Askja

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Infobox mountain

Víti geothermal lake at Askja

Askja and Víti (in the foreground)

Askja (Template:IPA) is an active volcano situated in a remote part of the central highlands of Iceland. The name Askja refers to a complex of nested calderas within the surrounding Dyngjufjöll Template:IPA mountains, which rise to Template:Convert, askja meaning box or caldera in Icelandic.<ref>See e.g.: Stóra Tölvuorðabókin. Úfgáfa 6.0</ref>

Geography

The Askja central volcano is Template:Cvt in diameter and is associated with the Askja volcanic system which has a Template:Cvt long fissure swarm that extends north from beneath the Vatnajökull glacier towards the north coast of Iceland.<ref name =CIV>Template:Cite web</ref> The Hrúthálsar area which is Template:Cvt to the north-east is now usually regarded as part of the system.<ref name =CIV/>

The outer caldera of Askja, representing a prehistoric eruption, is about Template:Cvt in area, and there is evidence of other later caldera-forming events within it. These include the main summit caldera, that is about Template:Cvt in diameter, to its north-east the Template:Cvt diameter Kollur caldera, and the 1875 Öskjuvatn caldera with a diameter of about Template:Cvt. The main crater floor lies at about Template:Cvt.<ref name =CIV/>

The central volcano region is only accessible for a few months of the year. Being situated in the rain shadow to the northeast of the Vatnajökull glacier, the area receives only about Template:Cvt of rainfall annually.

NASA

The area was used by NASA during training for the Apollo program to prepare astronauts for the lunar missions. Their main objective in Askja was to study geology. The Astronaut Monument in Húsavík lists the 32 astronauts who participated.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Eruptions

Most eruptions are small, basaltic and effusive.<ref name =CIV/> There have been at least 175 eruptions from the Askja system in the last 7200 years.<ref name=Hartley2016/>

1961

The last eruption of Askja was between 26 October and 5 December 1961 near the northern rim of the caldera.<ref name=gvp/> It produced the Template:Cvt basaltic Vikrahraun lava flow and also near the caldera another local permafrost layer under the Template:Cvt of tephra.<ref name=Shoemaker2024/><ref name =CIV/>

1875

Askja was virtually unknown until a large 17 hour subplinian eruption which started on March 28, 1875.<ref name=Büntgen2024>Template:Cite journal</ref> The volcanic system had been active since 1 January 1875.<ref name=gvp/> This was followed by the devastating rhyolitic phreatoplinian explosion on March 29, 1875,<ref name =CIV/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> which erupted Template:Cvt dense-rock equivalent.<ref name=Shoemaker2024>Template:Cite journal</ref> The eruption finished on 17 October 1875.<ref name=gvp/> Locally around the caldera this ash fall on snow cover has resulted in the formation of a layer of permafrost ice.<ref name=Shoemaker2024/> Especially in the Eastfjords of Iceland, the ashfall was heavy enough to poison the land and kill livestock. Ash more than 1 cm in thickness covered Template:Cvt and the total population in Iceland of sheep declined by 2% and cattle by 6.2% between 1874 and 1876.<ref name=Büntgen2024/> At least 16 farms were abandoned in 1876.<ref name=Büntgen2024/> Ash, or tephra from this eruption was wind-blown to Norway, Sweden, Germany and Poland.<ref name=Shoemaker2024/> The eruption triggered a spike in emigration from Iceland but not as much as the Grímsvötn eruptions in the 1880s.<ref name=Büntgen2024/> Between February and October 1875 about Template:Cvt north of the Askja central volcano there were episodic basaltic fissure eruptions, which erupted a comparable volume of magma to the explosive phase.<ref name=Büntgen2024/> The eruption had no direct effect on regional or Northern Hemisphere vegetation and climate.<ref name=Büntgen2024/>

Early Holocene

Another less well-known large rhyolitic eruption, called Askja-S (Skolli), occurred in the early Holocene, 10,824 ± 97 years Template:Abbr.<ref name =CIV/><ref name=Kearney2018>Template:Cite journal</ref> Tephra from this eruption has been found in south-east Sweden, Northern Ireland and north Norway and recently as far south as Romania, which makes it one of the most far-travelled Icelandic tephras.<ref name=Kearney2018/>

Summary

List of Recent Eruptions
Start Date<ref name=gvp/>	End Date<ref name=gvp/>	VEI<ref name=gvp/>	Scale<ref name=CIV/>	Tephra volume (km³)<ref name=CIV/>	Comments
Template:Dts	Template:Dts	2	Small	0.004
Template:Dts	Template:Unknown	2	Small	Template:Unknown
Template:Dts		2	Moderate	Template:Unknown	Lasted about 45 days, Thorvaldshraun lava<ref name=Hartley2016>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Dts	Template:Unknown	0	Small	Template:Unknown
Template:Dts		0	Small	Template:Unknown	Lasted about 45 days
Template:Dts	Template:Unknown	0	Small	Template:Unknown
Template:Dts	Template:Unknown	0	Small	Template:Unknown
Template:Dts	Template:Unknown	2	Small	Template:Unknown
Template:Dts	Template:Dts	5	Major	1.8	Lava flows mainly south and north-east of Öskjuvatn caldera<ref name=Hartley2016/>
Template:Dts	Template:Unknown	0	Small	Template:Unknown	Lava flow on west caldera margin dated as to before 1873 by tephra studies<ref name=Hartley2016/>
Template:Dts	Template:Unknown	-	Small	Template:Unknown	Older than 1717 from tephra studies with lava flows on north-east caldera margin<ref name=Hartley2016/>
Template:Dts	Template:Unknown	-	Small	Template:Unknown	Older than 1619 from tephra studies with lava flows on north caldera margin<ref name=Hartley2016/>
Template:Dts	Template:Unknown	-	Small	Template:Unknown	Older than 1510 from tephra studies with lava flows to west caldera margin<ref name=Hartley2016/>
Template:Dts	Template:Unknown	-	Small	Template:Unknown	Older than 1477 from tephra studies with lava flows around caldera margin<ref name=Hartley2016/>
Template:Dts	Template:Unknown	1	Small	Template:Unknown	Older than 1341 from tephra studies with lava flows to north-east<ref name=Hartley2016/>
Template:Dts	Template:Unknown	-	-	Template:Unknown	Older than 1158 from tephra studies with lava flows to north-east <ref name=Hartley2016/>
Template:Dts	Template:Unknown	-	-	Template:Unknown	Older than 1104 from tephra studies with lava flows to immediate north-east of caldera<ref name=Hartley2016/>
Template:Dts	Template:Unknown	-	-	Template:Unknown	Older than 871 from tephra studies with lava flow to south-east of caldera<ref name=Hartley2016/>
1250 ± 300 BCE	Template:Unknown	0	Major	Template:Unknown	Older than 1045 BC from tephra studies with large lava fields north and south of caldera<ref name=Hartley2016/>
2050 ± 500 BCE	Template:Unknown	0	Small	Template:Unknown	Older than 2285 BC from tephra studies<ref name=Hartley2016/>
3750 BCE	Template:Unknown	-	-	Template:Unknown	Basalt tephra A5700 from Torfdalsvatn<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
8874 ± 97 BCE	Template:Unknown	5	Major	Template:Unknown	1.5 ± 0.5 km3 DRE<ref name=Kearney2018/>

Activity

In June 2010, Volcano expert Hazel Rymer said seismic activity was increasing at Askja.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The increased earthquake activity was located to the northeast of the central volcano, in the direction of Herðubreið. It was ruled out that any activity from Eyjafjallajökull was responsible for the increase in activity at Askja. The news came as scientists continue to watch Katla. In early April 2012 it was noted that the lake in the caldera was totally clear of ice, which usually does not happen until in June or July in a normal year. It was believed that increased geothermal activity in the volcano is heating the lake. Travel in the area was restricted until further research could be carried out.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In early September 2021, GPS and Satellite data showed that an inflation at the rate of five cm per month, most likely attributed to magma intrusion, of the caldera had started in August.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> An Article published on September 9 from the Icelandic Meteorological Office(IMO) stated the Aviation Color Code was upgraded from "Green" to "Yellow" due to the changes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Article also says, "Next week IMO and the Institute of Earth Sciences (UÍ) will potentiate the monitoring network around Askja to allow a better coverage and surveillance of the volcano." On 9 November 2022 deformation data showed continuing magma accumulation at depth, with accumulated uplift of Template:Cvt since August 2021.<ref name=gvp/>

Öskjuvatn lake

Öskjuvatn is a large lake that fills much of the smaller caldera resulting from the 1875 eruption. Its surface lies about Template:Cvt below the level of the main caldera floor and covers about Template:Cvt. When the lake originally formed it was warm, but today it is frozen over for most of the year. Öskjuvatn is the second deepest lake in Iceland at Template:Cvt deep.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Missing scientists

In 1907, the German scientists Walter von Knebel and Max Rudloff visited Askja to study the caldera. While exploring Öskjuvatn in a small boat, they disappeared without a trace. Von Knebel's fiancée Ina von Grumbkow led an expedition to search for them, but no indication of what happened to them was ever found. Recent observations on the effects of a landslide, on 21 July 2014, has led to renewed speculation that the scientists were killed by a similar sudden event, a massive wave similar to the one estimated to be Template:Convert high seen in 2014.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Social context of 1875 Askja eruption

The eruption took place at a time that Iceland was newly self governing under Danish rule, with a strong nationalist element, had a large rural agricultural population, and needed the fodder ruined by the eruption to overwinter livestock, in an up to then, relatively prosperous farming area. Following local publicity of the plight of farming communities in May 1775, and a letter to The Times in July 1775, fund-raising efforts in the UK, Denmark, and Norway took place and relief supplies were organised. The combined donations helped many of the most affected and paid for fodder to help keep livestock alive over the winter of 1875/6. The emigration options were limited, as the possibility of organised self funded emigration from Iceland to Canada or Brazil only became possible in January 1873, and by the time of the eruption the experiences reported home of the emigrants were far from all being positive. Canada in particular successfully promoted itself and addressed partially the initial issues, with partially subsidised emigration that excluded deliberately the Icelandic poor, for multiple reasons both commercial and social. However the Iceland nationalist political movement tried to block emigration, even misrepresenting that its new Emigration Law made the Canadian plan impossible, when the law had yet to be ratified in Denmark. A deposit paid to the Danish Governor of Iceland and advertising emphasising the impact of the eruption eased the Canadian plan. While most emigration in 1876 was by Icelanders resident outside the areas most affected by the ash it did result in up to 10% of the population in those districts most affected, leaving Iceland.<ref name=Büntgen2024/>

Sights and tourism in the area

File:Drekagil-pjt2.jpg

Drekagil canyon

The Dyngjufjöll mountains which surround the Askja caldera, also contain the Drekagil Template:IPA, the canyon of dragons. Within Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt of Askja, are two other volcanic systems: Herðubreið and Kverkfjöll.

Askja is a popular tourist destination. There are two mountain huts and a campsite at Dreki Template:IPA, by Drekagil, which is about Template:Cvt by a 4x4 F-road, from the Icelandic ring-road. The road continues Template:Cvt up from Dreki into the Askja caldera. It is a walk of about Template:Cvt from the car park to Öskjuvatn and Víti Template:IPA. The roads are usually only open for about three to four months, from late June until early October.

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Askja Template:Webarchive in the Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes

Photos and videos

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Scientific papers

Template:Volcanoes of Iceland

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