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Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox rail line The Burma Railway, also known as the Siam–Burma Railway, Thai–Burma Railway and similar names, or as the Death Railway, is a Template:Convert railway between Ban Pong, Thailand, and Thanbyuzayat, Burma (now called Myanmar). It was built from 1940 to 1943 by Southeast Asian civilians abducted and forced to work by the Japanese and by captured Allied soldiers, to supply troops and weapons in the Burma campaign of World War II. It completed the rail link between Bangkok, Thailand, and Rangoon, Burma. The name used by the Imperial Japanese Government was Tai–Men Rensetsu Tetsudō (Template:Lang), which means Thailand-Burma-Link-Railway.

At least 250,000 Southeast Asian civilians were subjected to forced labour to ensure the construction of the Death Railway and more than 90,000 civilians died building it, as did around 12,000 Allied soldiers. The workers on the Thai side of the railway were Tamils, Malays, and fewer Chinese civilians from Malaya.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Most of these civilians were moved to ‘rest camps’ after October 1943. They remained in these camps after the end of the war as they watched the Allied POWs being evacuated. Survivors were still living in the camps in 1947.Template:Failed verification They were British subjects who, without access to food or medical care, continued to die of malaria, dysentery and malnutrition. They had survived the ordeal of the Railway only to die in the ‘rest camps’. No compensation or reparations have been provided to the Southeast Asian victims.<ref name="Boggett" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Most of the railway was dismantled shortly after the war. Only the first Template:Convert of the line in Thailand remained, with trains still running as far north as Nam Tok.

History

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File:Death Railway.png
Map of the Death Railway

A railway route between Burma and Thailand, crossing Three Pagodas Pass and following the valley of the Khwae Noi river in Thailand, had been surveyed by the British government of Burma as early as 1885, but the proposed course of the line – through hilly jungle terrain divided by many rivers – was considered too difficult to undertake.Template:Sfn

Thailand was a neutral country at the onset of World War II. On 8 December 1941, Japan invaded Thailand, which quickly surrendered.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Thailand was forced to accept an alliance,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and was used as a staging point for the attack on Singapore.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In early 1942, Japanese forces invaded Burma and British forces quickly surrendered. To supply their forces in Burma, the Japanese depended upon the sea, bringing supplies and troops to Burma around the Malay Peninsula and through the Strait of Malacca and the Andaman Sea. This route was vulnerable to attack by Allied submarines, especially after the Japanese defeat at the Battle of Midway in June 1942. To avoid a hazardous Template:Convert sea journey around the Malay Peninsula, a railway from Bangkok to Rangoon seemed a feasible alternative.Template:Sfn The Japanese began this project in June 1942.<ref>roll-of-honour.org.uk</ref>

File:Malaysian Tamils.jpg
Civilian workers during the construction of the railway between June 1942 and October 1943
File:The Bridge Over The River Kwae.jpg
The British government sold the Thai section of Burma railway to the Thai government for a total of 50 million baht
File:Death Railway in Thanbyuzayat.JPG
Abandoned section of Death Railway in Thanbyuzayat, Myanmar (Burma)

The project aimed to connect Ban Pong in Thailand with Thanbyuzayat in Burma, linking up with existing railways at both places. Its route was through Three Pagodas Pass on the border of Thailand and Burma. Template:Convert of the railway were in Burma and the remaining Template:Convert were in Thailand. After preliminary work of airfields and infrastructure, construction of the railway began in Burma and Thailand on 16 September 1942.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="pbs">Template:Cite web</ref> The projected completion date was December 1943.Template:Sfn Much of the construction material, including tracks and sleepers, was brought from dismantled branches of Malaya's Federated Malay States Railway network and the East Indies' various rail networks.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Thailand Burma Railway Bridge.jpg
The Wang Pho Viaduct built by civilian and POWs on the railway

The railway was completed ahead of schedule. On 17 October 1943, groups of civilians violently transported from Burma were forced to commence working south, meeting up with groups of civilians taken from Thailand who were working in a northerly direction. The two sections of the line met at kilometre 263, about Template:Convert south of the Three Pagodas Pass at Konkoita (nowadays: Kaeng Khoi Tha, Sangkhla Buri District, Kanchanaburi Province).Template:Sfn A holiday was declared for 25 October, which was chosen as the ceremonial opening of the line.<ref name="meet">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="uspowmeet">Template:Cite web</ref> The Japanese staff would travel by train C56 31 from Nong Pladuk, Thailand to Thanbyuzayat, Burma. A copper spike was driven at the meeting point by commanding General Eiguma Ishida, and a memorial plaque was revealed.<ref name="uspowmeet"/>

The Japanese Army transported 500,000 tonnes of freightTemplate:Citation needed over the railway during the course of the war. Construction camps housing at least 1,000 workers each were established every 5–10 miles (8–17 km) of the route.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Workers were moved up and down the railway line as needed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The construction camps consisted of open-sided barracks built of bamboo poles with thatched roofs. The barracks were about Template:Convert long with sleeping platforms raised above the ground on each side of an earthen floor. Two hundred people were housed in each barrack, giving each person a two-foot wide space in which to live and sleep. Camps were usually named after the kilometre where they were located.Template:Sfn The worst months of the construction period were known as the "Speedo" (mid-spring to mid-October 1943).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Post-war

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Within a year of the Second World War, Britain, while facing bankruptcy, retook Burma, Malaya, Singapore and the Straits Settlements. On 16 January 1946, the British ordered Japanese Prisoners of War to remove a four-kilometre stretch of rail between Nikki (Ni Thea) and Sonkrai.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="hellfire"/> The railway link between Thailand and Burma was to be separated again for protecting British interests in Singapore.<ref name=":0" /> After that, the Burma section of the railway was sequentially removed, the rails were gathered in Mawlamyine, and the roadbed was returned to the jungle.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>

In October 1946, the Thai section of the line was sold to the Government of Thailand for £1,250,000 (50 million baht; Template:Inflation).<ref name="sold"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The money was used to compensate neighbouring countries and colonies for material stolen by Japan during the construction of the railway.<ref name="sold">Template:Cite news</ref> On 1 February 1947, two people—including Momluang Template:Ill, the Thai Minister of Transport—were killed on an inspection tour because the bridge near Konkoita had collapsed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After the accident, it was decided to end the line at Nam Tok and reuse the remainder to rehabilitate the line.<ref name="rotfai">Template:Cite web</ref>

After the war, the railway was in poor condition and needed reconstruction for use by the Royal Thai Railway system. On 24 June 1949, the portion from Kanchanaburi to Nong Pla Duk (Thai หนองปลาดุก) was finished; on the first of April 1952, the next section up to Wang Pho (Wangpo) was done. The two curved spans of the bridge which collapsed due to the British air attack were replaced by angular truss spans provided by Japan as part of their postwar reparations, thus forming the iconic bridge now seen today. Finally, on 1 July 1958, the rail line was completed to Nam Tok (Thai น้ำตก, 'waterfall', referring to the nearby Sai Yok Noi Waterfall) The portion in use today is some Template:Convert long. The line was abandoned beyond Nam Tok Sai Yok Noi;<ref name="rotfai"/><ref name="hellfire">Template:Cite web</ref> the steel rails were salvaged for reuse in expanding the Bang Sue railway yard, reinforcing the Bangkok–Ban Phachi Junction double track, rehabilitating the track from Thung Song Junction to Trang, and constructing both the Nong Pla Duk–Suphan Buri and Ban Thung Pho–Khiri Rat Nikhom branch lines. Parts of the abandoned route have been converted into a walking trail.<ref name="walkingtrail"/>

File:Thanbyuzayat MMR011004701, Myanmar (Burma) - panoramio (1).jpg
The first locomotive used for goods transport on the Death Railway on display in Thanbyuzayat, Myanmar

Since the 1990s various proposals have been made to rebuild the complete railway, but Template:As of these plans had not been realised. Since the upper part of the Khwae valley is now flooded by the Vajiralongkorn Dam,<ref name="uspowmeet"/> and the surrounding terrain is mountainous, it would take extensive tunnelling to reconnect Thailand with Burma by rail.

File:Death Railway Line Mawlamyine.jpg
The start point in Myanmar

Labourers

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Japanese

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Japanese soldiers, 12,000 of them, including 800 Koreans, were employed on the railway as engineers, guards, and supervisors of the POW and civilian labourers. Although working conditions were far better for the Japanese than the POWs and civilian workers, about 1,000 (eight percent) of them died during construction. Many remember Japanese soldiers as being cruel and indifferent to the fate of Allied military prisoners and the Southeast Asian civilians. Many men in the railway workforce bore the brunt of pitiless or uncaring guards. Cruelty could take different forms, from extreme violence and torture to minor acts of physical punishment, humiliation, and neglect.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Trafficked civilians

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File:Civilian Workers in the Death Railway Camps.png
Malayan Tamils in the work camps

Over 180,000 Southeast Asian civilians were forcibly conscripted to work on the Death railway. Limited record keeping on the civilian populations under British occupation has led to incomplete and insufficient recording of the names and families of individuals who were trafficked. Javanese, Malayan Tamils, Burmese, Malayan Chinese, Thai, and other Southeast Asians were trafficked by the Imperial Japanese Army to work on the railway, dying in its construction.<ref name="mansell.com">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Boggett">Template:Cite web</ref> During the initial stages of the construction of the railway, Burmese and Thais were employed in their respective countries, but the number of workers recruited was insufficient. In Malaya, plantation families were forced by Japanese officers to send their children to the railway and young healthy men were often abducted and trafficked to the railway.

In early 1943, the Japanese advertised for workers in Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies, promising good wages, short contracts, and housing for families. When that failed to attract sufficient workers, they resorted to more violent methods, rounding up civilians, including children and imprisoning them, especially in Malaya.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Approximately 90,000 Burmese and 75,000 Malayans worked on the railroad.<ref name="mansell.com"/> More than 100,000 Malayan Tamils were brought into the project and around 60,000 perished.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Full citation needed</ref><ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Full citation needed</ref> Southeast Asian workers were used to build the Kra Isthmus Railway from Chumphon to Kra Buri, and the Sumatra or Palembang Railway from Pekanbaru to Muaro.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Those left to maintain the lines after the completion of the Death Railway suffered from appalling living conditions as well as increasing Allied bombing.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Prisoners of war

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The movement of captured British soldiers northward from Changi Prison in Singapore and other prison camps in Southeast Asia began in May 1942.Template:Sfn On 23 June 1942, 600 British soldiers arrived at Camp Nong Pladuk, Thailand to build a camp to serve as a transit camp for the work camps along the railway.<ref name="list1942">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="layout">Template:Cite web</ref> The first prisoners of war, 3,000 Australians, left Changi Prison in Singapore on 14 May 1942 and journeyed by sea to near Thanbyuzayat (သံဖြူဇရပ် in the Burmese language; in English 'Tin Shelter'), the northern terminus of the railway. They worked on airfields and other infrastructure initially before beginning construction of the railway in October 1942. In Thailand, 3,000 British soldiers left Changi by train in June 1942 to Ban Pong, the southern terminus of the railway.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Some captured British soldiers were taken from Singapore and the Dutch East Indies as construction advanced.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Atrocities

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Conditions during construction

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File:Civilian Workers on the Death Railway.png
Asian Civilians during the construction

The records of the civilian workers have not survived due to the limitations on birth and death records kept during pre- and post-war colonisation of the region. One soldier said they "found themselves at the bottom of a social system that was harsh, punitive, fanatical, and often deadly."Template:Sfn The living and working conditions on the Burma Railway were often described as "horrific", with maltreatment, sickness, and starvation.

Life in the POW camps was recorded at great risk by artists such as Jack Bridger Chalker, Philip Meninsky, John Mennie, Ashley George Old, and Ronald Searle. Human hair was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, and toilet paper as the "canvas". Some of their works were used as evidence in the trials of Japanese war criminals. Many are now held by the Australian War Memorial, State Library of Victoria, and the Imperial War Museum in London.

File:POWs Burma Thai RR.jpg
Australian and Dutch prisoners of war, suffering from beriberi, at Tarsau in Thailand in 1943

One of the accounts from the British military perspective was John Coast's Railroad of Death, first published in 1946 and republished in a new edition in 2014.Template:Sfn Coast's work is noted for its detail on the brutality of some Japanese and Korean guards as well as the humanity of others. It also describes the living and working conditions, together with the culture of the Thai towns and countryside that became many POWs' homes after leaving Singapore. Coast also details the camaraderie, pastimes, and humour of the soldiers in the face of adversity.Template:Sfn Allied soldiers were often given more freedom than their civilian counterparts, to play guitar or accordion, or lead a group sing-along, or request camp comedians to tell some jokes or put on a skit.

After the railway was completed, most of the British soldiers were moved to hospital and relocation camps where they could be available for maintenance crews or sent to Japan. In maintenance camps entertainment flourished, theatres of bamboo and attap (palm fronds) were built, sets, lighting, costumes and makeup devised, and an array of entertainment produced that included music halls, variety shows, cabarets, plays, and musical comediesTemplate:Sndeven pantomimes. These activities engaged numerous soldiers as actors, singers, musicians, designers, technicians, and female impersonators.

The construction of the Burma Railway is counted as a war crime committed by Japan in Asia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Death rates and causes

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Deaths of Allied Soldiers working on the Death Railway, 1942–1945 <ref name="mansell.com"/><ref name=Marcello>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Country of origin POWs Number of deaths Death rate
UK, British India or crown colony 30,131 6,904 Template:Percentage
Netherlands or
Dutch East Indies 		17,990 2,782 Template:Percentage
Australia 13,004 2,802 Template:Percentage
United States 686 133 Template:Percentage
Total 61,811 12,621 Template:Percentage

In addition to malnutrition and physical abuse, malaria, cholera, dysentery and tropical ulcers were common contributing factors in the death of workers on the Burma Railway.<ref name="pbs"/> The labourers that suffered the highest casualties were Burmese and Indian Tamils from Malaya and Myanmar, as well as many Javanese.<ref name="mansell.com" />

A lower death rate among Dutch POWs and internees, relative to those from the UK and Australia, has been linked to the fact that many personnel and civilians taken prisoner in the Dutch East Indies had been born there, were long-term residents and/or had Eurasian ancestry; they tended thus to be more resistant to tropical diseases and to be better acclimatized than other Western Allied personnel.

The quality of medical care received by different groups of prisoners varied enormously. One factor was that many European and US doctors had little experience with tropical diseases. For example, a group of 400 Dutch prisoners, which included three doctors with extensive tropical medicine experience, suffered no deaths at all. Another group, numbering 190 US personnel, to whom Lieutenant Henri Hekking, a Dutch medical officer with experience in the tropics was assigned, suffered only nine deaths. Another cohort of 450 US personnel suffered 100 deaths.Template:Sfn

Weight loss among Allied officers who worked on construction was, on average, 9–14 kg (20–30 lb) less than that of enlisted personnel.Template:Sfn Workers in more isolated areas suffered a much higher death rate than did others.Template:Sfn

War crimes trials

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At the end of World War II, 111 Japanese military officials were tried for war crimes for their brutality during the construction of the railway. Thirty-two of them were sentenced to death.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The most important trial was against the general staff. Lieutenant General Eiguma Ishida, overall commander of the Burma Railway, was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. His subordinates Colonel Shigeo Nakamura, Colonel Tamie Ishii and Lieutenant-Colonel Shoichi Yanagita were sentenced to death. Major Sotomatsu Chida was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Hiroshi Abe, a first lieutenant who supervised construction of the railway at Sonkrai where 600 British prisoners out of 1,600 died of cholera and other diseases,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> was sentenced to death, later commuted to life in prison, as a B/C class war criminal. He served 11 years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Features of the Railway

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Bridge 277: Bridge on the River Khwae Template:Anchor

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File:Bridge over the River Kwai Art.IWMARTLD6035.jpg
Bridge over the River Kwai by Leo Rawlings (1943) of four POWs during the first bridge's construction.

A key feature of the line is Bridge 277 built over a stretch of the river then known as part of the Mae Klong River. The greater part of the Thai section of the river's route followed the valley of the Khwae Noi River (Template:Langx: Template:Lang (Template:Lang), 'stream, river' or 'tributary'; Template:Lang (Template:Lang), 'small'. Template:Lang was frequently mispronounced by the British as Template:Lang (Template:Lang), or 'buffalo' in Thai). This gave rise to the name of "River Kwai" amongst the British. In 1960, the portion of the Mae Klong which passes under the bridge was renamed the Khwae Yai (Template:Langx, 'big tributary').

On 26 October 1942, British prisoners of war arrived at Tamarkan to construct the bridge. Initially, 1,000 prisoners worked on the bridge, led by Colonel Philip Toosey.<ref name="thamakhan">Template:Cite web</ref> In February 1943, 1,000 Dutch prisoners of war were added to Tamarkan.<ref name="24_machine">Template:Cite web</ref> Chinese, Malay and Tamil civilians also worked on the bridge.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The first wooden railroad bridge over the Khwae Yai was finished in February 1943, which was soon accompanied by a more modern ferro-concrete bridge in June 1943, with both bridges running in a NNE–SSW direction across the river. The steel and concrete bridge consisted of eleven curved-truss bridge spans brought by the Japanese from Java in 1942. This is the bridge that still remains today.

Bombardments of Bridge 277

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File:Door bombardementen van geallieerden vernielde ijzeren spoorbrug van de Birma-Siamspoorweg bij Tamarkan in Siam, KITLV 25514.tiff
Destroyed bridge (date unknown)
File:Bangkok-Moulmein-Railway-of-Evil-Memory-in-1946-by-J.A.E.-Rutherford.jpg
The Bangkok–Moulmein Railway of Evil Memory by J.A.E. Rutherford (1946).

In 1945 a planned US attack was cancelled due to bad weather. The two bridges were bombed on 13 February 1945 by RAF aircraft.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The forced labourers repaired the bridge and by April the wooden bridge was in operation. On 3 April 1945, a USAAF Liberator attack damaged the wooden railroad bridge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Repair work continued and both bridges were operational again by the end of May. On 24 June 1945 the RAF destroyed the railroad bridges, putting the railway line out of commission for the rest of the war.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The railway line did not fully connect with the Burmese railroad network as no railroad bridges were built that crossed the river between Moulmein and Martaban.

Hellfire Pass

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Template:Main

File:Hellfire Pass - June 2004.jpg
The cutting at Hellfire Pass was one of the most difficult and deadly sections to build

Hellfire Pass in the Tenasserim Hills was the largest rock cutting on the railway, built in a remote area, without appropriate construction tools by Chinese, Thai, Malay, and Tamil civilian prisoners and Allied soldiers.

Significant bridges

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File:Death Railway, River Khwae.jpg
Along the Death Railway in 2004, River Khwae on the left
Length Name Type and where km refs
Template:Convert<ref>Plague on the Kwae Yai bridge</ref> Kwae Yai Bridge Iron bridge across Kwae Yai River at Tha Makham 56 <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Convert Wang Pho Viaduct Wooden trestle edging Khwae Noi River 114 <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
unknown Three-Tiered Bridge Wooden trestle 155 <ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Convert Songkurai bridge Wooden trestle across Songkalia River 294 <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Convert Wooden trestle across Mekaza River 319 <ref name="indisch">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Convert Wooden trestle across Zamithi River 329 <ref name="indisch"/>
Template:Convert Apalon Steel bridge across Apalong River 332 <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Convert Wooden trestle across Anakui River 369 <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Cemeteries and memorials

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File:Memorial Pagoda at Wat Thaworn Wararam.jpg
Memorial Pagoda to the Civilian Workers
File:Kanchanaburi War Cemetery 2, Thailand.jpg
Kanchanaburi War Cemetery
File:泰緬鉄道建設犠牲者慰霊碑.jpg
Cenotaph for Southeast Asian civilian and Allied military workers, built by Japanese Army Railroad Corps in February 1944 in Kanchanaburi, Thailand

In 1946,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the remains of most of the Allied military war dead were moved from former camps, burial grounds and lone graves along the rail line to official war cemeteries.<ref name="cgwg">Template:Cite web</ref>

The mass graves of the Southeast Asian civilian dead were exhumed from along the rail line and beside former rest camps for reburial at Wat Thaworn Wararam, a Buddhist temple in Ban Tai, Thailand in the 1950s. A pagoda was erected over the burial site and plaques in both Chinese and Tamil text have been added to commemorate the dead. The names of the thousands of civilians buried at the site are unknown.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Three cemeteries maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) are for the Allied military personnel who died on the Burma Railway.<ref name="cgwg"/> Kanchanaburi War Cemetery, in the city of Kanchanaburi, contains the graves of 6,982 Allied military personnel comprising: 3,585 British, 1,896 Dutch, 1,362 Australians, 12 members of the British Indian Army (including British officers), 2 New Zealanders, 2 Danes and 8 Canadians.<ref name="cwgcsearch">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Dutch">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Canadian">Template:Cite web</ref>

A memorial plaque at the Kanchanaburi cemetery lists 11 other members of the British Indian Army, these Indian officers are buried in nearby Muslim cemeteries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Thanbyuzayat War Cemetery, at Thanbyuzayat, 65 kilometres south of Moulmein, Myanmar (Burma) has the graves of 3,617 soldiers who died on the Burmese portion of the line: 1,651 British, 1,335 Australians, 621 Dutch, 15 members of the British Indian Army (including British officers), 3 New Zealanders and 1 Canadian.<ref name="cwgcsearch" /><ref name="Dutch" />

File:Japan Paya Thanbyuzayat 001.jpg
Cenotaph for the victims, built by Japanese in Thanbyuzayat, Myanmar

Chungkai War Cemetery, near Kanchanaburi, has a further 1,693 Allied war graves: 1,373 British, 314 Dutch and 6 members of the British Indian Army (including British officers)<ref name="cwgcsearch"/><ref name="Dutch"/>

The remains of United States armed forces personnel were repatriated. Of the 668 US personnel forced to work on the railway, 133 died. This included personnel from USS Houston and the 131st Field Artillery Regiment of the Texas Army National Guard. The Americans were called the Lost Battalion as their fate was unknown to the United States for more than two years after their capture.<ref name=Marcello />

File:The train at Yasukuni Shrine.JPG
C56 31, a JNR Class C56 used on the Death Railway displays at Yasukuni War Museum, Japan

Several museums are dedicated to those who perished building the railway. The largest of these is at Hellfire Pass (north of the current terminus at Nam Tok), a cutting where the greatest number of people died. An Australian memorial is at Hellfire Pass.<ref name="walkingtrail">Template:Cite web</ref> One museum is in Myanmar side Thanbyuzayat,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and two other museums are in Kanchanaburi: the Thailand–Burma Railway Centre,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> opened in January 2003,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the JEATH War Museum.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There is a memorial plaque at the Kwai bridge itself,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and an historic wartime steam locomotive is on display.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A preserved section of line has been rebuilt at the National Memorial Arboretum in England.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Notable labourers

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Civilian labourers

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  • Arumugam Kandasamy (1927–2024), trafficked with 50 other civilians from the estate of Sua Gerising, Port Dickson at the age of 15, is believed to have been the last living survivor.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> He died on 9 November 2024 at the age of 97.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Allied labourers

[edit]

Template:More citations needed section

Notable accounts

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Accounts of the construction include A Baba Boyhood: Growing up during the Japanese Occupation of Singapore by William Gwee Thian Hock and an anthology of the experiences of survivors in Revisiting the Death Railway: The Survivors’ Accounts by Sasidaran Sellappah. The Japanese Occupation of Malaya: A Social and Economic History by Paul H. Kratosk and The Thai Resistance Movement during the Second World War by Eiji Murashima provide a social and economic analysis of the railway's construction and its civilian builders. The book Through the Valley of the Kwai is an autobiography of British Army captain Ernest Gordon. Flanagan's 2013 novel The Narrow Road to the Deep North centres on a group of Australian POWs and their experiences building the railway, and was awarded the 2014 Man Booker Prize. James D. Hornfischer's book Ship of Ghosts: The Story of the USS Houston, FDR's Legendary Lost Cruiser and the Epic Saga of Her Survivors depicts the construction of the railway from the point of view of the survivors of the heavy cruiser USS Houston, which was sunk at the Battle of Sunda Strait in 1942.

Death Railway Interest Group (DRIG)

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The Death Railway Interest Group (DRIG) is a Malaysian NGO that leads on the collection of Asian survivor accounts in Malaysia and Thailand, working to update records and presenting these at Australian and New-Zealand based humanitarian events.<ref name="DRIG">Template:Cite web</ref> DRIG aims to identify at least one mass grave along the railway and build a monument to the horrors these victims went through, as well as their surviving families.

DRIG led the development of a further memorial to the civilian labourers at Wat Tavorn Wararam, which manages the Wat Yuan Cemetery in Kanchanaburi, opened on 3 June 2023. This is in addition to the pagoda built over the remains of thousands of workers. The temple had undertaken the task of recovering the dead and burying them in the Wat Yuan Cemetery.<ref name="WatTavornWararam">Template:Cite web</ref>

Cultural impact and legacy

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In 2016, R.AGE, the youth news and lifestyle platform of The Star (Malaysia) interviewed one of the last-known Asian survivors in "Surviving Thailand's infamous 'Death Railway': Arumugam Kandasamy".<ref name=":1" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The film The Railway Man (based on the book of the same name) gives the insight of a POW into the conditions inflicted upon the workers who built the railway. The 2001 film To End All Wars is based on the autobiography of British Army captain Ernest Gordon. The construction of the railway was the subject of a fictional award-winning 1957 film, The Bridge on the River Kwai (itself an adaptation of the French language novel The Bridge over the River Kwai); a novel, The Narrow Road to the Deep North by Richard Flanagan.

Michael Whitehall brought his son, comic Jack Whitehall, there in 2017 for the first season of Jack Whitehall: Travels with My Father.Template:Citation needed

See also

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References

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Sources

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