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Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox royalty Berenice of Cilicia, also known as Julia Berenice and sometimes spelled Bernice (Template:Langx, Bereníkē or Berníkē; 28 – after 81), was a Jewish client queen of the Roman Empire during the second half of the 1st century. Berenice was a member of the Herodian dynasty that ruled the Roman province of Judaea between 39 BC and 92 AD. She was the daughter of King Herod Agrippa I and Cypros and a sister of King Herod Agrippa II.

What little is known about her life and background comes mostly from the early historian Flavius Josephus, who detailed a history of the Jewish people and wrote an account of the Jewish Rebellion of 67. Suetonius, Tacitus, Dio Cassius, Aurelius Victor, and Juvenal also write about her. She is also mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (25:13, 23; 26:30). However, it is for her tumultuous love life that she is primarily known since the Renaissance. Her reputation was based on the bias of the Romans against Eastern princesses like Cleopatra, or later Zenobia. After two marriages in which she was widowed in her 40s, she spent much of the remainder of her life at the court of Herod Agrippa II, amidst rumors the two were carrying on an incestuous relationship, though this was neither proved nor disproved. During the First Jewish-Roman War, she began a love affair with the future emperor Titus Flavius Vespasianus. However, her unpopularity among the Romans compelled Titus to dismiss her on his accession as emperor in 79. When he died two years later, she disappeared from the historical record.

Early life

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File:The Herods of the Bible.svg
Schematic family tree showing Berenice in the Herodian Dynasty and her appearance in the New Testament

Berenice was born in 28<ref>Josephus writes that Berenice was sixteen at the time of her father's death, which fixes her birthdate on the year 28. See Josephus, Ant. XIX.9.1</ref> to Herod Agrippa and Cypros, as granddaughter to Aristobulus IV and great-granddaughter to Herod the Great. Her elder brother was Agrippa II (b. 27), and her younger sisters were Mariamne (b. 34) and Drusilla (b. 38).<ref name="josephus-antiquities-xviii-5">Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XVIII.5.4</ref><ref name="josephus-antiquities-xix-9">Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XIX.9.1</ref> According to Josephus, there was also a younger brother called Drusus, who died before his teens.<ref name="josephus-antiquities-xviii-5" /> Her family constituted part of what is known as the Herodian Dynasty, who ruled the Judaea Province between 39 BC and 92 AD.

File:Festus window.JPG
Berenice depicted with her brother Agrippa II during the trial of St. Paul. From a stained glass window in St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne.

Josephus records three short-lived marriages in Berenice's life, the first which took place sometime between 41 and 43, when she was between the ages of 13 and 15, to Marcus Julius Alexander, brother of Tiberius Julius Alexander and son of Alexander the Alabarch of Alexandria.<ref name="josephus-antiquities-xix-5">Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XIX.5.1</ref><ref name="ilan-julia-crispina">Template:Cite journal</ref> On his early death in 44, she was married to her father's brother, Herod of Chalcis,<ref name="josephus-antiquities-xix-9" /> with whom she had two sons, Berenicianus and Hyrcanus.<ref name="josephus-antiquities-xx-5">Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XX.5.2</ref> After her husband died in 48, she lived with her brother Agrippa for several years and then married Polemon II of Pontus, king of Cilicia, whom she subsequently deserted.<ref name="josephus-antiquities-xx-7">Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XX.7.3</ref> According to Josephus, Berenice requested this marriage to dispel rumors that she and her brother were carrying on an incestuous relationship, with Polemon being persuaded to this union mostly on account of her wealth.<ref name="josephus-antiquities-xx-7" /> However the marriage did not last, and she soon returned to the court of her brother. Josephus was not the only ancient writer to suggest incestuous relations between Berenice and Agrippa. Juvenal, in his sixth satire, outright claims that they were lovers.<ref>Juvenal, Satires VI</ref> Whether this was based on truth remains unknown.<ref name="macurdy-julia-berenice"/> Berenice indeed spent much of her life at the court of Agrippa and by all accounts shared almost equal power. Popular rumors may also have been fueled by the fact that Agrippa never married.<ref name="macurdy-julia-berenice" />

Berenice was a co-ruler of her brother Agrippa II.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Acts of the Apostles records that during this time, Paul the Apostle appeared before their court at Caesarea.<ref>King James Bible, Acts 25, 26</ref>

An inscription of an honorific statue of Berenice set up in Athens, dated to 61 AD, refers to Berenice as basilissa, a title given by Josephus to Jewish queens who ruled in their own right. Berenice is called regina ("queen") in the Latin inscription discovered at Beyrout, in which her name appears to precede that of her brother Agrippa.<ref name="macurdy-julia-berenice">Template:Cite journal</ref>

During Jewish-Roman wars

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Early phase of the revolt

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File:First century Iudaea province.gif
Map of 1st century Judaea.

Template:Main In 64 emperor Nero appointed Gessius Florus as procurator of the Judaea Province. During his administration, the Jews were systematically discriminated against in favour of the Greek population of the region.<ref name="josephus-wars-ii-14">Josephus, The War of the Jews II.14</ref> Tensions quickly rose to civil unrest when Florus plundered the treasury of the Temple of Jerusalem under the guise of imperial taxes.<ref name="josephus-wars-ii-14" /> Following riots, the instigators were arrested and crucified by the Romans. Appalled at the treatment of her countrymen, Berenice travelled to Jerusalem in 66 to personally petition Florus to spare the Jews. Not only did he refuse to comply with her requests, Berenice was nearly killed during skirmishes in the city.<ref>Josephus, The War of the Jews II.15.1</ref> Likewise a plea for assistance to the legate of Syria, Cestius Gallus, met with no response.<ref name="ReferenceA">Josephus, The War of the Jews II.16.1</ref>

To prevent violence from further escalating, Agrippa assembled the populace and delivered a speech to the crowd in the company of his sister,<ref name="ReferenceA" /> but the insurgents burned down their palaces.<ref>Josephus, The War of the Jews II.17.6</ref> They fled the city to Galilee where they later gave themselves up to the Romans. Meanwhile, Cestius Gallus moved into the region with the Twelfth legion but was unable to restore order and suffered defeat at the battle of Beth-Horon, forcing the Romans to retreat from Jerusalem.<ref>Josephus, The War of the Jews II.19.9</ref>

Affair with Titus

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Emperor Nero then appointed Vespasian to put down the rebellion; he landed in Judaea with the Fifth and Tenth legions in 67.<ref>Josephus, The War of the Jews III.1.2</ref> He was later joined at Ptolemais by his son Titus, who brought with him the Fifteenth legion.<ref name="josephus-wars-iii-4-2">Josephus, The War of the Jews III.4.2</ref> With a strength of 60,000 professional soldiers, the Romans quickly swept across Galilee and by 69 marched on Jerusalem.<ref name="josephus-wars-iii-4-2" />

It was during this time that Berenice met and fell in love with Titus, who was eleven years her junior.<ref name="tacitus-histories-ii-2">Tacitus, Histories II.2</ref> The Herodians sided with the Flavians during the conflict, and later in 69, the Year of the Four Emperors—when the Roman Empire saw the quick succession of the emperors Galba, Otho and Vitellius—Berenice reportedly used all her wealth and influence to support Vespasian in his campaign to become emperor.<ref>Tacitus, Histories II.81</ref> When Vespasian was declared emperor on 21 December 69, Titus was left in Judaea to finish putting down the rebellion. The war ended in 70 with the destruction of the Second Temple and the sack of Jerusalem, with hundreds of thousands killed and 97,000 taken captive by the Romans.<ref>Josephus, The War of the Jews VI.6.1, VI.9.3</ref> Triumphant, Titus returned to Rome to assist his father in the government, while Berenice stayed behind in Judaea.

In Rome

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It took four years until Titus and Berenice reunited, when she and her brother Agrippa II came to Rome in 75. The reasons for this long absence are unclear but have been linked to possible opposition to her presence by Gaius Licinius Mucianus, a political ally of emperor Vespasian who died sometime between 72 and 78.<ref name="crook-titus-berenice">Template:Cite journal</ref> Agrippa II was given the rank of praetor, while Berenice resumed her relationship with Titus, living with him at the palace and reportedly acting in every respect as his wife.<ref name="dio-romanhistory-lxv-15">Cassius Dio, Roman History LXV.15</ref> The ancient historian Cassius Dio writes that Berenice was at the height of her power during this time,<ref name="dio-romanhistory-lxv-15" /> and if it can be any indication as to how influential she was, Quintilian records an anecdote in his Institutio Oratoria where, to his astonishment, he found himself pleading a case on Berenice's behalf where she presided as the judge.<ref>Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria IV.1</ref> The Roman populace however perceived the Eastern queen as an intrusive outsider, and when the pair was publicly denounced by Cynics in the theatre, Titus caved to the pressure and sent her away.<ref name="dio-romanhistory-lxv-15" />

Upon the accession of Titus as emperor in 79, she returned to Rome but was quickly dismissed amidst a number of popular measures of Titus to restore his reputation with the populace.<ref>Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Titus 7</ref> It is possible that he intended to send for her at a more convenient time.<ref name="crook-titus-berenice" /> However, after reigning barely two years as emperor, he suddenly died on 13 September 81.<ref>Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Titus 10, 11</ref> It is not known what happened to Berenice after her final dismissal from Rome.<ref name="crook-titus-berenice" /> Agrippa II died around 92, and with him, the Herodian Dynasty's rule over Judaea came to an end.

Portrayal in the arts

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From the 17th century to contemporary times, there has been a long tradition of works of art (novels, dramas, operas, etc.) devoted to or featuring Berenice and especially her affair with Titus.<ref>Gabriele Boccaccini, Portraits of Middle Judaism in Scholarship and Arts (Turin: Zamorani, 1992); S. Akermann, Le mythe de Bérénice (Paris, 1978); Ruth Yordan, Berenice (London, 1974)</ref> The list includes:


In modern history, her aspirations as a potential empress of Rome have led to her being described as a 'miniature Cleopatra'.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Ancestry

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See also

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Notes

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References

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Primary sources

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Images

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