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Milton Keynes

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Template:Short description Template:For-multi Template:Good article Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox UK place Milton Keynes (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is a cityTemplate:Efn in Buckinghamshire, England, about Template:Convert north-west of London.Template:Efn At the 2021 Census, the population of its urban area was 264,349. The River Great Ouse forms the northern boundary of the urban area; a tributary, the River Ouzel, meanders through its linear parks and balancing lakes. Approximately 25% of the urban area is parkland or woodland and includes two Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). The city is made up of many different districts.

In the 1960s, the government decided that a further generation of new towns in the south east of England was needed to relieve housing congestion in London. Milton Keynes was to be the biggest yet, with a population of 250,000 and area of Template:Convert. At designation, its area incorporated the existing towns of Bletchley, Fenny Stratford, Wolverton and Stony Stratford,Template:Efn along with another fifteen villages and farmland in between. These settlements had an extensive historical record since the Norman conquest; detailed archaeological investigations before development revealed evidence of human occupation from the Neolithic period, including the Milton Keynes Hoard of Bronze Age gold jewellery. The government established Milton Keynes Development Corporation (MKDC) to design and deliver this new city. The Template:Notatypo decided on a softer, more human-scaled landscape than in the earlier English new towns but with an emphatically modernist architecture. Recognising how traditional towns and cities had become choked in traffic, they established a grid of distributor roads about Template:Cvt between edges, leaving the spaces between to develop more organically. An extensive network of shared paths for leisure cyclists and pedestrians criss-crosses through and between them. Rejecting the residential tower block concept that had become unpopular, they set a height limit of three storeys outside Central Milton Keynes.

Facilities include a 1,400-seat theatre, a municipal art gallery, two multiplex cinemas, an ecumenical central church, a 400-seat concert hall, a teaching hospital, a 30,500-seat football stadium, an indoor ski-slope and a 65,000-capacity open-air concert venue. Seven railway stations serve the Milton Keynes urban area (one inter-city). The Open University is based here and there is a small campus of the University of Bedfordshire. Most major sports are represented at amateur level; Red Bull Racing (Formula One), MK Dons (association football), and Milton Keynes Lightning (ice hockey) are its professional teams. The Peace Pagoda overlooking Willen Lake was the first such to be built in Europe. The many works of sculpture in parks and public spaces include the iconic Concrete Cows at Milton Keynes Museum.

Milton Keynes is among the most economically productive localities in the UK, ranking highly against a number of criteria. It has the UK's fifth-highest number of business startups per capita (but equally of business failures). It is home to several major national and international companies. Despite economic success and personal wealth for some, there are pockets of nationally significant poverty. The employment profile is composed of about 90% service industries and 9% manufacturing.

History

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Birth of a 'new city'

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Template:See also Template:Blockquote In the 1960s, the UK government decided that a further generation of new towns in the South East of England was needed to relieve housing congestion in London.<ref name="ses1">Template:Cite report cited in The Plan for Milton Keynes (Llewellyn-Davies et al (1970), page 3</ref> Since the 1950s, overspill housing for several London boroughs had been constructed in Bletchley.<ref name="clutch1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="clutch2">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="times1">Template:Cite news</ref> Further studies<ref name="ses1" /><ref name="times2">Template:Cite news</ref> in the 1960s identified north Buckinghamshire as a possible site for a large new town, a new city,Template:SfnbTemplate:Efn encompassing the existing towns of Bletchley, Stony Stratford, and Wolverton.Template:Sfnb The New Town (informally and in planning documents, 'New City') was to be the biggest yet, with a target population of 250,000,<ref name="times3">Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfnb in a 'designated area' of Template:Convert.<ref name="longaz" /> The name 'Milton Keynes' was taken from that of an existing village on the site.Template:Sfnb

On 23 January 1967, when the formal "new town designation order" was made,<ref name="longaz" /> the area to be developed was largely farmland and undeveloped villages. The site was deliberately located equidistant from London, Birmingham, Leicester, Oxford, and Cambridge,<ref name="Interim report">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfnb with the intention that it would be self-sustaining and eventually become a major regional centre in its own right.<ref name="ses1" /> Planning control was taken from elected local authorities and delegated to the Milton Keynes Development Corporation (MKDC). Before construction began, every area was subject to detailed archaeological investigation: doing so has exposed a rich history of human settlement since Neolithic times and has provided a unique insight into the history of a large sample of the landscape of North Buckinghamshire.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The corporation's strongly modernist designs were regularly featured in the magazines Architectural Design and the Architects' Journal.Template:Sfnb<ref>Template:Cite web Staff of MKDC on the cover of Architectural Design</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine reprint 23 January 2017</ref> MKDC was determined to learn from the mistakes made in the earlier new towns,Template:Sfnb<ref name=Guardian100516>Template:Cite news</ref> and revisit the garden city ideals.Template:SfnbTemplate:Sfnb They set in place the characteristic grid roads that run between districts ('grid squares'), as well as a programme of intensive planting, balancing lakes and parkland.<ref>Milton Keynes: A Living Landscape, Fred Roche Foundation, 2018</ref> Central Milton Keynes ("CMK") was not intended to be a traditional town centre but a central business and shopping district to supplement local centres embedded in most of the grid squares.Template:Sfnb This non-hierarchical devolved city plan was a departure from the English new towns tradition and envisaged a wide range of industry and diversity of housing styles and tenures.Template:Sfnb The largest and almost the last of the British New Towns, Milton Keynes has 'stood the test of time far better than most, and has proved flexible and adaptable'.<ref name="bishop1">Template:Cite book</ref> The radical grid plan was inspired by the work of Melvin M. Webber,Template:Sfnb described by the founding architect of Milton Keynes, Derek Walker, as the 'father of the city'.<ref name="walker2">Walker The Architecture and Planning of Milton Keynes, Architectural Press, London 1981. Retrieved 13 February 2007</ref> Webber thought that telecommunications meant that the old idea of a city as a concentric cluster was out of date and that cities which enabled people to travel around them readily would be the thing of the future, achieving "community without propinquity" for residents.<ref name="webber">Template:Cite book</ref>

The government wound up MKDC in 1992, 25 years after the new town was founded. Control was transferred to the Commission for New Towns (CNT) and then finally to English Partnerships, with planning functions returning to the local council (Milton Keynes Borough (now City) Council). From 2004 to 2011 a government quango, the Milton Keynes Partnership, had development control powers to accelerate the growth of Milton Keynes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Formal award of city status

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Along with many other towns and boroughs, Milton Keynes competed (unsuccessfully) for formal city status in the 2000, 2002 and 2012 competitions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However the Borough (including rural areas, in addition to the MK urban area<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>) was successful in 2022, in the Queen's Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours competition. On 15 August 2022, the Crown Office announced formally that Queen Elizabeth II had ordained by letters patent that the Borough of Milton Keynes has been given city status.<ref name="letters patent">Template:Cite journal</ref> In law, it is the Borough rather than its eponymous settlement that has city status; nevertheless it is the latter that is more commonly known as the city.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Name

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Template:Quote box The name 'Milton Keynes' was a reuse of the name of one of the original historic villages in the designated area,<ref name=name /> now more generally known as 'Milton Keynes Village' to distinguish it from the modern settlement. After the Norman conquest, the de Cahaignes family held the manor from 1166 to the late 13th century as well as others in the country (Ashton Keynes in Wiltshire, Somerford Keynes in Gloucestershire, and Horsted Keynes in West Sussex).<ref name=VCH-MKV /> The village was originally known as Middeltone (11th century); then later as Middelton Kaynes or Caynes (13th century); Milton Keynes (15th century); and Milton alias Middelton Gaynes (17th century).<ref name=VCH-MKV>Template:Cite book</ref>

Prior history

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File:Milton Keynes Hoard.jpg
The Milton Keynes Hoard of torcs and bracelets, on display at the British Museum

The area that was to become Milton Keynes encompassed a landscape that has a rich historic legacy. The area to be developed was largely farmland and undeveloped villages, but with evidence of permanent settlement dating back to the Bronze Age. Before construction began, every area was subject to detailed archaeological investigation: this work has provided an insight into the history of a very large sample of the landscape of south-central England. There is evidence of Stone Age,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> late Bronze Age/early Iron Age,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Romano-British,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Anglo-Saxon,<ref name="MynardHunt">Template:Cite book</ref> Anglo-Norman,<ref>Domesday Book, Buckinghamshire</ref> Medieval,<ref name=vch-new /><ref name="MynardHunt"/> and late Industrial Revolution settlements such as the railway towns of Wolverton (with its railway works) and Bletchley (at the junction of the London and North Western Railway with the OxfordTemplate:NdashCambridge Varsity Line).<ref name=vch-ble /><ref name=vch-wt /> The most notable archaeological artefact was the Milton Keynes Hoard, which the British Museum described as 'one of the biggest concentrations of Bronze Age gold known from Britain and seems to flaunt wealth.'<ref name=bm-mkh>Template:Cite web</ref>

Bletchley Park, the site of World War II Allied code-breaking and Colossus, the world's first programmable electronic digital computer,Template:Sfnb is a major component of MK's modern history. It is now a flourishing heritage attraction, receiving hundreds of thousands of visitors annually.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

When the boundary of Milton Keynes was defined in 1967, some 40,000 people lived in four towns and fifteen villages or hamlets in the "designated area".Template:Sfnb<ref name=BBC50 />

Urban design

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Template:Hatnote

The radical plan, form and scale of Milton Keynes attracted international attention.<ref name=Guardian100516 /> Early phases of development include work by celebrated architects, including Sir Richard MacCormac,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Norman Foster,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Henning Larsen,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ralph Erskine,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> John Winter,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and Martin Richardson.<ref name="bishop1" /> Led by Lord Campbell of Eskan (chairman) and Fred Roche (General Manager), the Corporation attracted talented young architects,Template:Sfnb led by the respected designer,Template:SfnbTemplate:Sfnb Derek Walker. In the modernist Miesian tradition is the Shopping Building designed by Stuart Mosscrop and Christopher Woodward, a grade II listed building, which the Twentieth Century Society inter alia regards as the 'most distinguished' twentieth century retail building in Britain.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Development Corporation also led an ambitious public art programme.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The urban design has not been universally praised. In 1980, the then president of the Royal Town Planning Institute, Francis Tibbalds, described Central Milton Keynes as "bland, rigid, sterile, and totally boring."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Michael Edwards, a member of the original consultancy team,Template:Efn believes that there were weaknesses in their proposal and that the Development Corporation implemented it badly.<ref name=Edwards>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Grid roads and grid squares

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Template:Quote box Template:Main The Milton Keynes Development Corporation planned the major road layout according to street hierarchy principles, using a grid pattern of approximately Template:Convert intervals, rather than on the more conventional radial pattern found in older settlements.Template:Sfnb Major distributor roads run between communities, rather than through them: these distributor roads are known locally as grid roads and the spaces between themTemplate:Snd the neighbourhoodsTemplate:Snd are known as grid squares (though few are actually square or even rectilinear).<ref>Template:Cite book cited in Template:Cite book</ref> This spacing was chosen so that people would always be within six minutes' walking distance of a grid-road bus-stop.Template:SfnbTemplate:Efn Consequently, each grid square is a semi-autonomous community, making a unique collective of 100 clearly identifiable neighbourhoods within the overall urban environment.Template:SfnbTemplate:Efn The grid squares have a variety of development styles, ranging from conventional urban development and industrial parks to original rural and modern urban and suburban developments. Most grid squares have a local centre, intended as a retail hub, and many have community facilities as well. Each of the original villages is the heart of its own grid-square. Originally intended under the master plan to sit alongside the grid roads,Template:Sfnb these local centres were mostly in fact built embedded in the communities.Template:Sfnb<ref name=Edwards />

Although the 1970 master plan assumed cross-road junctions,Template:Sfnb roundabout junctions were built at intersections because this type of junction is more efficient at dealing with small to medium volumes. Some major roads are dual carriageway, the others are single carriageway. Along one side of each single carriageway grid road, there is usually a (grassed) reservation to permit dualling or additional transport infrastructure at a later date.Template:Efn Template:As of, this has been limited to some dualling. The edges of each grid square are landscaped and densely plantedTemplate:Snd some additionally have noise attenuation moundsTemplate:Snd to minimise traffic noise from the grid road impacting the adjacent grid square. Traffic movements are fast, with relatively little congestion since there are alternative routes to any particular destination other than during peak periods. The national speed limit applies on the grid roads, although lower speed limits have been introduced on some stretches to reduce accident rates. Pedestrians rarely need to cross grid roads at grade, as underpasses and bridges were specified at frequent places along each stretch of all of the grid roads.Template:Sfnb In contrast, the later districts planned by English Partnerships have departed from this model, without a road hierarchy but with conventional junctions with traffic lights and at grade pedestrian crossings.<ref name=Guardian100516 /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Efn

Redways

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File:Milton Keynes Redway.gif
Cycleway network in Milton Keynes. The national cycle routes are highlighted in red.

Template:Main There is a separate network (approximately Template:Convert total length) of cycle and pedestrian routes Template:Snd the redways Template:Snd that runs through the grid-squares and often runs alongside the grid-road network.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This was designed to segregate slow moving cycle and pedestrian traffic from fast moving motor traffic.Template:Sfnb In practice, it is mainly used for leisure cycling rather than commuting, perhaps because the cycle routes are shared with pedestrians, cross the grid-roads via bridge or underpass rather than at grade, and because some take meandering scenic routes rather than straight lines. It is so called because it is generally surfaced with red tarmac.Template:Sfnb The national Sustrans national cycle network routes 6 and 51 take advantage of this system.<ref name=ncn6>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=ncn51>Template:Cite web</ref>

Height

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File:Hotel La Tour, Central Milton Keynes.jpg
The fourteen-storey Hotel LaTour, the tallest building in the city, overlooks Campbell Park in CMK.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The original design guidance declared that commercial building heights in the centre should not exceed six storeys, with a limit of three storeys for houses (elsewhere),Template:Sfnb paraphrased locally as "no building taller than the tallest tree".<ref name=BBC-tower>Template:Cite news</ref> In contrast, the Milton Keynes Partnership, in its expansion plans for Milton Keynes, believed that Central Milton Keynes (and elsewhere) needed "landmark buildings" and subsequently lifted the height restriction for the area.<ref name=BBC-tower /> As a result, high rise buildings have been built in the central business district.Template:Efn More recent local plans have protected the existing boulevard framework and set higher standards for architectural excellence.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Efn

Linear parks

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File:NCR 51 MiltonKeynes east.JPG
A section of linear park, showing cyclists crossing a cattle grid on National Cycle Route 51

The flood plains of the Great Ouse and of its tributaries (the Ouzel and some brooks) have been protected as linear parks that run right through Milton Keynes; these were identified as important landscape and flood-management assets from the outset.Template:Sfnb At Template:ConvertTemplate:Snd ten times larger than London's Hyde Park and a third larger than Richmond ParkTemplate:SfnbTemplate:Snd the landscape architects realised that the Royal Parks model would not be appropriate or affordable and drew on their National Park experience.Template:Sfnb As Bendixson and Platt (1992) write: "They divided the Ouzel Valley into 'strings, beads and settings'. The 'strings' are well-maintained routes, be they for walking, bicycling or riding; the 'beads' are sports centres, lakeside cafes and other activity areas; the 'settings' are self-managed land-uses such as woods, riding paddocks, a golf course and a farm".Template:Sfnb

The Grand Union Canal is another green route (and demonstrates the level geography of the areaTemplate:Snd there is just one minor lock in its entire Template:Convert meandering route through from the southern boundary near Fenny Stratford to the "Iron Trunk" aqueduct over the Ouse at Wolverton at its northern boundary). The initial park system was planned by Peter Youngman (Chief Landscape Architect),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> who also developed landscape precepts for all development areas: groups of grid squares were to be planted with different selections of trees and shrubs to give them distinct identities. The detailed planning and landscape design of parks and of the grid roads was evolved under the leadership of Neil Higson,Template:Sfnb who from 1977 took over from Youngman.<ref name="Pevsner 1994">Template:Cite book</ref>

In a national comparison of urban areas by open space available to residents, Milton Keynes ranked highest in the UK.<ref name = citizen270420>Template:Cite news</ref> Milton Keynes is unusual in that most of the parks are owned and managed by a charity, the Milton Keynes Parks Trust rather than the local authority, to ensure that the management of the city's green spaces is largely independent of the council's expenditure priorities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Forest city concept

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The Development Corporation's original design concept aimed for a "forest city" and its foresters planted millions of trees from its own nursery in Newlands in the following years.<ref name="walker2"/> Parks, lakes and green spaces cover about 25% of Milton Keynes;<ref name="parkstrust1" /><ref name="dmk-p&l">Template:Cite web</ref> Template:As of, there are 22 million trees and shrubs in public open spaces.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="dmk-p&l" /> When the Development Corporation was being wound up, it transferred the major parks, lakes, river-banks and grid-road margins to the Parks Trust,Template:Sfnb a charity which is independent of the municipal authority.<ref name="parkstrust1" /> MKDC endowed the Parks Trust with a portfolio of commercial properties, the income from which pays for the upkeep of the green spaces.<ref name="parkstrust1">Template:Cite web</ref> Template:As of, approximately 25% of the urban area is parkland or woodland.<ref>Template:Cite web "The Parks Trust looks after over 6,000 acres of parkland and green space". The urban area measures approximately Template:Convert.</ref> It includes two Sites of Special Scientific Interest, Howe Park Wood and Oxley Mead.

Centre

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Template:Main As a key element of the planners' vision,Template:Sfnb Milton Keynes has a purpose built centre, with a very large "covered high street" shopping centre,<ref name=DMK-sh>Template:Cite web</ref> a theatre,<ref name=AJBL>Template:Cite web Includes photographs, drawings and working details.</ref><ref name=DMK-c>Template:Cite web</ref> municipal art gallery,<ref name=AJBL /><ref name=DMK-c /> a multiplex cinema,<ref name=DMK-e>Template:Cite web</ref> hotels,<ref name=DMK-h>Template:Cite web</ref> central business district,Template:Sfnb an ecumenical church,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Milton Keynes Civic Offices<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and central railway station.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Campbell Park, a formal park extending east from the business area to the Grand Union Canal, is described in the Pevsner Architectural Guides as "Template:Nobr most imaginative park to have been laid out in Britain in the 20th century".<ref name="Pevsner 2000">Template:Cite book</ref> The park is listed (grade 2) by Historic England,<ref name=nhlegarden>Template:National Heritage List for England</ref>

Original towns and villages

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File:Bletchley Park.jpg
During World War II, British, Polish and American cryptographers at Bletchley Park broke a large number of Axis codes and ciphers, including the German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers.
File:Bradwell-windmill.JPG
The 1815 windmill near New Bradwell village, beside the playing fields
File:StonyStratford HighStreet01.jpg
Stony Stratford high street in festive mood
File:MiltonKeynesPeacePagoda01.JPG
Peace Pagoda

Milton Keynes consists of many pre-existing towns and villages that anchored the urban design,Template:Sfnb as well as new infill developments. The modern-day urban area outside the original six towns (Bletchley, Fenny Stratford, Newport Pagnell,Template:Efn Stony Stratford, Wolverton, and Woburn SandsTemplate:Efn) was largely rural farmland but included many picturesque North Buckinghamshire villages and hamlets: Bradwell village and its Abbey, Broughton, Caldecotte, Great Linford, Loughton, Milton Keynes Village, New Bradwell, Shenley Brook End, Shenley Church End, Simpson, Stantonbury, Tattenhoe, Tongwell, Walton, Water Eaton, Wavendon, Willen, Great and Little Woolstone, Woughton on the Green.Template:Sfnb These historical settlements were made the focal points of their respective grid square. Every other district has an historical antecedent, if only in original farms or even field names.<ref name="MKDC-hmap">Milton Keynes Heritage (map)Template:Snd English Partnerships, 2004.</ref>

Bletchley was first recorded in the 12th century as Blechelai.<ref name=vch-ble>Template:Cite book</ref> Its station was an important junction (the London and North Western Railway with the Oxford-Cambridge Varsity Line), leading to the substantial urban growth in the town in the Victorian period.<ref name=vch-ble /> It expanded to absorb the village of Water Eaton and town of Fenny Stratford.<ref name=vch-ble />

Bradwell is a traditional rural village with earthworks of a Norman motte and bailey and parish church.<ref name=vch-bra>Template:Cite book</ref> There is a YHA hostel beside the church.<ref>Template:NHLE</ref>

Bradwell Abbey, a former Benedictine Priory and scheduled monument,<ref>Template:NHLE</ref> was of major economic importance in this area of North Buckinghamshire before its dissolution in 1524.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Nowadays there is only a small medieval chapel and a manor house occupying the site.<ref>Template:NHLE</ref>Template:Sfnb

New Bradwell, to the north of Bradwell and east of Wolverton, was built specifically for railway workers.<ref name=vch-bra /> The level bed of the old Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line near here has been converted to a redway, making it a favoured route for cycling.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A working windmill is sited on a hill outside the village.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Great Linford appears in the Domesday Book as Linforde, and features a church dedicated to Saint Andrew, dating from 1215.<ref name=vch-lin>Template:Cite book</ref> Today, the outer buildings of the 17th century manor house form an arts centre.<ref name=mkac />

Milton Keynes (Village) is the original village to which the New Town owes its name.Template:Sfnb The original village is still evident, with a pleasant thatched pub, village hall, church and traditional housing. The area around the village has reverted to its 11th century name of Middleton (Middeltone).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The oldest surviving domestic building in the area (c. 1300 CE), "perhaps the manor house", is here.Template:Sfnb

Stony Stratford began as a settlement on Watling Street during the Roman occupation, beside the ford over the Great Ouse.<ref name=vch-ss /> There has been a market here since 1194 (by charter of King Richard I).<ref name=charter>R. H. Britnell, 'The Origins of Stony Stratford', Records of Buckinghamshire, XX (1977), pp. 451–3</ref> The former Rose and Crown Inn on the High Street is reputedly the last place the Princes in the Tower were seen alive.<ref name=vch-ss>Template:Cite book</ref>

The manor house of Walton village, Walton Hall, is the headquarters of the Open University and the tiny parish church (deconsecrated) is in its grounds.Template:Sfnb

The small parish church (1680) at Willen was designed by the architect and physicist Robert Hooke.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfnb Nearby, there is a Buddhist Temple and a Peace Pagoda, which was built in 1980 and was the first built by the Nipponzan-Myōhōji Buddhist Order in the western world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The original Wolverton was a medieval settlement just north and west of today's town.<ref name=vch-wt>Template:Cite book</ref> The ridge and furrow pattern of agriculture can still be seen in the nearby fields.<ref>Buckinghamshire Historical Service plaque on site</ref> The 12th century (rebuilt in 1819) 'Church of the Holy Trinity' still stands next to the Norman motte and bailey site.<ref name=vch-wt /> Modern Wolverton was a 19th-century New Town built to house the workers at the Wolverton railway works, which built engines and carriages for the London and North Western Railway.<ref name=vch-wt />

Among the smaller villages and hamlets are threeTemplate:Snd Broughton, Loughton and Woughton on the GreenTemplate:Snd that are of note in that their names each use a different pronunciationTemplate:Efn of the ough letter sequence in English.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Education

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Schools

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In early planning, education provision was carefully integrated into the development plans with the intention that school journeys would, as far as possible, be made by walking and cycling. Each residential grid square was provided with a primary school (ages 5 to 8) for c.240 children, and for each two squares there was a middle school (ages 8 to 12) for c.480 children. For each eight squares there was a large secondary education campus, to contain between two and four schools for a total of 3,000 – 4,500 children. A central resource area served all the schools on a campus. In addition, each campus included a leisure centre with indoor and outdoor sports facilities and a swimming pool, plus a theatre. These facilities were available to the public outside school hours, thus maximising use of the investment.<ref>Template:Cite conference</ref> Changes in central government policy from the 1980s onwards subsequently led to much of this system being abandoned. Some schools have since been merged and sites sold for development, many converted to academies, and the leisure centres outsourced to commercial providers.

As in most parts of the UK, the state secondary schools in Milton Keynes are comprehensives,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> although schools in the rest of Buckinghamshire still use the tripartite system.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Private schools are also available.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Universities and colleges

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The Open University's headquarters are in the Walton Hall district; though because this is a distance learning institution, the only students resident on campus are approximately 200 full-time postgraduates. Cranfield University, an all-postgraduate institution, is in nearby Cranfield, Bedfordshire. Milton Keynes College provides further education up to foundation degree level. A campus of the University of Bedfordshire provides some tertiary education facilities locally.

Template:As of, Milton Keynes is the UK's largest population centre without its own conventional university, a shortfall that the Council aims to rectify.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In January 2019, the council and its partner, Cranfield University, invited proposals to design a campus near the Central station for a new university, code-named MK:U.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However this project seems unlikely to proceed, following a government decision in January 2023 to deny funding.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In June 2023, the Open University announced that it would "initiate work on the strategic and financial case to relocate [from] the OU's existing campus at Walton Hall to a new site adjacent to the central railway station" and possibly commence teaching full-time undergraduates.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Through Milton Keynes University Hospital, the city also has links with the University of Buckingham's medical school.

City development archive and library

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Milton Keynes City Discovery Centre at Bradwell Abbey holds an extensive archive about the planning and development of Milton Keynes and has an associated research library.<ref name=dmk-cdc /> The centre also offers an education programme (with a focus on urban geography and local history) to schools, universities and professionals.<ref name=dmk-cdc>Template:Cite web</ref>

Culture, media and sport

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Music

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File:MK Bowl Concert.jpg
65,000 capacity by the Green Day Bullet in a Bible concert at the National Bowl

The open-air National Bowl is a 65,000-capacity venue for large-scale events.<ref name="PanStadium2013">Template:Cite web</ref>

In Wavendon, the StablesTemplate:Snd founded by the jazz musicians Cleo Laine and John DankworthTemplate:Snd provides a venue for jazz, blues, folk, rock, classical, pop and world music.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It presents around 400 concerts and over 200 educational events each year and also hosts the National Youth Music Camps summer camp for young musicians.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2010, the Stables founded the biennial IF Milton Keynes International Festival, producing events in unconventional spaces and places across Milton Keynes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Milton Keynes City Orchestra is a professional freelance orchestra based at Woughton Campus.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Arts, cinema, theatre and museums

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The municipal public art gallery, MK Gallery, presents exhibitions of international contemporary art.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The gallery was extended and remodelled in 2018/19 and includes an art-house cinema.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=curzon>Template:Cite news</ref> Elsewhere in the city, there are two multiplex cinemas; one in CMK and one in Denbigh.

In 1999, the adjacent 1,400-seat Milton Keynes Theatre opened.<ref name=ajbuild>Template:Cite web Includes photographs, drawings and working details.</ref> The theatre has an unusual feature: the ceiling can be lowered closing off the third tier (gallery) to create a more intimate space for smaller-scale productions.<ref name=ajbuild /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> There is a further professional performance space in Stantonbury.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:ConcreteCows.jpg
Liz Leyh's iconic Concrete Cows

There are three museums: the Bletchley Park complex, which houses the museum of wartime cryptography;<ref name=dmk-bpa>Template:Cite web</ref> the National Museum of Computing (adjacent to Bletchley Park, with a separate entrance), which includes a working replica of the Colossus computer;<ref name=dmk-nmc>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Milton Keynes Museum, which includes the Stacey Hill Collection of rural life that existed before the foundation of MK, the British Telecom collection, and the original Concrete Cows.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other numerous public sculptures in Milton Keynes include work by Elisabeth Frink, Philip Jackson, Nicolas Moreton and Ronald Rae.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Milton Keynes Arts Centre offers a year-round exhibition programme, family workshops and courses. The centre is based in some of Linford Manor's historical exterior buildings, barns, almshouses and pavilions.<ref name=mkac>Template:Cite web</ref> The Westbury Arts Centre in Shenley Wood is based in a 16th-century grade II listed farmhouse building. Westbury Arts has been providing spaces and studios for professional artists since 1994.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Communications and media

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For television, the city is allocated to BBC East and ITV Anglia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Efn For radio, Milton Keynes is served by Heart East (a regional commercial station based locally) and two community radio stations (MKFM and 1055 The Point).<ref name="OFCOM 190315">Template:Cite web</ref> BBC Three Counties Radio is the local BBC Radio station.Template:Cn CRMK (Cable Radio Milton Keynes) is a voluntary station broadcasting on the Internet.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:As of, Milton Keynes has one local newspaper, the Milton Keynes Citizen,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Efn which has a significant online presence.

Sport

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File:Denbigh stadium east stand 16 May 07.JPG
Stadium MK (in 2007)

Milton Keynes has professional teams in football (Milton Keynes Dons F.C. at Stadium MK), in ice hockey (Milton Keynes Lightning at Planet Ice Milton Keynes), and in Formula One (Red Bull Racing).<ref name=DMK-sp>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Xscape indoor ski slope and the iFLY indoor sky diving facility are important attractions in CMK;<ref name=DMK-sp /> the National Badminton Centre in Loughton is home to the national badminton squad and headquarters of Badminton England.<ref name=DMK-sp /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Many other sports are represented at amateur level.

Near the central station, in a space beside the former Milton Keynes central bus station, there is a purpose-built street skateboarding plaza named the Buszy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Willen Lake hosts watersports on the south basin.<ref name="destination MK">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

New technologies

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In recent years, the City Council has promoted MK as a test-bed for experimental urban technologies. The most well-known of these is the Starship Technologies' (largely) autonomous delivery robots: Milton Keynes provided its world-first urban deployment of these units in 2018.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By October 2020, said Starship, Milton Keynes had the 'world's largest autonomous robot fleet'.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> Other projects include the LUTZ Pathfinder pod, an autonomous (self-driving) vehicle built by the Transport Systems Catapult.

Government

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Local government

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The responsible local government is Milton Keynes City Council, which administers the City of Milton Keynes, a unitary authority, and non-metropolitan county in law, since May 1996.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Until then, it was controlled by Buckinghamshire County Council. Historically, most of the area that became Milton Keynes was known as the "Three Hundreds of Newport".<ref name=vch-new>Template:Cite book</ref>

The unitary authority area, which extends beyond the ONS-defined Milton Keynes built-up area and encompasses the town of Olney and many rural villages and hamlets, is fully parished.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

International co-operation

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Although Milton Keynes has no formalised twinning agreements, it has partnered and co-operated with various cities over the years. The most contact has been with Almere, Netherlands, especially on energy management and urban planning.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For several years from 1995, the city co-operated with Tychy, Poland,<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> after participating in the European City Cooperation System in Tychy in March 1994.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Due to the twinning of the borough and the equivalent administrative region of Bernkastel-Wittlich, the council worked with Bernkastel-Kues, Germany, for example on art projects.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2017 they partnered with the Chinese fellow smart city of Yinchuan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Infrastructure

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Hospitals

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Milton Keynes University Hospital, in the Eaglestone district, is an NHS general hospital with an Accident and Emergency unit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is associated for medical teaching purposes with the University of Buckingham medical school.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> There are two small private hospitals: BMI Healthcare's Saxon Clinic and Ramsay Health Care's Blakelands Hospital.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Prison

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There is a Category A male prison, HMP Woodhill, on the western boundary.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A section of the prison is a Young Offenders Institution.<ref>Template:HM prison</ref>

Transport

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File:BradwellAqueduct-GUC.JPG
The Grand Union Canal passes over Grafton Street at New Bradwell via the modern New Bradwell Aqueduct.

The Grand Union Canal, the West Coast Main Line, the A5 road and the M1 motorway provide the major axes that influenced the urban designers.Template:Sfnb

The urban area is served by seven railway stations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Rws, Template:Rws and Template:Rws stations are on the West Coast Main Line and are served by local commuter services between London and Birmingham or Crewe.<ref name=NRJP /> Milton Keynes Central is also served by inter-city services between London and Scotland, Wales and the North West and the West Midlands of England; express services to London take 35 minutes.<ref name=NRJP>Template:Cite web</ref> Bletchley, Template:Rws, Template:Rws, Template:Rws and Template:Rws railway stations are on the Marston Vale line to Template:Rws.<ref name=NRJP />

The M1 motorway runs along the east flank of MK and serves it from junctions 13 and 14 within the environs of the city, and junctions 11a and 15 slightly further away via other connecting roads. The A5 road, designated as a trunk road, runs right through the west of the city centre, as a grade separated dual carriageway. Other main roads are the A509 to Wellingborough and Kettering, and the A421 and A422, both running west towards Buckingham (and Oxford) and east towards Bedford (and Cambridge). Additionally, the A4146 runs from (near) junction 14 of the M1 to Leighton Buzzard.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Proximity to the M1 has led to construction of a number of distribution centres, including Magna Park at the south-eastern flank of Milton Keynes, near Wavendon and M1 J13.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Many long-distance coaches stop at the Milton Keynes Coachway,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (beside M1 Junction 14), about Template:Convert from the centre and Template:Convert from Milton Keynes Central railway station.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There is also a park and ride car park on the site.

The city is also served by a number of local and regional bus services run by national operators such as Stagecoach and Arriva, with most regional services stopping at major centres in the city, such as CMK (including Template:Rws railway station), Bletchley, Wolverton and Magna Park.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The City Council also operates an on demand bus service known as "MK Connect", which serves the whole unitary authority area.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Milton Keynes is served by (and, via its Redway network, provides part of) routes 6 and 51 on the National Cycle Network.<ref name=ncn6 /><ref name=ncn51 />

The nearest international airport is London Luton and is easily reached by coach.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Cranfield Airport, an airfield, is Template:Convert away.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Demographics

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File:BofMiltonKeynesUA-popn.png
Population trend of borough and urban area 1801–2021

At the 2011 census, the population of the Milton Keynes urban area, including the adjacent Newport Pagnell and Woburn Sands, was 229,941.<ref name="BUA2011" /> The population of the borough in total was 248,800,<ref>Template:NOMIS2011</ref> compared with a population of around 53,000 for the same area in 1961.<ref name="vision">Vision of Britain: historic census populations for modern Milton Keynes UA Template:Webarchive. Accessed 11 October 2006.</ref> In 2016, the Office for National Statistics estimated that the Borough population will reach 300,000 by 2025.<ref name=BBC50>Template:Cite news</ref> The 2021 census records the population of the Milton Keynes Built-up Area as 264,349,<ref name="BUA2021" /> and that of the Borough (now City) as 287,060.<ref name="MKLA2021">Template:NOMIS2021</ref>

According to the 2011 census, the average age of the population is lower than is typical for the UK's 63 primary urban areas: 25.3% of the borough population were aged under 18 (5th place) and 13.4% were aged 65+ (57th out of 63).<ref name="c4cb 2021"/><ref name="BUA2011" /> The mean age is 35.7 and the median age is 35.<ref name="BUA2011" /> 18.5% of residents were born outside the UK (11th).<ref name="c4cb 2021" /> At the 2011 census, the ethnic profile was 78.9% white, 3.4% mixed, 9.7% Asian/Asian British, 7.3% Black/African/Caribbean/Black British, and 0.7% other.<ref name="BUA2011" /> The religious profile was that 62.0% of people were reported having a religion and 31.4% having none; the remainder declined to say: 52% are Christian, 5.1% Muslim, 3.0% Hindu; other religions each had less than 1% of the population.<ref name="BUA2011" />

Economy, finances and business

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File:CMK Holiday Inn + Sainsburys-Argos.jpg
Sainsburys-Argos [then] company headquarters (left) and a Holiday-Inn hotel (one of 24 hotels within MK) in the city centre in 2021.

In 2014 and 2017, Milton Keynes ranked third in terms of contribution to the national economy, as measured by gross value added per worker, of the 63 largest conurbations in the UK.<ref name="C4C 2014">Template:Cite web (2014 data)</ref><ref name="C4C2017">Template:Cite web (2017 data)</ref> In 2020, its ranking slipped to seventh.<ref name="c4cb 2021" />

Major businesses

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Milton Keynes has consistently benefited from above-average economic growth, ranked as one of the UK's top five cities.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> In 2020 it was ranked sixth of 63 for business startups (per 10,000 people).<ref name="c4cb 2021">Template:Cite web (2020 data)</ref>

Milton Keynes is home to several national and international companies, notably Domino's Pizza,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Marshall Amplification,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mercedes-Benz,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Suzuki,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Volkswagen Group,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Red Bull Racing,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Network Rail,<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> and Yamaha Music Europe.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Santander UK and the Open University are major employers locally.<ref>Template:Cite web (The answer is "about 3,000").</ref><ref>Template:Cite news "The University ... employs 4,400 academics and support staff" (90% of whom are based in Milton Keynes),</ref>

Small and medium enterprise

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In 2013,Template:Efn 99.4% of enterprises being SMEs, just 0.6% of businesses locally employ more than 250 people (but more than one third of employees),<ref name=MKLEAR>Template:Cite web</ref> whereas 81.5% employ fewer than 10 people.<ref name=MKLEAR /> The 'professional, scientific and technical sector' contributes the largest number of business units, 16.7%.<ref name=MKLEAR /> The retail sector is the largest contributor of employment.<ref name=MKLEAR /><ref name="BUA2011" /> Milton Keynes has one of the highest number of business start-ups in England, but also of failures.<ref name="c4cb 2021" /> Although education, health and public administration are important contributors to employment, the contribution is significantly less than the averages for England or the South East.<ref name=MKLEAR />

Employment

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75% of the population is economically active, including 8.3% (of the population) who are self-employed.<ref name="BUA2011" /> 90% work in service industries of various sorts (of which wholesale and retail is the largest sector) and 9% in manufacturing.<ref name="BUA2011" />

Social inequality

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In 2015, the City of Milton Keynes had nine "lower super output areas"Template:Efn that are in the 10% most deprived in England, but also had twelve 'lower super output areas' in the 10% least deprived in England.<ref name=mkc-iod>Template:Cite web</ref> This contrast between areas of affluence and areas of deprivation in spite of a thriving local economy, inspired local charity The Community Foundation (in its 2016 "Vital Signs" report) to describe the position as a "Tale of Two Cities".<ref name=mkcf>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2018, the number of homeless young people sleeping rough in tents around CMK attracted national headlines as it became the apex of a national problem of poverty, inadequate mental health care and unaffordable housing.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On a visit to refurbishment and extension work on the YMCA building, Housing Minister Heather Wheeler declared that "Nobody in this day and age should be sleeping on the street".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Geography

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Location and nearest settlements

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Milton Keynes is in south central England, at the northern end of the South East England region,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> about Template:Convert north-west of London.<ref name="milestone" /><ref name="chains" /><ref name="viaM1" />

The nearest largerTemplate:Efn towns are Northampton, Bedford, Luton and Aylesbury.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The nearest largerTemplate:Efn cities are Coventry, Leicester, Cambridge, London and Oxford.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Geology

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Its surface geology is primarily gently rolling Oxford clay or, more formally:

Template:Blockquote

Its highest points are in the centre (Template:Convert) and at Woodhill on the western boundary (Template:Convert).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The lowest point of the urban area is in Newport Pagnell, where the Ouzel joins the Great Ouse (Template:Convert).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Parks and environmental infrastructure

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Because of the (poorly drained) clay soils and the urban hard surfaces, the development corporation identified water runoff into the Ouzel and its tributaries as a significant risk to be managed and so put in place two large balancing lakes (Caldecotte and Willen) and a number of smaller detention ponds.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> These provide an important leisure amenity for most of the year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Building in the floodplains of the Ouse and Ouzel was precluded too, thus providing long-distance linear parks that are within easy reach of most residents.

The north basin of Willen Lake is a bird sanctuary.<ref name="destination MK"/>

The two Sites of Special Scientific Interest, Howe Park Wood and Oxley Mead, are the most significant of a number of important wildlife sites in and around MK.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Just outside the Milton Keynes urban area lies Little Linford Wood, a conservation site and nature reserve managed by the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust. It is considered to be one of the best habitats for dormice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Climate

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Milton Keynes experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) as is typical of almost all of the United Kingdom.

The nearest Met Office weather station is in Woburn, Bedfordshire,<ref name="Synoptic">Template:Cite web</ref> just outside the south eastern fringe of Milton Keynes.Template:Efn Recorded temperature extremes range from Template:Convert during July 2022,<ref name="July 22">Template:Cite web</ref> to as low as Template:Convert on 25 February 1947; this is the lowest temperature ever reported in England in February.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> On 20 December 2010, the temperature fell to Template:Convert<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

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Notable people

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Sports

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Business

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Academic

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Stage, screen and media

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Literature

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Politics

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Music

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Individual

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Bands

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Freedom of the City

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Notes

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References

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Citations

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General and cited references

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