Geography of Iceland

Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Country geography Iceland is an island country at the confluence of the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans, east of Greenland and immediately south of the Arctic Circle, atop the constructive boundary of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The island country is the world's 18th largest in area and one of the most sparsely populated. It is the westernmost European country when not including Greenland and has more land covered by glaciers than continental Europe. Its total size is Template:Convert and possesses an exclusive economic zone of Template:Convert.

Statistics

File:Iceland Dettifoss 1972-4.jpg

Dettifoss, located in northeast Iceland. It is the second-largest waterfall in Europe in terms of volume discharge, with an average water flow of 200 m³/s.

Iceland is an island country in Northern Europe, straddling the Eurasian and North American plates between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the British Isles.

Extent (locations outside mainland in parentheses)

North: Rifstangi, 66°32′3" N (Kolbeinsey, 67°08,9 N)

South: Kötlutangi, 63°23′6" N (Surtsey, 63°17,7 N)

West: Bjargtangar, 24°32′1" W

East: Gerpir, 13°29′6" W (Hvalbakur, 13°16,6 W)

Area:

Total: Template:Convert; Land: 100,329 km²; Water: 2,796 km²
Coastline: Iceland has a coastline of 4,970 km.

Maritime claims:

Territorial sea: Template:Convert

Exclusive economic zone: Template:Convert with Template:Convert

Continental shelf: Template:Convert or to the edge of the continental margin

Elevation extremes:

Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

Highest point: Hvannadalshnúkur 2,110 m

Natural resources:

Marine life, diatomite, hydropower, geothermal power

Land use

Arable land: 1.21%; Permanent crops: 0%; Other: 98.79% (2012)
Total renewable water resources: 170 km³ (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): Total: 0.17 km³/yr (49%/8%/42%); Per capita: 539.2 m³/yr (2005)
Natural hazards: Volcanism, earthquakes, avalanches, and glacial lake outburst flooding (or jökulhlaups)
Environment—current issues: Water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate wastewater treatment

Physical geography

Iceland consists of eight geographical regions, Capital Region, Southern Peninsula, West, Westfjords, Northwest, Northeast, East and South.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Twenty per cent of the land is used for grazing, while only one per cent is cultivated. Iceland has lost most of the woodland that previously covered large areas of the country, but an ambitious reforestation program is currently underway.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Fossilized tree pollen and descriptions by the early settlers indicate that prior to human settlement, now thought to have occurred from around AD 800 onwards,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> trees covered between thirty and forty per cent of the island. Today, however, there are only small patches of the original birch forests left, the most prominent being Hallormsstaðaskógur and Vaglaskógur. The country of Iceland contains 36 islands. The longest river on the island is Þjórsá at Template:Convert. Iceland has three national parks: Vatnajökull National Park, Snæfellsjökull National Park, and Þingvellir National Park.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The inhabited areas are on the coast, particularly in the southwest, while the central highlands are all but uninhabited. The island's terrain is mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields and a coast deeply indented by bays and fjords.

Highlands

File:Map of Iceland highlands-en.svg

Topographic map of Iceland. Areas in brown are 500 metres or greater above sea level with the large center mass making up the inhospitable Highlands. Glaciers are shown in white.

The Highlands make up about half of Iceland's land area, which is of recent volcanic origin and consists of a mountainous lava desert (highest elevation Template:Convert above sea level) and other wastelands. The area is mostly uninhabited and uninhabitable.

Westfjords

The Westfjords region is composed of a large, mountainous peninsula on Iceland's northwestern coast. The coastline is marked by numerous fjords as its name suggests. The peninsula contains Iceland's northernmost glacier, Drangajökull.

Southern Peninsula

The Southern Peninsula, also known as the Reykjanes Peninsula, is located in the southwestern corner of Iceland. The area contains little vegetation because of active volcanism and large lava fields. There are hot springs and sulphur springs in the southern portion of the peninsula, in the Kleifarvatn lake and the Krýsuvík geothermal area.

Capital Region

Home to Iceland's capital, Reykjavík, the Capital Region is the most densely populated area in Iceland. It is located on the southwest coast of the island near the Southern Peninsula. The majority of Reykjavík is located on the Seltjarnarnes peninsula. Mount Esja, at 914 metres (2,999 ft), is the highest mountain in the vicinity of Reykjavík. Several natural harbours exist and provide good fishing grounds.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

West

Located in the western portion of the island and north of the Capital Region. In Hvalfjörður fjord rests the second-tallest waterfall in Iceland, Glymur. West is also home to Borgarfjörður, a fjord with volcanic activity such as Deildartunguhver, a powerful hotspring. The Template:Convert Hafnarfjall Mountain rises over the landscape.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

South

The southern portion of Iceland contains some of its most notable volcanoes such as Hekla, Eldgjá, and Katla. Alongside the volcanoes exist numerous glaciers such as Vatnajökull, Mýrdalsjökull, and Eyjafjallajökull. Basalt columns and black sand beaches are examples of the volcanic activity of the area. The area also contains mountain ranges and Iceland's highest peak, Hvannadalshnjúkur, as well as the Vestmannaeyjar (Westman Islands) archipelago.

East

East Iceland contains the majority of the island's vegetation and birch forests.

Atlantic

Atlantic contains large amounts of ice.

Glaciers

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File:Mýrdalsjökull glacier, Iceland.jpg

Mýrdalsjökull glacier

Around 10.2 per cent of the total land area is covered by glaciers, although these are retreating at an accelerating rate.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The four largest Icelandic glaciers are:

Hofsjökull (827 km²)
Langjökull (868 km²)
Mýrdalsjökull (542 km²)
Vatnajökull (7,764 km²)

Other notable glaciers include:

File:Snæfellsjökull in the Morning (7622876302).jpg

Snæfellsjökull in the morning

Drangajökull (145 km²)
Eiríksjökull (21 km²)
Eyjafjallajökull (70 km²)
Snæfellsjökull (10 km²).
Tindfjallajökull (11 km²)
Torfajökull (10 km²)
Tungnafellsjökull (33 km²)
Þórisjökull (25 km²)
Þrándarjökull (16 km²)

Climate

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File:Iceland Köppen.svg

Köppen climate classification zones of Iceland

Because of the moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, the climate is temperate and characterized by damp, cool summers and relatively mild but windy winters. Reykjavík has an average temperature of Template:Convert in July and Template:Convert in January<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It has a Köppen Climate Classification of Subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) with most of the island classified as Tundra (ET).

Geology

Template:Main Iceland has extensive volcanic and geothermal activity. The rift associated with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which marks the division between the Eurasian Plate and North American tectonic plates, runs across Iceland from the southwest to the northeast. This geographic feature is prominent at the Þingvellir National Park, where the promontory creates an extraordinary natural amphitheatre. The site was the home of Iceland's parliament, the Alþing, which was first convened in 930. It is a common misconception that Þingvellir is at the juncture between the North American and Eurasian continental plates. However, they are in fact at the juncture of the North American continental plate and a smaller plate (approx. 10,000 km²) called the Hreppar Microplate (Hreppaflekinn).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> From 1963 to 1967, the island of Surtsey was created on the southwest coast by a volcanic eruption.

Geological activity

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File:Erupting geysir.jpg

Geysir erupting in September 2000

A geologically young land, Iceland is located on both the Iceland hotspot and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which runs right through it. This location means that the island is highly geologically active with earthquakes and volcanoes, notably Hekla, Eldgjá, Herðubreið and Eldfell. Eyjafjallajökull (1,666 m) erupted in 2010, disrupting European air traffic.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> To demonstrate the geothermal activity, the Icelandic Meteorological Office said that during a single week in February 2021, around 17,000 earthquakes have hit the southwestern region of Reykjanes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Iceland has many geysers, including Geysir, from which the English word geyser is derived. With the widespread availability of geothermal power, and the harnessing of many rivers and waterfalls for hydroelectricity, most residents have access to inexpensive hot water, heating, and electricity. The island is composed primarily of basalt, a low-silica lava associated with effusive volcanism as has occurred also in Hawaii. Iceland, however, has a variety of volcanic types (composite and fissure), many producing more evolved lavas such as rhyolite and andesite. Iceland has hundreds of volcanoes, with approximately 30 active volcanic systems.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>