1253

Events

January 18 – King Henry I of Cyprus ("the Fat") dies and is succeeded by his son Hugh II, who is only a few months old. His mother, Queen Plaisance of Antioch, claims the regency of Cyprus and the titular regency of Jerusalem. The High Court of Cyprus confirms her position, but the barons of Outremer require her attendance in person before they will recognize her. John of Ibelin, count of Jaffa, remains as bailli, and Plaisance contemplates marrying John's youthful son Balian. Meanwhile, King Louis IX of France ("the Saint"), still staying at Acre, continues to administer the government.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 233. Template:ISBN.</ref>
Summer – The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia becomes a vassal state to the expanding Mongol Empire. Prince Daniel of Galicia is crowned "Rex Rusiae" and becomes officially an Orthodox subject of the Papal States.
July 4 – William II, count of Holland, defeats the Flemish forces under Guy of Dampierre at Westkapelle. He forced him and his mother, Margaret II, to respect the division of Flanders and Hainaut.
July 6 – Mindaugas and his wife Morta are crowned as king and queen of Lithuania, ruling between 300,000 and 400,000 subjects.<ref>O'connor, Kevin (2003). The History of the Baltic States, p. 15. Greenwood Publishing. Template:ISBN.</ref>
October 10 – German imperial forces under King Conrad IV suppress the Sicilian rebellion and recapture Naples.

August 6 – King Henry III leads an expedition to Gascony, to repel a rumoured invasion from Castile.<ref name=CBH>Template:Cite book</ref> Meanwhile, Simon de Montfort returns from Gascony where he allies himself with the barons who oppose Henry.
Henry III meets with the nobles and church leaders to reaffirm the validity of Magna Carta in exchange for taxation.<ref>Davis, John Paul (2013). The Gothic King: A Biography of Henry III, p. 174. London: Peter Owen. Template:ISBN.</ref>

April – An-Nasir Yusuf, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, cedes Palestine, together with Jerusalem, Nablus and the coastline of Al-Sham to Aybak, Mamluk sultan of Egypt.

April 28 – Nichiren, Japanese Buddhist monk, declares his intent to preach the Lotus Sutra and Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō as the true Buddhism, thus founding Nichiren Buddhism.
May – Louis IX of France ("the Saint") dispatches William of Rubruck from Constantinople on a missionary journey to Karakorum to seek an alliance against Syrian and Egyptian Muslims.<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 142. Template:ISBN.</ref>
Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan begin a campaign against the Nizari Ismaili State. An advance guard (12,000 men) under Kitbuqa captures several fortresses in Quhistan.
Mongol forces under Kublai Khan conquer the Dali Kingdom (modern-day Yunnan). The population migrates to Siam (modern Thailand).
Kublai Khan introduces the baisha xiyue song and dance suite to the music of Yunnan.

Matthew Paris, English Benedictine chronicler, completes the major part of his Chronica Majora, a chronicle of English history.

October – Pope Innocent IV returns to Rome, after being deposed for 9 years by former Emperor Frederick II, whose clash forms an important chapter in the conflict between the Papal States and the Holy Roman Empire.
Innocent IV offers the crown of Sicily, which he controls, to Richard of Cornwall and Charles of Anjou, both of whom refuse, and later to the 8-year-old Edmund, son of Henry III of England.
The upper Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi, the earliest important structure of Italian Gothic architecture, is completed in Assisi.
Sligo Abbey, a Dominican monastery, is founded by Maurice FitzGerald, Norman chief governor of Ireland.