Herod Agrippa II

Template:Short description Template:Infobox royalty Herod Agrippa II (Roman name: Marcus Julius Agrippa, Template:Langx; AD 27/28<ref name="OCD"/> – Template:Circa or 100<ref name="OCD"/><ref name="EB1911">Template:Cite EB1911</ref>), sometimes shortened to Agrippa II or Agrippa, was the last ruler from the Herodian dynasty, reigning over territories outside of Judea as a Roman client. Agrippa II fled Jerusalem in 66, fearing the Jewish uprising, and he supported the Roman side in the First Jewish–Roman War.

Early life

Herod Agrippa II was the son of the first and better-known Herod Agrippa and the brother of Berenice, Mariamne, and Drusilla (second wife of the Roman procurator Antonius Felix).<ref name="DGRBM">Template:Cite DGRBM</ref> He was educated at the court of the emperor Claudius, and at the time of his father's death he was 17 years old. Claudius therefore kept him at Rome and sent Cuspius Fadus as procurator of the Roman province of Judaea. While at Rome, he voiced his support for the Jews to Claudius and against the Samaritans and the procurator of Iudaea Province, Ventidius Cumanus, who was thought to have been the cause of some disturbances there.<ref name="OCD">Template:Citation</ref>

Rise in power

File:Palestine in the time of Agrippa II (Smith, 1915).jpg

Map of Judea in the time of Agrippa II

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Schematic family tree showing the Herods of the Bible

On the death of king Herod of Chalcis in 48, his small Syrian realm of Chalcis was given to Agrippa, with the right of superintending the Temple in Jerusalem and appointing its high priest, but only as a tetrarch.<ref>Template:Cite JE1906: "In the year 50, without regard to the rights of the heir to the throne, he had himself appointed… to the kingdom of Chalcis by the emperor, and also to the supervisorship of the Temple at Jerusalem, which carried with it the right of nominating the high priest."</ref><ref>Herod Agrippa II at Livius.org</ref>

In 53, Agrippa was forced to give up the tetrarchy of Chalcis, but in exchange Claudius made him ruler with the title of king over the territories previously governed by Philip—Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis and Paneas—as well as the kingdom of Lysanias in Abila.<ref>Josephus, Antiquities (book 20, chapter 7, verse 1); Josephus, Wars of the Jews (book 2, chapter 12, verse 8).</ref><ref name=Hoehner1980>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name= Orr2018>Template:Cite book</ref> The tetrarchy of Chalcis was subsequently in 57 given to his cousin Aristobulus (Template:Bibleverse). Agrippa celebrated by marrying off his two sisters Mariamne and Drusilla. Josephus, the Jewish historian, repeats the gossip that Agrippa lived in an incestuous relationship with his sister Berenice.

In 55, the Emperor Nero added to Agrippa's realm the cities of Tiberias and Taricheae in Galilee, and Livias (Iulias), with 14 villages near it, in Peraea. It was before Agrippa and Berenice that, according to the New Testament, Paul the Apostle pleaded his case at Caesarea Maritima, probably in 59 or 60 (Template:Bibleverse).

Agrippa expended large sums in beautifying Jerusalem and other cities, especially Berytus (ancient Beirut), a Hellenised city in Phoenicia. His partiality for the latter rendered him unpopular amongst his own subjects, and the capricious manner in which he appointed and deposed the high priests made him disliked by the Jews.

File:Nikolai Bodarevsky 001.jpg

Nikolai Bodarevsky, 1875, Apostle Paul on Trial. Agrippa and Berenice are both seated on thrones.

Jewish–Roman War

In the 17th year of Agrippa's reign (corresponding with the 12th year of Nero's reign, or 65/66 AD), Agrippa tried desperately to avert a war with Rome,<ref>Josephus, De Bello Judaico (Wars of the Jews) ii.xiv.§ 4</ref> when he saw his countrymen generally disposed to fight against Rome because of insults and abuses they had been facing under the Roman procurator, Gessius Florus. At this time, they had broken off the cloisters leading from Antonia Fortress to the Temple Mount where Roman soldiers went to keep guard during the Jewish holidays, and they refused to pay the due tribute to Rome.<ref>Josephus (Wars) ii.xv.§ 6; ii.xvi.§ 5.</ref> Agrippa convened the people and urged them to tolerate the temporary injustices done to them and submit themselves to Roman hegemony. At length, Agrippa failed to prevent his subjects from rebelling, whereas, during a certain holiday when the Roman governor of Syria, Cestius Gallus, had passed through Judea to quell the rebellion, he was routed by Jewish forces.<ref>Josephus (Wars) ii.xix.§ 2</ref> By 66 the citizenry of Jerusalem expelled Agrippa and Berenice from Jerusalem.<ref name="OCD"/>

During the First Jewish–Roman War of 66–73, he sent 2,000 men, archers and cavalry, to support Roman general Vespasian, showing that, although a Jew, he was entirely devoted to the Roman Empire.<ref name="EB1911" /> He accompanied Vespasian's son Titus on part of his campaigns against the rebels<ref name="OCD" /> and was wounded at the siege of Gamla. After the capture of Jerusalem, he went with Berenice to Rome, where he was invested with the dignity of praetor and rewarded with additional territory.

Relations with Josephus

Agrippa had a great intimacy with the historian Josephus, having supplied him with information for his history, Antiquities of the Jews.<ref name="EB1911"/> Josephus preserved two of the letters he received from him.<ref>Template:Cite Josephus; Template:Cite Josephus and endnote 1 ; Template:Cite Josephus ; Template:Cite Josephus ; Template:Cite Josephus ; Template:Cite Josephus ; Template:Cite Josephus ; Template:Cite Josephus</ref><ref>Template:Cite Josephus ; Template:Cite Josephus ; Template:Cite Josephus ; Template:Cite Josephus</ref><ref>Template:Cite Josephus</ref>

Death

According to the patriarch Photius I of Constantinople, Agrippa died childless at age 70, in the third year of the reign of Trajan, that is, 100,<ref>Photius cod. 33</ref> but statements of Josephus, in addition to the contemporary epigraphy from his kingdom, cast this date into serious doubt.Template:Citation needed The modern scholarly consensus holds that he died before 93/94.<ref name="OCD"/> He was the last ruler from the House of Herod.

See also

• Herodian kingdom
• List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers

References

• Template:SmithDGRBM
• Template:EBD
• Yohanan Aharoni & Michael Avi-Yonah, "The MacMillan Bible Atlas", Revised Edition, p. 156 (1968 & 1977 by Carta Ltd.).

Further reading

• Template:Cite book

External links

• Jewish Encyclopedia: Agrippa II
• Agrippa II – Article in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
• Livius.org: Herod Agrippa II

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