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Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox historic site Template:About Bletchley Park is an English country house and estate in Bletchley, Milton Keynes (Buckinghamshire), that became the principal centre of Allied code-breaking during the Second World War. During World War II, the estate housed the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), which regularly penetrated the secret communications of the Axis PowersTemplate:Snd most importantly the German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers. The GC&CS team of codebreakers included John Tiltman, Dilwyn Knox, Alan Turing, Harry Golombek, Gordon Welchman, Hugh Alexander, Donald Michie, Bill Tutte and Stuart Milner-Barry.

The team at Bletchley Park devised automatic machinery to help with decryption, culminating in the development of Colossus, the world's first programmable digital electronic computer.Template:Efn Codebreaking operations at Bletchley Park ended in 1946 and all information about the wartime operations was classified until the mid-1970s. After the war it had various uses and now houses the Bletchley Park Museum.

History

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Preparation for War

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File:Bp-polish-codebreakers-plaque.jpg
Bletchley's Polish Memorial, commemorating "the [prewar] work of Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski, mathematicians of the Polish intelligence service, in first breaking the Enigma code. Their work greatly assisted the Bletchley Park code breakers and contributed to the Allied victory in World War II."

A mansion was first built here in 1711, with the current house built in the 1870s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1938, the mansion and much of the site was bought by a builder for a housing estate, but in May 1938 Admiral Sir Hugh Sinclair, head of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6), bought the mansion and Template:Convert of land for £6,000 (£Template:Inflation today) for use by Code and Cypher School and SIS in the event of war. He used his own money as the Government said they did not have the budget to do so.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

A key advantage seen by Sinclair and his colleagues (inspecting the site under the cover of "Captain Ridley's shooting party")<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> was Bletchley's geographical centrality. It was almost immediately adjacent to Bletchley railway station, where the "Varsity Line" between Oxford and CambridgeTemplate:Sndwhose universities were expected to supply many of the code-breakersTemplate:Sndmet the main West Coast railway line connecting London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow and Edinburgh. Watling Street, the main road linking London to the north-west (subsequently the A5) was close by, and high-volume communication links were available at the telegraph and telephone repeater station in nearby Fenny Stratford.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Five weeks before the outbreak of war, Warsaw's Cipher Bureau revealed its achievements in breaking Enigma to astonished French and British personnel.<ref name="Milner-Barry1993P92"/> The British used the Poles' information and techniques, and the Enigma clone sent to them in August 1939, which greatly increased their (previously very limited) success in decrypting Enigma messages.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Early work

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File:Information Flow Bletchley Park Enigma Messages.png
Flow of information from an intercepted Enigma message<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

The first personnel of the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) moved to Bletchley Park on 15 August 1939. The Naval, Military, and Air Sections were on the ground floor of the mansion, together with a telephone exchange, teleprinter room, kitchen, and dining room; the top floor was allocated to MI6. Construction of the wooden huts began in late 1939, and Elmers School, a neighbouring boys' boarding school in a Victorian Gothic redbrick building by a church, was acquired for the Commercial and Diplomatic Sections.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

The only direct enemy damage to the site was done 20Template:Ndash21 November 1940 by three bombs probably intended for Bletchley railway station; Hut 4, shifted two feet off its foundation, was winched back into place as work inside continued.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Action This Day

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Template:Main During a morale-boosting visit on 9 September 1941, Winston Churchill reportedly remarked to Denniston or Menzies: "I told you to leave no stone unturned to get staff, but I had no idea you had taken me so literally."<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Six weeks later, having failed to get sufficient typing and unskilled staff to achieve the productivity that was possible, Turing, Welchman, Alexander and Milner-Barry wrote directly to Churchill. His response was "Action this day make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this has been done."<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Allied involvement

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After the United States joined World War II, a number of American cryptographers were posted to Hut 3, and from May 1943 onwards there was close co-operation between British and American intelligence<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> leading to the 1943 BRUSA Agreement which was the forerunner of the Five Eyes partnership.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In contrast, the Soviet Union was never officially told of Bletchley Park and its activities, a reflection of Churchill's distrust of the Soviets even during the US-UK-USSR alliance imposed by the Nazi threat.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However Bletchley Park was infiltrated by the Soviet mole John Cairncross, a member of the Cambridge Spy Ring, who leaked Ultra material to Moscow.Template:Sfn

Postwar

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After the War, the secrecy imposed on Bletchley staff remained in force, so that most relatives never knew more than that a child, spouse, or parent had done some kind of secret war work.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Churchill referred to the Bletchley staff as "the geese who laid the golden eggs and never cackled".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> That said, occasional mentions of the work performed at Bletchley Park slipped the censor's net and appeared in print.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

The site passed through a succession of hands and saw a number of uses, including as a teacher-training college and local GPO headquarters. By 1991, the site was nearly empty and the buildings were at risk of demolition for redevelopment,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> before the gradual development of the Bletchley Park Museum.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Government Code & Cypher School became the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), moving to Eastcote in 1946 and to Cheltenham in the 1950s.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The site was used by various government agencies, including the GPO and the Civil Aviation Authority. One large building, block F, was demolished in 1987 by which time the site was being run down with tenants leaving.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Personnel

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File:AlanTuring-Bletchley.jpg
Stephen Kettle's 2007 Alan Turing statue

Template:EnigmaSeriesTemplate:See also Admiral Hugh Sinclair was the founder and head of GC&CS between 1919 and 1938 with Commander Alastair Denniston being operational head of the organization from 1919 to 1942, beginning with its formation from the Admiralty's Room 40 (NID25) and the War Office's MI1b.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Key GC&CS cryptanalysts who moved from London to Bletchley Park included John Tiltman, Dillwyn "Dilly" Knox, Josh Cooper, Oliver Strachey and Nigel de Grey. These people had a variety of backgroundsTemplate:Sndlinguists and chess champions were common, and Knox's field was papyrology. The British War Office recruited top solvers of cryptic crossword puzzles, as these individuals had strong lateral thinking skills.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On the day Britain declared war on Germany, Denniston wrote to the Foreign Office about recruiting "men of the professor type".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Personal networking drove early recruitments, particularly of men from the universities of Cambridge and Oxford. Trustworthy women were similarly recruited for administrative and clerical jobs.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> In one 1941 recruiting stratagem, The Daily Telegraph was asked to organise a crossword competition, after which promising contestants were discreetly approached about "a particular type of work as a contribution to the war effort".<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Denniston recognised, however, that the enemy's use of electromechanical cipher machines meant that formally trained mathematicians would also be needed;<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Oxford's Peter Twinn joined GC&CS in February 1939;<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Cambridge's Alan Turing<ref>Template:Citation</ref> and Gordon Welchman<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> began training in 1938 and reported to Bletchley the day after war was declared, along with John Jeffreys. Later-recruited cryptanalysts included the mathematicians Derek Taunt,<ref>Template:Citation in Template:Harvnb</ref> Jack Good, Bill Tutte,<ref>Template:Citation Appendix 4 in Template:Harvnb</ref> and Max Newman; historian Harry Hinsley, and chess champions Hugh Alexander and Stuart Milner-Barry.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Joan Clarke was one of the few women employed at Bletchley as a full-fledged cryptanalyst.<ref name="Burman ref">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="bletchley park ref">Template:Cite web</ref>

When seeking to recruit more suitably advanced linguists, John Tiltman turned to Patrick Wilkinson of the Italian section for advice, and he suggested asking Lord Lindsay of Birker, of Balliol College, Oxford, S. W. Grose, and Martin Charlesworth, of St John's College, Cambridge, to recommend classical scholars or applicants to their colleges.<ref>Richard Langhorne, Diplomacy and Intelligence During the Second World War (2004), p. 37</ref>

This eclectic staff of "Boffins and Debs" (scientists and debutantes, young women of high society)<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> caused GC&CS to be whimsically dubbed the "Golf, Cheese and Chess Society".<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Among those who worked there and later became famous in other fields were historian Asa Briggs, politician Roy Jenkins and novelist Angus Wilson.<ref name="100 People">Template:Cite book</ref>

After initial training at the Inter-Service Special Intelligence School set up by John Tiltman (initially at an RAF depot in Buckingham and later in BedfordTemplate:Sndwhere it was known locally as "the Spy School")<ref name = "Smith89P205-6">Template:Harvnb</ref> staff worked a six-day week, rotating through three shifts: 4 p.m. to midnight, midnight to 8 a.m. (the most disliked shift), and 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., each with a half-hour meal break. At the end of the third week, a worker went off at 8 a.m. and came back at 4 p.m., thus putting in 16 hours on that last day. The irregular hours affected workers' health and social life, as well as the routines of the nearby homes at which most staff lodged. The work was tedious and demanded intense concentration; staff got one week's leave four times a year, but some "girls" collapsed and required extended rest.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Recruitment took place to combat a shortage of experts in Morse code and German.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In January 1945, at the peak of codebreaking efforts, 8,995 personnel were working at Bletchley and its outstations.Template:Sfn About three-quarters of these were women.<ref name="Women Codebreakers">Template:Cite web</ref> Many of the women came from middle-class backgrounds and held degrees in the areas of mathematics, physics and engineering; they were given the chance due to the lack of men, who had been sent to war. They performed calculations and coding and hence were integral to the computing processes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Among them were Eleanor Ireland, who worked on the Colossus computers<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Ruth Briggs, a German scholar, who worked within the Naval Section.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The female staff in Dilwyn Knox's section were sometimes termed "Dilly's Fillies".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Knox's methods enabled Mavis Lever (who married mathematician and fellow code-breaker Keith Batey) and Margaret Rock to solve a German code, the Abwehr cipher.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="bletchleypark1">Template:Cite web</ref>

Many of the women had backgrounds in languages, particularly French, German and Italian. Among them were Rozanne Colchester, a translator who worked mainly for the Italian air forces Section,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Cicely Mayhew, recruited straight from university, who worked in Hut 8, translating decoded German Navy signals,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as did Jane Fawcett (née Hughes) who decrypted a vital message concerning the German battleship Bismarck and after the war became an opera singer and buildings conservationist.<ref name="100 People"/>

Alan Brooke (CIGS) in his secret wartime diary frequently refers to “intercepts”:Template:Sfn

16 April 1942: Took lunch in car and went to see the organization for breaking down ciphers [Bletchley Park] – a wonderful set of professors and genii! I marvel at the work they succeed in doing.
28 June 1945: After lunch (with Andrew Cunningham (RN) and Sinclair (RAF) we went to “The Park” … I began by addressing some 400 of the workers who consist of all 3 services, both sexes, and civilians, They come from every sort of walk of life, professors, students, actors, dancers, mathematicians, electricians signallers, etc. I thanked them on behalf of the Chiefs of Staff and congratulated them on the results of their work. We then toured round the establishment and had tea before returning.

Secrecy

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Properly used, the German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers should have been virtually unbreakable, but flaws in German cryptographic procedures, and poor discipline among the personnel carrying them out, created vulnerabilities that made Bletchley's attacks just barely feasible. These vulnerabilities, however, could have been remedied by relatively simple improvements in enemy procedures,<ref name="Milner-Barry1993P92">Template:Harvnb</ref> and such changes would certainly have been implemented had Germany had any hint of Bletchley's success. Thus the intelligence Bletchley produced was considered wartime Britain's "Ultra secret"Template:Sndhigher even than the normally highest classification Template:Nowrapand security was paramount.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

All staff signed the Official Secrets Act (1939) and a 1942 security warning emphasised the importance of discretion even within Bletchley itself: "Do not talk at meals. Do not talk in the transport. Do not talk travelling. Do not talk in the billet. Do not talk by your own fireside. Be careful even in your Hut ..."<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Nevertheless, there were security leaks. Jock Colville, the Assistant Private Secretary to Winston Churchill, recorded in his diary on 31 July 1941, that the newspaper proprietor Lord Camrose had discovered Ultra and that security leaks "increase in number and seriousness".Template:Sfn

Despite the high degree of secrecy surrounding Bletchley Park during the Second World War, unique and hitherto unknown amateur film footage of the outstation at nearby Whaddon Hall came to light in 2020, after being anonymously donated to the Bletchley Park Trust.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A spokesman for the Trust noted the film's existence was all the more incredible because it was "very, very rare even to have [still] photographs" of the park and its associated sites.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Bletchley Park was known as "B.P." to those who worked there.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> "Station X" (X = Roman numeral ten), "London Signals Intelligence Centre", and "Government Communications Headquarters" were all cover names used during the war.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The formal posting of the many "Wrens"Template:Sndmembers of the Women's Royal Naval ServiceTemplate:Sndworking there, was to HMS Pembroke V. Royal Air Force names of Bletchley Park and its outstations included RAF Eastcote, RAF Lime Grove and RAF Church Green.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The postal address that staff had to use was "Room 47, Foreign Office".<ref>Template:Citation in Template:Harvnb</ref>

Intelligence reporting

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File:Ultra Hut3 Graph.png
Number of signals despatched daily from Bletchley Park Hut 3 during the Second World War<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Initially, when only a very limited amount of Enigma traffic was being read,<ref>Template:Citation in Template:Harvnb</ref> deciphered non-Naval Enigma messages were sent from Hut 6 to Hut 3 which handled their translation and onward transmission. Subsequently, under Group Captain Eric Jones, Hut 3 expanded to become the heart of Bletchley Park's intelligence effort, with input from decrypts of "Tunny" (Lorenz SZ42) traffic and many other sources. Early in 1942 it moved into Block D, but its functions were still referred to as Hut 3.Template:Sfn

Hut 3 contained a number of sections: Air Section "3A", Military Section "3M", a small Naval Section "3N", a multi-service Research Section "3G" and a large liaison section "3L".Template:Sfn It also housed the Traffic Analysis Section, SIXTA.Template:Sfn An important function that allowed the synthesis of raw messages into valuable Military intelligence was the indexing and cross-referencing of information in a number of different filing systems.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Intelligence reports were sent out to the Secret Intelligence Service, the intelligence chiefs in the relevant ministries, and later on to high-level commanders in the field.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Naval Enigma deciphering was in Hut 8, with translation in Hut 4. Verbatim translations were sent to the Naval Intelligence Division (NID) of the Admiralty's Operational Intelligence Centre (OIC), supplemented by information from indexes as to the meaning of technical terms and cross-references from a knowledge store of German naval technology.<ref name="Calvocoressi 2001 29">Template:Harvnb</ref> Where relevant to non-naval matters, they would also be passed to Hut 3. Hut 4 also decoded a manual system known as the dockyard cipher, which sometimes carried messages that were also sent on an Enigma network. Feeding these back to Hut 8 provided excellent "cribs" for Known-plaintext attacks on the daily naval Enigma key.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Listening stations

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Initially, a wireless room was established at Bletchley Park. It was set up in the mansion's water tower under the code name "Station X",<ref name="WatsonP307">Template:Harvnb</ref> a term now sometimes applied to the codebreaking efforts at Bletchley as a whole. The "X" is the Roman numeral "ten", this being the Secret Intelligence Service's tenth such station. Due to the long radio aerials stretching from the wireless room, the radio station was moved from Bletchley Park to nearby Whaddon Hall to avoid drawing attention to the site.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Subsequently, other listening stationsTemplate:Sndthe Y-stations, such as the ones at Chicksands in Bedfordshire, Beaumanor Hall, Leicestershire (where the headquarters of the War Office "Y" Group was located) and Beeston Hill Y Station in NorfolkTemplate:Sndgathered raw signals for processing at Bletchley. Coded messages were taken down by hand and sent to Bletchley on paper by motorcycle despatch riders or (later) by teleprinter.<ref name=teleprinters>Template:Cite web</ref>

Additional buildings

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The wartime needs required the building of additional accommodation.<ref>Template:Citation in Template:Harvnb</ref>

Huts

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File:Hut-1.jpg
Hut 1
File:BletchleyPark Hut4 01.JPG
Hut 4, adjacent to the mansion, is now a bar and restaurant for the museum.
File:Hut6.jpg
Hut 6 in 2004

Often a hut's number became so strongly associated with the work performed inside that even when the work was moved to another building it was still referred to by the original "Hut" designation.<ref>Some of this information has been derived from The Bletchley Park Trust's Roll of Honour Template:Webarchive.</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

  • Hut 1: The first hut, built in 1939<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> used to house the Wireless Station for a short time,<ref name="WatsonP307"/> later administrative functions such as transport, typing, and Bombe maintenance. The first Bombe, "Victory", was initially housed here.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
  • Hut 2: A recreational hut for "beer, tea, and relaxation".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
  • Hut 3: Intelligence: translation and analysis of Army and Air Force decrypts<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
  • Hut 4: Naval intelligence: analysis of Naval Enigma and Hagelin decrypts<ref name="auto">Template:Harvnb</ref>
  • Hut 5: Military intelligence including Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese ciphers and German police codes.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
  • Hut 6: Cryptanalysis of Army and Air Force Enigma<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
  • Hut 7: Cryptanalysis of Japanese naval codes and intelligence.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
  • Hut 8: Cryptanalysis of Naval Enigma.<ref name="Calvocoressi 2001 29"/>
  • Hut 9: ISOS (Intelligence Section Oliver Strachey).
  • Hut 10: Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6) codes, Air and Meteorological sections.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
  • Hut 11: Bombe building.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Hut 14: Communications centre.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Hut 15: SIXTA (Signals Intelligence and Traffic Analysis).
  • Hut 16: ISK (Intelligence Service Knox) Abwehr ciphers.
  • Hut 18: ISOS (Intelligence Section Oliver Strachey).
  • Hut 23: Primarily used to house the engineering department. After February 1943, Hut 3 was renamed Hut 23.

Blocks

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In addition to the wooden huts, there were a number of brick-built "blocks".

  • Block A: Naval Intelligence.
  • Block B: Italian Air and Naval, and Japanese code breaking.
  • Block C: Stored the substantial punch-card indexes.
  • Block D: From February 1943 it housed those from Hut 3, who synthesised intelligence from multiple sources, Huts 6 and 8 and SIXTA.Template:Sfn
  • Block E: Incoming and outgoing Radio Transmission and TypeX.
  • Block F: Included the Newmanry and Testery, and Japanese Military Air Section. It has since been demolished.
  • Block G: Traffic analysis and deception operations.
  • Block H: Tunny and Colossus (now The National Museum of Computing).

Work on specific countries' signals

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German signals

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Most German messages decrypted at Bletchley were produced by one or another version of the Enigma cipher machine, but an important minority were produced by the even more complicated twelve-rotor Lorenz SZ42 on-line teleprinter cipher machine used for high command messages, known as Fish.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:RebuiltBombeFrontView.jpg
The working rebuilt bombe, built by a team led by John Harper<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and switched on by the Duke of Kent, patron of the British Computer Society, on 17 July 2008. This is now located at The National Museum of Computing in Block H on Bletchley Park.

The bombe was an electromechanical device whose function was to discover some of the daily settings of the Enigma machines on the various German military networks.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> Its pioneering design was developed by Alan Turing (with an important contribution from Gordon Welchman) and the machine was engineered by Harold 'Doc' Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company. Each machine was about Template:Convert high and wide, Template:Convert deep and weighed about a ton.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

At its peak, GC&CS was reading approximately 4,000 messages per day.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> As a hedge against enemy attack<ref>Template:Citation</ref> most bombes were dispersed to installations at Adstock and Wavendon (both later supplanted by installations at Stanmore and Eastcote), and Gayhurst.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Luftwaffe messages were the first to be read in quantity. The German navy had much tighter procedures, and the capture of code books was needed before they could be broken. When, in February 1942, the German navy introduced the four-rotor Enigma for communications with its Atlantic U-boats, this traffic became unreadable for a period of ten months.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Britain produced modified bombes, but it was the success of the US Navy Bombe that was the main source of reading messages from this version of Enigma for the rest of the war. Messages were sent to and fro across the Atlantic by enciphered teleprinter links.<ref name=teleprinters/>

Bletchley's work was essential to defeating the U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic, and to the British naval victories in the Battle of Cape Matapan and the Battle of North Cape. In 1941, Ultra exerted a powerful effect on the North African desert campaign against German forces under General Erwin Rommel. General Sir Claude Auchinleck wrote that were it not for Ultra, "Rommel would have certainly got through to Cairo". While not changing the events, "Ultra" decrypts featured prominently in the story of Operation SALAM, László Almásy's mission across the desert behind Allied lines in 1942.<ref>Gross, Kuno, Michael Rolke and András Zboray, Operation SALAM Template:Webarchive - László Almásy's most daring Mission in the Desert War, Belleville, München, 2013</ref> Prior to the Normandy landings on D-Day in June 1944, the Allies knew the locations of all but two of Germany's fifty-eight Western-front divisions.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

File:Colossus.jpg
A Mark 2 Colossus computer. The ten Colossi were the world's first (semi-) programmable electronic computers, the first having been built in 1943

The Lorenz messages were codenamed Tunny at Bletchley Park. They were only sent in quantity from mid-1942. The Tunny networks were used for high-level messages between German High Command and field commanders. With the help of German operator errors, the cryptanalysts in the Testery (named after Ralph Tester, its head) worked out the logical structure of the machine despite not knowing its physical form. They devised automatic machinery to help with decryption, which culminated in Colossus, the world's first programmable digital electronic computer. This was designed and built by Tommy Flowers and his team at the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill. The prototype first worked in December 1943, was delivered to Bletchley Park in January and first worked operationally on 5 February 1944. Enhancements were developed for the Mark 2 Colossus, the first of which was working at Bletchley Park on the morning of 1 June in time for D-day. Flowers then produced one Colossus a month for the rest of the war, making a total of ten with an eleventh part-built. The machines were operated mainly by Wrens in a section named the Newmanry after its head Max Newman.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Template:Clear left

Italian signals

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Template:Main Italian signals had been of interest since Italy's attack on Abyssinia in 1935. During the Spanish Civil War the Italian Navy used the K model of the commercial Enigma without a plugboard; this was solved by Knox in 1937. When Italy entered the war in 1940 an improved version of the machine was used, though little traffic was sent by it and there were "wholesale changes" in Italian codes and cyphers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Knox was given a new section for work on Enigma variations, which he staffed with women ("Dilly's girls"), who included Margaret Rock, Jean Perrin, Clare Harding, Rachel Ronald, Elisabeth Granger; and Mavis Lever.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Mavis Lever solved the signals revealing the Italian Navy's operational plans before the Battle of Cape Matapan in 1941, leading to a British victory.<ref name=batey>Template:Citation in Template:Harvnb</ref>

Although most Bletchley staff did not know the results of their work, Admiral Cunningham visited Bletchley in person a few weeks later to congratulate them.<ref name=batey/>

On entering World War II in June 1940, the Italians were using book codes for most of their military messages. The exception was the Italian Navy, which after the Battle of Cape Matapan started using the C-38 version of the Boris Hagelin rotor-based cipher machine, particularly to route their navy and merchant marine convoys to the conflict in North Africa.<ref name="HinsleyLecture">Template:Harvnb</ref> As a consequence, JRM Butler recruited his former student Bernard Willson to join a team with two others in Hut 4.<ref name="auto"/><ref>Template:Citation in Template:Harvnb</ref> In June 1941, Willson became the first of the team to decode the Hagelin system, thus enabling military commanders to direct the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force to sink enemy ships carrying supplies from Europe to Rommel's Afrika Korps. This led to increased shipping losses and, from reading the intercepted traffic, the team learnt that between May and September 1941 the stock of fuel for the Luftwaffe in North Africa reduced by 90 per cent.<ref name=BPJuly41>Template:Cite web</ref> After an intensive language course, in March 1944 Willson switched to Japanese language-based codes.<ref name=Express>Template:Dead link</ref>

A Middle East Intelligence Centre (MEIC) was set up in Cairo in 1939. When Italy entered the war in June 1940, delays in forwarding intercepts to Bletchley via congested radio links resulted in cryptanalysts being sent to Cairo. A Combined Bureau Middle East (CBME) was set up in November, though the Middle East authorities made "increasingly bitter complaints" that GC&CS was giving too little priority to work on Italian cyphers. However, the principle of concentrating high-grade cryptanalysis at Bletchley was maintained.<ref>Hinsley, Harry British Intelligence in the Second World War, Volume One: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations (1979, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London) pp. 191Template:Ndash221, 570Template:Ndash72 Template:ISBN</ref> John Chadwick started cryptanalysis work in 1942 on Italian signals at the naval base 'HMS Nile' in Alexandria. Later, he was with GC&CS; in the Heliopolis Museum, Cairo and then in the Villa Laurens, Alexandria.<ref name="CAMBRIDGE">"Life of John Chadwick : 1920 - 1998 : Classical Philologist, Lexicographer and Co-decipherer of Linear B" Template:Webarchive, Faculty of Classics, Cambridge University</ref>

Soviet signals

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Soviet signals had been studied since the 1920s. In 1939Template:Ndash40, John Tiltman (who had worked on Russian Army traffic from 1930) set up two Russian sections at Wavendon (a country house near Bletchley) and at Sarafand in Palestine. Two Russian high-grade army and navy systems were broken early in 1940. Tiltman spent two weeks in Finland, where he obtained Russian traffic from Finland and Estonia in exchange for radio equipment. In June 1941, when the Soviet Union became an ally, Churchill ordered a halt to intelligence operations against it. In December 1941, the Russian section was closed down, but in late summer 1943 or late 1944, a small GC&CS Russian cypher section was set up in London overlooking Park Lane, then in Sloane Square.<ref>Template:Citation in Template:Harvnb</ref>

Japanese signals

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An outpost of the Government Code and Cypher School had been set up in Hong Kong in 1935, the Far East Combined Bureau (FECB). The FECB naval staff moved in 1940 to Singapore, then Colombo, Ceylon, then Kilindini, Mombasa, Kenya. They succeeded in deciphering Japanese codes with a mixture of skill and good fortune.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Army and Air Force staff went from Singapore to the Wireless Experimental Centre at Delhi, India.<ref name=smith54>Template:Harvnb</ref>

In early 1942, a six-month crash course in Japanese, for 20 undergraduates from Oxford and Cambridge, was started by the Inter-Services Special Intelligence School in Bedford, in a building across from the main Post Office. This course was repeated every six months until war's end. Most of those completing these courses worked on decoding Japanese naval messages in Hut 7, under John Tiltman.<ref name=smith54/>

By mid-1945, well over 100 personnel were involved with this operation, which co-operated closely with the FECB and the US Signal intelligence Service at Arlington Hall, Virginia. In 1999, Michael Smith wrote that: "Only now are the British codebreakers (like John Tiltman, Hugh Foss, and Eric Nave) beginning to receive the recognition they deserve for breaking Japanese codes and cyphers".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Continued Secrecy and Official Recognition

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File:Commemorative medal for those working at Bletchley Park, awarded to Joyce Gladys Dickson (nee Day).jpg
Commemorative medal for those working at Bletchley Park

Until the mid 1970s the thirty year rule meant that there was no official mention of Bletchley Park. This meant that there were many operations where codes broken by Bletchley Park played an important role, but this was not present in the history of those events.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

With the publication of F. W. Winterbotham's The Ultra Secret in 1974<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn public discussion of Bletchley Park's work in the English speaking world finally became accepted, although some former staff considered themselves bound to silence forever.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Winterbotham's book was written from memory and although officially allowed, there was no access to archives.Template:Sfn

Not until July 2009 did the British government fully acknowledge the contribution of the many people working at Bletchley Park.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">Template:Cite news</ref> Only then was a commemorative medal struck to be presented to those involved.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The gilded medal bears the inscription GC&CS 1939–1945 Bletchley Park and its Outstations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Bletchley Park Museum

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File:Turing flat.jpg
The stableyard cottages, where Alan Turing worked

Template:Main The Bletchley Park Museum operates on the current site<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> with a learning center and science centre. Other organisations share the campus including The National Museum of Computing and he Radio Society of Great Britain's National Radio Centre. The construction of a National College of Cyber Security had previously been envisaged on the site.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Bletchley Park is opposite Bletchley railway station. It is close to junctions 13 and 14 of the M1, about Template:Convert northwest of London.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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Literature

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  • Bletchley featured heavily in Robert Harris' novel Enigma (1995).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • A fictionalised version of Bletchley Park is featured in Neal Stephenson's novel Cryptonomicon (1999).<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
  • Bletchley Park plays a significant role in Connie Willis' novel All Clear (2010).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Agatha Christie novel N or M?, published in 1941, was about spies during the Second World War and featured a character called Major Bletchley. Christie was friends with one of the code-breakers at Bletchley Park, and MI5 thought that the character name might have been a joke indicating that she knew what was happening there. It turned out to be a coincidence.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Bletchley Park is the setting of Kate Quinn's 2021 historical fiction novel, The Rose Code. Quinn used the likenesses of true veterans of Bletchley Park as inspiration for her story of three women who worked in some of the different areas at Bletchley Park.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Film

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File:BletcleyPark SubModel.JPG
German U-boat model used in the film Enigma (2001)
File:Sunbeam Talbot 2 litre Sports Tourer 1947.jpg
The Sunbeam-Talbot 2-litre used in the film Enigma (2001)

Radio

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  • The radio show Hut 33 is a situation comedy set in the fictional 33rd Hut of Bletchley Park.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Big Finish Productions Doctor Who audio Criss-Cross, released in September 2015, features the Sixth Doctor working undercover in Bletchley Park to decode a series of strange alien signals that have hindered his TARDIS, the audio also depicting his first meeting with his new companion Constance Clarke.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Bletchley Park Podcast began in August 2012, with new episodes being released approximately monthly. It features stories told by the codebreakers, staff and volunteers, audio from events and reports on the development of Bletchley Park.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Television

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Theatre

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Exhibitions

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  • A 2012 London Science Museum exhibit, "Code Breaker: Alan Turing's Life and Legacy", marking the centenary of his birth, included a short film of statements by half a dozen participants and historians of the World War II Bletchley Park Ultra operations.<ref>Template:Cite newspaper</ref>

See also

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Notes and references

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Notes

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Bibliography

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Sources

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Further reading

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