniques".<ref name="Warrick 2007">Joby Warrick and Dan Eggen, "Hill Briefed on Waterboarding in 2002", The Washington Post, December 9, 2007</ref> These congressional leaders included Nancy Pelosi, the future Speaker of the House, and Representative Jane Harman.<ref name="Warrick 2007" /> Congressional officials have stated that the attitude in the briefings ranged from "quiet acquiescence, if not downright support".<ref name="Warrick 2007" /> The documents show that top U.S. officials were intimately involved in the discussion and approval of the harsher interrogation techniques used on Zubaydah.<ref name="Mazzetti 2008" /> Condoleezza Rice ultimately told the CIA the harsher interrogation tactics were acceptable,<ref>"As Bush Adviser, Rice Gave OK to Waterboard" Template:Webarchive, Fox News, April 22, 2009</ref><ref name="Senate Report">"Senate Report: Rice, Cheney OK'd CIA use of waterboarding", CNN, April 23, 2009</ref> and Dick Cheney stated, "I signed off on it; so did others."<ref name="Senate Report" /><ref>Jason Leopold, "Cheney Admits He 'Signed Off' on Waterboarding of Three Guantanamo Prisoners" Template:Webarchive, Atlantic Free Press, December 29, 2008</ref> During the discussions, US Attorney General John Ashcroft is reported as saying, "Why are we talking about this in the White House? History will not judge this kindly."<ref name="Bush aware interrogation" />

Torture drawings

In December 2019, The New York Times published an article in partnership with the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting which was based upon drawings made by Zubaydah, showing how he was tortured in "vivid and disturbing ways". The article includes some of the drawings as well as a link to a 61-page report titled "How America Tortures",<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> and asserts that Zubaydah was never a member of Al Qaeda. In the article Zubaydah gives gruesome details of numerous types of torture including being locked up inside a small box called "the dog box" for "countless hours", which caused muscle contractions. "The very strong pain", he said, "made me scream unconsciously".<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Cbignore</ref> According to the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture, over a single 20 day period, Zubaydah spent over 11 days locked in a "coffin size" box, and 29 hours in a box measuring 21 inches wide, 2Template:1/2 feet deep, and 2Template:1/2 feet high (Template:Convert).<ref>Template:Citation-attribution</ref> On May 9, 2023, Zubaydah's former attorney, Mark Denbeaux of Seton Hall Law School, published a detailed report annotating the drawings.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Interrogation of Zubaydah

Template:Main Zubaydah was interrogated by two separate interrogation teams: the first from the FBI and one from the CIA. Ali Soufan, one of the FBI interrogators, later testified in 2009 on these issues to the Senate Committee that was investigating detainee treatment.<ref name="Soufan 2009" /> Soufan, who witnessed part of the CIA interrogation of Zubaydah, described his treatment under the CIA as torture.<ref name="Soufan 2009">Ali Soufan, "My Tortured Decision", New York Times, April 22, 2009</ref> The International Committee of the Red Cross and others later reached the same conclusion.<ref name="Isikoff 2009">Michael Isikoff "We Could Have Done This the Right Way", Newsweek, April 25, 2009</ref><ref name="Soufan testimony">"Congressional Testimony of Ali Soufan, May 13, 2009" Template:Webarchive, Congressional Testimony, May 13, 2009</ref><ref name="ICRC">"Report on the Treatment of Fourteen 'High Value Detainees' in CIA Custody", International Committee of the Red Cross, February 2007</ref> While in CIA custody, Zubaydah's previously damaged left eye was surgically removed.<ref name="Matthews 2014" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Because of the urgency felt about the interrogation of Zubaydah, the CIA had consulted with the president about how to proceed. The General Counsel of the CIA asked for a legal opinion from the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice about what was permissible during interrogation.

August 2002 memo

Template:Main In early July 2002, the Associate General Counsel CTC/Legal Group started drafting a memo to the Attorney General requesting the approval of "aggressive" interrogation methods, which otherwise would be prohibited under the provisions of Section 2340-2340B, Title 18, United States Code, on Abu Zubaydah.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This memo, drafted by Office of Legal Counsel, Jay Bybee and his assistant John Yoo, is also referred to as the first Torture Memo.<ref name="CNN 2008">Template:Cite news</ref> Addressed to CIA acting General Counsel John A. Rizzo at his request, the purpose of the memo was to describe and authorize specific "enhanced interrogation techniques" to be used on Zubaydah.<ref name="CNN 2008" /><ref name="CIA interrogrations">"C.I.A. Interrogations". New York Times, April 28, 2009</ref> On July 26, 2002, Deputy Assistant Attorney General John Yoo informed the CIA that Attorney General John Ashcroft had approved waterboarding of Abu Zubaydah.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Journalists including Jane Mayer, Joby Warrick and Peter Finn, and Alex Koppelman have reported the CIA was already using these harsh tactics before the memo authorizing their use was written,<ref name="Mazzetti 2008" /><ref name="CNN 2008" /><ref>Joby Warrick and Peter Finn, "Harsh Tactics Readied Before Their Approval", The Washington Post, April 22, 2009</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and that it was used to provide after-the-fact legal support for harsh interrogation techniques.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A Department of Justice 2009 report regarding prisoner abuses reportedly stated the memos were prepared one month after Zubaydah had already been subjected to the specific techniques authorized in an August 1, 2002, memo.<ref>Jason Leopold "DOJ Report Says Yoo's Torture Memo Failed To Cite Supreme Court Case", The Public Record, February 22, 2009</ref> John Kiriakou stated in July 2009 that Zubaydah was waterboarded in the early summer of 2002, months before the August 1, 2002, memo was written.<ref>Hilary Andersson, "Did America break its torture law?", BBC Panorama, July 13, 2009</ref><ref>"US 'waterboarding' row rekindled", BBC, July 13, 2009</ref>

The memo described ten techniques which the interrogators wanted to use: "(1) attention grasp, (2) walling, (3) facial hold, (4) facial slap (insult slap), (5) cramped confinement, (6) wall standing, (7) stress positions, (8) sleep deprivation, (9) insects placed in a confinement box, and (10) the waterboard."Template:Citation needed Many of the techniques were, until then, generally considered illegal.<ref name="EnforcedDisappearance" /><ref name="Mazzetti 2008" /><ref name="CNN 2008" /><ref name="Pincus 2006" /><ref name="Goodman 2008" /> Many other techniques developed by the CIA were held to constitute inhumane and degrading treatment and torture under the United Nations Convention against Torture and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.<ref name="EnforcedDisappearance" />

As reported later, many of these interrogation techniques were previously considered illegal under U.S. and international law and treaties at the time of Zubaydah's capture.<ref name="EnforcedDisappearance" /><ref name="Pincus 2006">Walter Pincus, "Waterboarding Historically Controversial", The Washington Post, October 5, 2006</ref> For instance, the United States had prosecuted Japanese military officials after World War II and American soldiers after the Vietnam War for waterboarding.<ref name="Pincus 2006" /> Since 1930, the United States had defined sleep deprivation as an illegal form of torture.<ref name="Mayer 2009">Template:Cite book</ref> Many other techniques developed by the CIA constitute inhuman and degrading treatment and torture under the United Nations Convention against Torture, and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.<ref name="EnforcedDisappearance" />

Ensuing interrogation

At a CIA black site in Thailand,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Zubaydah was subjected to various forms of increasingly harsh interrogation techniques, including temperature extremes, music played at debilitating volumes, and sexual humiliation.<ref name="Eggen 2007" /><ref name="Ross 2005" /><ref name="ICRC" /><ref>David Johnston, "At a Secret Interrogation, Dispute Flared Over Tactics". New York Times, September 10, 2006</ref> Zubaydah was also subjected to beatings, isolation, waterboarding, long-time standing, continuous cramped confinement, and sleep deprivation.<ref name="Marty 2007" /><ref name="Ross 2005" /><ref name="ICRC" /><ref>Scott Shane, "Book Cites Secret Red Cross Report of CIA Torture of Qaeda Captives", New York Times, July 11, 2008</ref><ref>Jane Meyer, "The Black Sites: A rare look inside CIA's secret interrogation program", The New Yorker, August 13, 2007</ref><ref>Scott Horton, "Six Questions for Jane Meyer, Author of 'The Dark Side'", Harper's Magazine, July 14, 2008</ref>

Former CIA analyst and case officer John Kiriakou asserted that while Zubaydah was in CIA custody, a box of cockroaches was poured on him inside of a coffin he was confined to for two weeks, because of an irrational fear Zubaydah has of cockroaches.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

During Zubaydah's interrogation, Bush learned he was on painkillers for his wounds and was proving resistant.<ref name="Koring 2006">Paul Koring "New book slams Bush's black ops", Globe and Mail, January 4, 2006</ref> He said to the CIA director George Tenet, "Who authorized putting him on pain medication?"<ref name="Koring 2006" /> It was later reported that Zubaydah was denied painkillers during his interrogation.<ref>"United States' 'Disappeared' CIA Long-term 'Ghost Detainees Template:'", Human Rights Watch, October 2004</ref><ref>"Impunity for the Architects of Illegal Policy", Human Rights Watch, 2005</ref><ref>Serrin Turner and Stephen J. Schullhoffer The Secrecy Problem in Terrorism Trials Template:Webarchive, Brennan Center for Justice 2005</ref><ref>Eun Young Choi, "Veritas, Not Vengeance: An Examination of the Evidentiary Rules for Military Commissions in the War Against Terrorism", 42 Harvard Civil Rights Civil Liberties Law Review, 2007</ref><ref>Charles H. Brower II, "The Lives of Animals, the Lives of Prisoners, and the Revelations of Abu Ghraib"], 37 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 2004</ref><ref>A. John Radsan, "Symposium on Reexamining the Law of War: The Collision Between Common Article Three and The Central Intelligence Agency"] 56 Catholic University Law Review, 2007</ref><ref>Tommy Harnden "Gloves off, the screws go on 9/11 suspect", The Age. March 6, 2003</ref><ref>Raymond Bonner, Don Van Natta Jr, and Amy Waldman, "Threats and Responses: Interrogations; Questioning Terror Suspects In a Dark and Surreal World", New York Times, March 9, 2003</ref>Template:Excessive citations inline

Waterboarding

Template:Main

Zubaydah was one of three or more high-value detainees to be waterboarded.<ref name="ICRC" /> The Bush administration in 2007 said that Zubaydah had been waterboarded once.<ref>Brian Ross, "CIA–Zubaydah: Interview with John Kiriakou: Transcript", ABC News, December 10, 2007</ref><ref>"Lauer Stirs Scandal Over How Water Boarding Saved Lives", Media Research Center, December 12, 2007</ref><ref>"Ex-CIA Agent: Waterboarding 'Saved Lives'" CNNPolitics.com, December 11, 2007</ref> John Kiriakou, a CIA officer who had seen the cables regarding Zubaydah's interrogation, publicly said in 2009 that Zubaydah was waterboarded once for 35 seconds before he started talking.<ref>Liam Stack, "Is waterboarding effective? CIA did it 266 times on two prisoners", Christian Science Monitor, April 20, 2009</ref><ref>Richard Esposito & Brian Ross, "Coming in From the Cold: CIA Spy Calls Waterboarding Necessary But Torture" Template:Webarchive, ABC News, December 10, 2007</ref><ref>Brian Stetler, "How '07 Interview Tilted Torture Debate", The New York Times, April 27, 2009</ref>

Intelligence sources claimed as early as 2008 that Zubaydah had been waterboarded no less than ten times in the span of one week.<ref name="Mayer 2009" /> Zubaydah was waterboarded 83 times within the month of August 2002, the month the CIA was authorized to use this enhanced interrogation techniques on him.<ref name="CIA interrogrations" /><ref name="May302005BradburyMemo">[1] Template:Webarchive Steven Bradbury, "Memorandum for John A. Rizzo, Senior Deputy General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency Re: Application of United States Obligations Under Article 16 of the Convention Against Torture to Certain Techniques that May Be Used in the Interrogation of High Value al Qaeda Detainees", Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, May 30, 2005</ref><ref>Michael Scherer and Bobby Ghosh "How Waterboarding Got Out of Control". Time, April 20, 2009.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>"Taking on Torture" Los Angeles Times, April 27, 2009</ref> In January 2010, Kiriakou, in a memoir, said, "Now we know that Zubaydah was waterboarded eighty-three times in a single month, raising questions about how much useful information he actually supplied."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

2003 transfer to Guantanamo

In August 2010, the Associated Press reported that the CIA, having concluded its agents had gotten most of the information from Zubaydah, in September 2003 transferred him and three other high-value detainees to Guantanamo. They were held at what was informally known as "Strawberry Fields", a secret camp within the complex built especially for former CIA detainees. Concerned that a pending Supreme Court decision, Rasul v. Bush (2004), might go against the Bush administration and require providing the prisoners with counsel and having to reveal data about them, on March 27, 2004, the CIA took the four men back into custody and transported them out of Guantanamo to one of their secret sites.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the time, the moves were all kept secret.

International Committee of the Red Cross report

Template:Quote box In February 2007, the International Committee of the Red Cross concluded a report on the treatment of "14 high-value detainees", who had been held by the CIA and, after September 2006, by the military at Guantanamo.<ref name="ICRC" /> The ICRC described the twelve enhanced interrogation techniques covered in the OLC memos to the CIA: suffocation by water (which is described as "torture" by numerous US officials<ref name="Goodman 2008">Amy Goodman, "'The Dark Side': Jane Mayer on the Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned Into a War on American Ideals, Interview Transcript", Democracy Now, July 18, 2008</ref>), prolonged stress standing position, beatings by use of a collar, beating and kicking, confinement in a box, prolonged nudity, sleep deprivation, exposure to cold temperature, prolonged shackling, threats of ill-treatment, forced shaving, and deprivation/restricted provision of solid food.<ref name="ICRC" /> Zubaydah was the only detainee of the 14 interviewed who had been subjected to all 12 of these interrogation techniques.<ref name="ICRC" /> He was also the only one of the 14 detainees to be put into close confinement.<ref name="ICRC" />

May 30, 2005, memo

The final memo mentioned Zubaydah several times. It claimed that due to the enhanced interrogation techniques, Zubaydah "provided significant information on two operatives, [including] José Padilla[,] who planned to build and detonate a 'dirty bomb' in the Washington DC area."<ref name="May302005BradburyMemo"/> This claim is strongly disputed by Ali Soufan, the FBI interrogator who first interrogated Zubaydah following his capture, by traditional means. He said the most valuable information was gained before torture was used. Other intelligence officers have also disputed that claim.<ref name="Soufan 2009" /><ref name="Isikoff 2009" /><ref name="Soufan testimony" /><ref>Mark Mazzetti and David Johnston "Inquiry Begins Into Destruction of Tapes". New York Times, December 9, 2007</ref> Soufan, when asked in 2009 by Senator Sheldon Whitehouse during a Congressional hearing if the memo was incorrect, testified that it was.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The memo noted that not all of the waterboarding sessions were necessary for Zubaydah, since the on-scene interrogation team determined he had stopped producing actionable intelligence.<ref name="May302005BradburyMemo"/> The memo reads:

This is not to say that the interrogation program has worked perfectly. According to the IG Report, the CIA, at least initially, could not always distinguish detainees who had information but were successfully resisting interrogation from those who did not actually have the information. See IG Report at 83–85. On at least one occasion, this may have resulted in what might be deemed in retrospect to have been the unnecessary use of enhanced techniques. On that occasion, although the on-scene interrogation team judged Zubaydah to be compliant, elements within CIA Headquarters still believed he was withholding information. See id at 84. At the direction of CIA Headquarters, interrogators therefore used the waterboard one more time on Zubaydah.<ref name="May302005BradburyMemo"/>

John McLaughlin, former acting CIA director, stated in 2006, "I totally disagree with the view that the capture of Zubaydah was unimportant. Zubaydah was woven through all of the intelligence prior to 9/11 that signaled a major attack was coming, and his capture yielded a great deal of important information."<ref>Transcript for The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer CNN, June 20, 2006</ref>

In his 2007 memoir, former CIA Director George Tenet writes:

A published report in 2006 contended that Zubaydah was mentally unstable and that the administration had overstated his importance. Baloney. Zubaydah had been at the crossroads of many al-Qa'ida operations and was in position to—and did—share critical information with his interrogators. Apparently, the source of the rumor that Zubaydah was unbalanced was his personal diary, in which he adopted various personas. From that shaky perch, some junior Freudians leapt to the conclusion that Zubaydah had multiple personalities. In fact, Agency psychiatrists eventually determined that in his diary he was using a sophisticated literary device to express himself.<ref>George Tenet, At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA, HarperCollins, 2007</ref>

Intelligence obtained from Zubaydah and its after effects

Zubaydah's capture was touted as the biggest of the War on Terror until that of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed.<ref>"Alleged 9-11 Mastermind Nabbed" CBS News, March 1, 2003</ref> The director of the FBI stated Zubaydah's capture would help deter future attacks.<ref>"News Summary: Arrest May Deter Attacks". New York Times, April 4, 2002</ref>

In a speech in 2006, Bush claimed that Zubaydah revealed useful intelligence when enhanced interrogation was used, including identification of two important suspects and information that allegedly helped foil a terrorist attack on American soil.<ref name="Bush 2006" /> These claims directly conflict with the reports of the FBI agents who first interrogated Zubaydah. He gave them the names before torture was used, and the third piece of information came from other sources who had been receiving crucial pieces of information from him without the use of harsher techniques,<ref name="Soufan 2009" /><ref name="Isikoff 2009" /> as well as other government officials.<ref name="Finn 2009" />

Iraq War (2003)

The Bush administration relied on some of Zubaydah's claims in justifying the invasion of Iraq. U.S. officials stated that the allegations that Iraq and al-Qaeda were linked in the training of people on chemical weapons came from Zubaydah.<ref name="Bush says Iraq">"Bush Says He and Congress Will Band Together on Iraq; Capitol Hill Still Sour", Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News, September 27, 2002 Template:Registration required</ref><ref>[2]Template:Dead link Template:Cbignore Andrew Sullivan, "One tortured lie: that's all it took for war", The Sunday Times, April 26, 2009</ref> The officials noted there was no independent verification of his claims.<ref name="Bush says Iraq" />

The U.S. government included statements made by Zubaydah in regards to al Qaeda's ability to obtain a dirty bomb to show a link between Iraq and al Qaeda.<ref>Fritz Umbach, "Bush's bogus document dump", Salon, April 13, 2006</ref> According to a Senate Intelligence Committee report of 2004, Zubaydah said that "he had heard that an important al Qaeda associate, Abu Musab al Zarqawi, and others had good relationships with Iraqi intelligence."<ref>Stephen F. Hayes, "The Rice Stuff?", The Daily Standard, October 20, 2004</ref> However, the year before, in June 2003, Zubaydah and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed were reported as saying there was no link between Saddam Hussein and al Qaeda.<ref>John Diamond and Bill Nichols "CIA in spotlight over reports leading to war", June 8, 2003</ref><ref>James Risen, "Threats and Responses: C.I.A.; Captives Deny Qaeda Worked With Baghdad", The New York Times, June 9, 2003</ref>

In the Senate Armed Services Committee 2008 report on the abuses of detainees, the Bush administration was described as having applied pressure to interrogators to find a link between Iraq and al Qaeda prior to the Iraq War.<ref name="Rich 2009">Frank Rich, "The Banality of Bush White House Evil", The New York Times, April 25, 2009</ref> Major Paul Burney, a psychiatrist with the United States Army, said to the committee, "while we were [at Guantanamo] a large part of the time we were focused on trying to establish a link between al Qaeda and Iraq and we were not being successful."<ref name="Rich 2009" /><ref name="Armed Services Inquiry">Senate Armed Services Committee, Inquiry Into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody Template:Webarchive, Senate Armed Services Committee, November 20, 2008</ref> He said that higher-ups were "frustrated" and applied "more and more pressure to resort to measures that might produce more immediate results."<ref name="Rich 2009" /><ref name="Armed Services Inquiry" /><ref>Ed Brayton, "The Lies on Torture Just Keep Coming" Template:Webarchive, Science Blogs, May 4, 2009</ref>

Colonel Lawrence B. Wilkerson, the former chief of staff for former Secretary of State Colin Powell said:

Likewise, what I have learned is that as the administration authorized harsh interrogation in April and May 2002—well before the Justice Department had rendered any legal opinion—its principal priority for intelligence was not aimed at pre-empting another terrorist attack on the U.S. but discovering a smoking gun linking Iraq and al-Qa'ida. So furious was this effort that on one particular detainee, even when the interrogation team had reported to Cheney's office that their detainee "was compliant" (meaning the team recommended no more torture), the VP's office ordered them to continue the enhanced methods. The detainee had not revealed any al-Qa'ida-Baghdad contacts yet. This ceased only after Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi, under waterboarding in Egypt, "revealed" such contacts. Of course, later we learned that al-Libi revealed these contacts only to get the torture to stop.<ref name="Armed Services Inquiry" />

Concerns

In 2004, media coverage of Abu Zubaydah began listing him as a "disappeared" prisoner, stating he had no access to the International Red Cross.<ref>Reed Brody "Prisoners who disappear". International Herald Tribune, October 12, 2004</ref> In February 2005, the CIA was reported as uncomfortable keeping Zubaydah in indefinite custody.<ref>Douglas Jehl, David Johnston, and Neil A. Lewis "CIA called uncomfortable with role on war prisoners Holding terror suspects raises concerns", International Herald Tribune, February 16, 2005</ref> Less than 18 months later, Zubaydah and the thirteen other high-value detainees who had been in secret CIA custody were transferred to the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.<ref>Barton Gellman, "The Shadow War, In a Surprising New Light", Washington Post, June 20, 2006, accessed January 20, 2013</ref>

After his transfer, the CIA denied access to Zubaydah. In 2008, the Office of the Inspector General, Department of Justice, complained that it had been prevented from seeing him, although it was conducting a study of the US treatment of its detainees.<ref>Emma Schwartz, "Justice Dept. Inspector General Claims CIA Hampered its Investigation", U.S. News & World Report, May 20, 2008</ref>

Zubaydah's mental health

Some people are concerned about Zubaydah's mental stability and how that has affected information he has given to interrogators. Ron Suskind noted in his book, The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America's Pursuit of Its Enemies Since 9/11 (2006), that Zubaydah was mentally ill or disabled due to a severe head injury. He described Zubaydah as keeping a diary "in the voice of three people: Hani 1, Hani 2, and Hani 3"—a boy, a young man and a middle-aged alter ego.<ref name="Suskind 2007" /> Zubaydah's diaries spanned ten years and recorded in numbing detail "what he ate, or wore, or trifling things [people] said".<ref name="Eggen 2007" /> Dan Coleman, then the FBI's top al-Qaeda analyst, told a senior bureau official, "This guy is insane, certifiable, split personality."<ref name="Suskind 2007" /> According to Suskind, this judgment was "echoed at the top of CIA and was briefed to the President and Vice President."<ref name="Suskind 2007" /> Coleman stated Zubaydah was a "safehouse keeper" with mental problems, who "claimed to know more about al-Qaeda and its inner workings than he really did."<ref name="Eggen 2007" />

Joseph Margulies, Zubaydah's co-counsel, wrote in an op-ed in the Los Angeles Times in 2009:

Partly as a result of injuries he suffered while he was fighting the communists in Afghanistan, partly as a result of how those injuries were exacerbated by the CIA and partly as a result of his extended isolation, Zubaydah's mental grasp is slipping away. Today, he suffers blinding headaches and has permanent brain damage. He has an excruciating sensitivity to sounds, hearing what others do not. The slightest noise drives him nearly insane. In the last two years alone, he has experienced about 200 seizures. Already, he cannot picture his mother's face or recall his father's name. Gradually, his past, like his future, eludes him.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Legal status

President Bush referred to Zubaydah in a speech to Congress September 2006 requesting a bill to authorize military commissions, following the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006) that held the tribunals as formulated by the executive branch were unconstitutional. Congress rapidly passed legislation that was signed by the president.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Less than one month after Zubaydah's capture, Justice Department officials said Zubaydah was "a near-ideal candidate for a tribunal trial".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Several months later in 2002, US officials said there was "no rush" to try Zubaydah via military commission.<ref>Frank Davies, "U.S. readies tribunals for terrorism trials", The Miami Herald, December 26, 2002Template:Dead link</ref>

At his Combatant Status Review Tribunal in 2007, Zubaydah said he was told that the CIA realized he was not significant.

"They told me, 'Sorry, we discover that you are not Number 3, not a partner, not even a fighter,Template:'" said Zubaydah, speaking in broken English, according to the new transcript of a Combatant Status Review Tribunal held at the U.S. military prison in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Abu Zubaydah's lawyers, including Joseph Margulies<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and George Brent Mickum IV,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> filed a lawsuit in July 2008 challenging his detention at Guantanamo Bay detention camps after the Boumediene v. Bush ruling. The judge overseeing the case, Richard W. Roberts, failed to rule on any motions related to the case, even the preliminary ones. This led Zubaydah's lawyers to file a motion asking Judge Roberts to recuse himself for nonfeasance in January 2015. On March 16, 2016, Roberts retired early from the federal bench, citing unspecified health issues.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The U.S. government has not officially charged Zubaydah with any crimes.<ref>Department of Defense Military Commissions Cases Website, April 30, 2009</ref> The Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture reported that Zubaydah's CIA interrogators wanted him to "remain in isolation and incommunicado for the remainder of his life."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Joint Review Task Force

When he assumed Presidential office in January 2009, Barack Obama made a number of promises about the future of Guantanamo.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He promised the use of torture would cease at the camp and to institute a new review system composed of officials from six departments, where the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense. When it reported back, a year later, the Joint Review Task Force classified some individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, even though there was no evidence to justify laying charges against them. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a Freedom of Information Act request.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Zayn al-lbidin Muhammed Husayn was one of the 71 individuals deemed too innocent to charge but too dangerous to release. Although Obama promised that those deemed too innocent to charge but too dangerous to release would start to receive reviews from a Periodic Review Board, less than a quarter of men have received a review. Husayn was denied approval for transfer on September 22, 2016.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

European Court of Human Rights decision

On 24 July 2014, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled that Poland had violated the European Convention on Human Rights when it cooperated with US allowing the CIA to hold and torture Zubaydah and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri on its territory in 2002–2003. The court ordered the Polish government to pay each of the men €100,000 in damages. It also awarded Zubaydah €30,000 to cover his costs.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 31 May 2018, the ECHR ruled that Romania and Lithuania also violated the rights of Abu Zubaydah and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri in 2003–2005 and in 2005–2006 respectively, and Lithuania and Romania were ordered to pay €100,000 in damages each to Abu Zubaydah and Abd al-Nashiri.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

U.S. Supreme Court decision

In connection with the European Court of Human Rights proceedings, Zubaydah filed suit in the U.S. seeking disclosure of information related to the matter. The U.S. government intervened, seeking to assert a state secrets privilege. The U.S. district court decided in favor of the government and dismissed the case. On appeal, the dismissal was reversed on a ruling that the state secrets privilege did not apply to information that was already publicly known. The Supreme Court reversed the appeal ruling in United States v. Zubaydah, explaining that the state secrets privilege applies to the existence (or nonexistence) of a secret CIA facility and that revelation by government would confirm or deny that state secret.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

References

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External links

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