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Oliver Hazard Perry

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Oliver Hazard Perry (August 23, 1785 – August 23, 1819) was a United States Navy officer from South Kingstown, Rhode Island. A prominent member of the Perry family naval dynasty, he was the son of Sarah Wallace Alexander and Captain Christopher Raymond Perry, and older brother of Commodore Matthew C. Perry.

Perry served in the West Indies during the Quasi War of 1798–1800 against France, in the Mediterranean during the Barbary Wars of 1801–1815, and in the Caribbean fighting piracy and the slave trade, but is most noted for his role in the War of 1812 during the 1813 Battle of Lake Erie.<ref>Skaggs, 2006, p. xi</ref> During the war against Britain, Perry supervised the building of a fleet at Erie, Pennsylvania. He earned the title "Hero of Lake Erie" for leading American forces in a decisive naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie, receiving a Congressional Gold Medal and the Thanks of Congress.<ref name="cyclopaedia">White, 1895, p. 288</ref><ref name="Bloom">Bloom, Page essay</ref>

His leadership materially aided the successful outcomes of all nine Lake Erie military campaign victories, and the victory was a turning point in the battle for the west in the war.<ref name="Bloom"/> He is remembered for the words on his battle flag, "Dont Give Up the Ship", which was a tribute to the dying command of his colleague Captain James Lawrence of USS Chesapeake. He is also known for his message to General William Henry Harrison which reads in part, "We have met the enemy and they are ours; ..."

Perry became embroiled in a long-standing and bitter controversy with the commander of Template:USS, Captain Jesse Elliott, over their conduct in the Battle of Lake Erie, and both were the subject of official charges. In 1815, he successfully commanded Template:USS in the Mediterranean during the Second Barbary War. So seminal was his career that he was lionized in the press (being the subject of scores of books and articles).<ref name="biblio">Paullin, 1918, See Bibliography</ref> He has been frequently memorialized, and many places, ships and persons have been named in his honor.

Childhood and early life

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Perry was the oldest of five boys born to Christopher (1761–1818) and Sarah Wallace Perry (née Alexander) (1763–1830). As a boy, Perry lived in Tower Hill, Rhode Island,<ref name="capace">Template:Cite book</ref> sailing ships in anticipation of his future career as an officer in the United States Navy.<ref name="Bloom"/> Perry came from a long line of naval men from both sides of his family. His mother taught Perry and his younger brothers to read and write and had them attend Trinity Episcopal Church regularly, where he was baptized by Reverend William Smith on April 1, 1794, at the age of nine. Reverend Theodore Dehon, rector of the church from 1797 to 1810, had a significant influence on the young Perry.<ref>Skaggs, 2006, p. 6</ref> He was educated in Newport, Rhode Island. His earliest ancestor to the Americas was Edward Perry, who came from Devon, England, and settled in Sandwich, Massachusetts, around 1650 with his wife, Mary Freeman.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Early naval career

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Through his father's influence, Perry was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy, at the age of thirteen, on April 7, 1799. Perry sailed aboard Template:USS, of which his father was commanding officer, on her maiden voyage in June 1799. The ship made its first stop in Cuba, charged with receiving American merchant ships and providing escort from Havana to the United States.<ref name="Bloom"/><ref>Mackenzie, 1840, p. 40</ref> Perry's service aboard General Greene continued during the Quasi-War with France.<ref>Barnes, 1912, p. 11</ref> He first experienced combat on February 9, 1800, off the coast of the French colony of Haiti, which was in a state of rebellion.<ref>Brown, 2006, Oliver Hazard Perry, p. 226</ref><ref>Barnes, 1912, p. 16</ref>

During the First Barbary War, he served aboard Template:USS<ref>Mackenzie, 1840, pp. 53–55</ref> and later was first lieutenant (second in command) of Template:USS. He then served under Captain John Rodgers on Template:USS and USS Essex. He was placed in charge of the construction of gunboats in Newport and Westerly, Rhode Island.

Beginning in April 1809, he commanded the sloop Template:USS, engaging in patrol duties to enforce the Embargo Act, as well as a successful raid to regain an American ship held in Spanish territory in Florida. On January 9, 1811, Revenge ran aground off Rhode Island and was lost. "Seeing fairly quickly that he could not save the vessel, [Perry] turned his attention to saving the crew, and after helping them down the ropes over the vessel's stern, he was the last to leave the vessel."<ref name=copes>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp The subsequent court-martial exonerated Perry, placing blame on the ship's pilot.<ref group=upper-alpha>His progression from being the subject of a court-martial for running aground to being a formidable commander who made a real difference has a striking parallel to the career of Admiral Chester W. Nimitz.</ref><ref name="Graham">Template:Cite book</ref> In January 2011, a team of divers claimed to have discovered the remains of Revenge, nearly 200 years to the day after it sank.<ref name="NYT">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref name="AOL">Template:Cite web</ref> Cannons from Revenge were salvaged by the U.S. Navy in 2017.

Following the court-martial, Perry was given a leave of absence from the Navy. On May 5, 1811, he married Elizabeth Champlin Mason of Newport, Rhode Island, whom he had met at a dance in 1807.<ref name="Graham"/> They enjoyed an extended honeymoon touring New England. The couple would eventually have five children, with one dying in infancy.<ref name="NPS">Template:Cite web</ref>

War of 1812

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At the beginning of the War of 1812, the British Royal Navy controlled the Great Lakes, except for Lake Huron. The United States Navy controlled Lake Champlain.<ref>Skaggs, 2006, p. 50</ref> The American naval forces were very small, allowing the British to make many advances in the Great Lakes and northern New York waterways. The roles played by commanders like Perry, at Lake Erie and Isaac Chauncey at Lake Ontario and Thomas Macdonough at Lake Champlain all proved vital to the naval effort.<ref name="potter">Potter, 1981, p. 106</ref>

Naval historian E. B. Potter noted that "all naval officers of the day made a special study of Nelson's battles." Oliver Perry was no exception.<ref name="potter"/> At his request, he was given command of the American naval forces on Lake Erie during the war. Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton had charged prominent merchant seaman Daniel Dobbins with building the American fleet on Presque Isle Bay at Erie, Pennsylvania, and Perry was named chief naval officer.<ref name="cyclopaedia"/><ref name="Bloom"/><ref name="National Portrait">Template:Cite book</ref>

Perry knew battle was coming, and he "consciously followed Nelson's example in describing his battle plans to his captains."<ref name=potter/>Template:Rp Perry's instructions were:

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Hero of Lake Erie

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File:BattleofLakeErie.jpg
Perry (standing) after abandoning Lawrence, in a 1911 painting by Edward Percy Moran

On September 10, 1813, Perry's squadron fought the Battle of Lake Erie against a smaller Royal Navy squadron. It was at the outset of this battle that Perry famously said, "If a victory is to be gained, I will gain it."<ref name="Farmer">Farmer, Silas. (1884) (Jul 1969) The history of Detroit and Michigan, or, The metropolis illustrated: a chronological cyclopaedia of the past and present: including a full record of territorial days in Michigan, and the annuals of Wayne County, p. 283 and Various formats at Open Library.</ref> Initially, the exchange of gunfire favored the British. Perry's flagship, Template:USS, was so severely disabled in the encounter that the British commander, Robert Heriot Barclay, thought that Perry would surrender it, and sent a small boat to request that the American vessel pull down its flag.<ref name="auto1"> Dudley, William S., ed. The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History. vol.2 (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1992), p. 559.</ref><ref name=rooz/>

Faithful to the words of his battle flag, "DONT GIVE UP THE SHIP"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> a paraphrase of the dying words of Captain James Lawrence, the ship's namesake and Perry's friend,<ref name="quotes">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="auto1"/> Perry, with LawrenceTemplate:'s chaplain and purser as the remaining able crew, personally fired the final salvo.<ref name=rooz>Template:Cite book</ref> He then had his men row him a half-mile (0.8 km) through heavy gunfire to transfer his command to Template:USS. Once aboard, Perry dispatched NiagaraTemplate:'s commander, Captain Jesse Elliott, to bring the other schooners into closer action while he steered Niagara toward the damaged British ships. Like Nelson's Template:HMS at Trafalgar, Niagara broke the opposing line.

Perry's force pounded Barclay's ships until they could offer no effective resistance and surrendered. Although he had won the battle aboard Niagara, he received Barclay's surrender on the deck of the recaptured Lawrence to allow him to see the terrible price Perry's men had paid.<ref name="Farmer"/> Perry's battle report to General William Henry Harrison was famously brief: "We have met the enemy and they are ours; two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop."<ref name="quotes"/><ref group="upper-alpha">The British order of battle was actually two ships, one brig, two schooners and one sloop.<ref name=rooz/>Template:Rp "Perry's message was inaccurate."<ref name = altoff/>Template:Rp</ref> The six captured ships were successfully returned to Presque Isle.<ref>Skaggs, 2000, p. 147</ref><ref name="Skaggs">Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:DONT GIVE UP THE SHIP flag.svg
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Although the engagement was small compared to Napoleonic naval battles such as the Battle of Trafalgar, the victory had disproportionate strategic importance, opening Canada up to further American invasions, while simultaneously protecting the entire Ohio Valley.<ref name="Bloom"/><ref>Symonds, Craig L; Clipson, William J. (April 2001) The Naval Institute historical atlas of the U.S. Navy Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press 264 pp, Template:ISBN, p. 48.</ref> The loss of Barclay's squadron directly led to the critical Battle of the Thames, a victory over British and Indian forces by Harrison's army, the deaths of Tecumseh and Roundhead, and the breakup of his confederacy.<ref name="Skaggs"/> Along with the Battle of Plattsburgh, it was one of only two battle of the war in which an entire squadron was defeated.<ref name="Bloom"/>

Perry was involved in nine battles that led to and followed the Battle of Lake Erie, and they all had a seminal impact. "What is often overlooked when studying Perry is how his physical participation and brilliant strategic leadership influenced the outcomes of all nine Lake Erie military campaign victories:

Capturing Fort George, Ontario in the Battle of Fort George; Destroying the British munitions at Olde Fort Erie (see Capture of Fort Erie); Rescuing five vessels from Black Rock; Building the Erie fleet; Getting the ships over the sandbar; Blocking British supplies for a month prior to battle; Planning the Thames invasion with General Harrison; Winning the Battle of Lake Erie; and Winning the Battle of Thames.<ref name="Bloom"/><ref name="Skaggs"/>

The Battle Flag

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File:USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71) flies a “Don’t Give Up the Ship” flag. (49966895161).jpg
Template:USS flies a replica "Dont Give Up the Ship" flag in 2020.

"Dont give up the ship!" became the battle cry of Oliver Hazard Perry. The phrase was uttered by Captain James Lawrence as he died after being wounded by enemy fire aboard the Chesapeake on June 1, 1813. Perry learned of Lawrence's demise at Presque Isle. He honored Lawrence with the name of a brig, called Lawrence. A battle flag was needed, and the words of Perry's good friend were suited for the coming days.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite book</ref>

Margaret Forster Steuart was enlisted to make the battle flag.<ref name="auto"/> She was a resident of Erie Pennsylvania, wife of Army Captain Thomas Steuart and sister to Thomas Forster, both friends of Perry's. Forster was the commander of the Erie Light Infantry that had guarded the fleet.<ref name="auto"/> With the help of her two daughters, three nieces, and a cousin, she had the flag ready for Perry within just a few days.<ref name="auto"/> As of July 2009, Perry's flag, Steuart's work, and Lawrence's dying words can be seen today, with the flag on display in Bancroft Hall's Memorial Hall at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis.

Perry–Elliott controversy

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File:NH&HC43575.jpg
Mural: Battle of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813. (1959) by Charles Robert Patterson and Howard B. French, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland. Niagara joins the battle. Detroit and Queen Charlotte at right.

While Nelson had Collingwood, Perry had Jesse Elliott, and was considerably less well served. Elliott, while serving with Isaac Chauncey at Lake Ontario, was tasked to augment Perry's squadron with 11 officers and 91 men, "and none were sent but the worst."<ref name=altoff2>Quoted in Template:Cite book</ref> Subsequently, detailed by Chauncey to command Niagara, Elliott stated "that if he could have foreseen that he himself should be sent to Lake Erie, his selections would have been different."<ref name=altoff2/> Elliott then appropriated the "best of the worst" for Niagara; and Perry "in the interest of harmony" accepted the situation, though with growing ill-will.<ref name=altoff2/>

In his initial post-action report, Perry had praised Captain Elliott's role in the American victory at Lake Erie; and as news of the battle spread, Perry and Elliott were both celebrated as national heroes. Soon after, however, several junior officers publicly criticized Elliott's performance during the battle, charging that Elliott allowed Lawrence to suffer the brunt of the British fire while holding Niagara back from the fight. William Vigneron Taylor, Perry's sailing master, in a letter to Taylor's wife, put it thus:

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The meeting between Elliott and Perry on the deck of Niagara was terse. Elliott inquired how the day was going. Perry replied, "Badly." Elliott then volunteered to take Perry's small boat and rally the schooners, and Perry acquiesced.<ref name=altoff/>Template:Rp As Perry turned Niagara into the battle, Elliott was not aboard. Elliott's rejoinder to history's criticism of inaction was that there had been a lack of effective signaling. Charges were filed, but not officially acted upon. Attempting to restore his honor, Elliott and his supporters began a 30-year campaign that would outlive both men and ultimately leave his reputation in tatters.<ref name=Skaggs/>

In Perry's report to Secretary of the Navy William Jones, written three days after the battle, he mentioned Elliott in what, at first, seem to be complimentary terms, but, when read carefully, betray his disdain for Elliott.Template:Citation needed Perry wrote, "In this action he evinced his characteristic bravery and judgement; and, since the close of the action, has given me the most able and essential assistance."<ref>American State Papers. Naval Affairs. Volume 1. p. 295.</ref>

Congressional Gold Medal

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On January 6, 1814, Perry was honored with a Congressional Gold Medal,<ref name=Medal>Template:Cite book</ref> the Thanks of Congress, and a promotion to the rank of Captain.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This was one of 27 Gold Medals authorized by Congress arising from the War of 1812.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

  • Obverse – bust of Perry facing right surrounded by Oliverus H. Perry Princeps Stagno Eriense. ~ Classam Totam Contudit.
  • Reverse depicts a sea battle scene with inscriptions:
Viam Invenit Virtus Aut Facit
Inter Class. Ameri.
Et Brit Die X. Sep.
MDCCCXIII
(Valor finds or makes a way. Between the Fleets of America and Britain September 10, 1813.)<ref>Congressional Gold Medal Honoring Oliver Hazard Perry.</ref>Template:Sfn

Elliott was also recognized with a Congressional Gold Medal<ref name=Medal/> and the Thanks of Congress for his actions in the battle. This recognition would prove to fan the flames of resentment on both sides of the Elliott–Perry controversy.<ref name=Skaggs/>

In recognition of his victory at Lake Erie, in 1813 Perry was elected as an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati.Template:Citation needed

Later commands and controversies

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File:OliverHazardPerryEngraving.jpg
United States Navy engraved portrait of Commodore Perry

In May 1814, Perry took command of a squadron of seven gunboats based in Newport. He held this command for only two months as in July he was placed in command of Template:USS, a 44-gun frigate which was under construction in Baltimore. While overseeing the outfitting of Java, Perry participated in the defenses of Baltimore and Washington, D.C., during the British invasion of the Chesapeake Bay. In a twist of irony, these land battles would be the last time the career naval officer saw combat. The Treaty of Ghent was ratified before Java could be put to sea.<ref name="NPS"/>

For Perry, the post-war years were marred by controversies. In 1815, he commanded Java in the Mediterranean during the Second Barbary War. While moored in Naples, Perry slapped the commander of the ship's Marines, Captain John Heath, whom Perry charged with "disrespectful, insolent, and contemptuous conduct to me his superior officer".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The ensuing court-martial found both men guilty, but levied only mild reprimands. After the crew returned home, Heath challenged Perry to a pistol duel, which was fought on October 19, 1817, on the same field in Weehawken, New Jersey where Aaron Burr shot and killed Alexander Hamilton. Heath fired first and missed. Perry declined to return fire, satisfying the Marine's honor.<ref name=NPS/>

Perry's return from the Mediterranean also reignited the feud with Elliott. After an exchange of angry letters, Elliott challenged Perry to a duel, which Perry refused. (While it was normally considered cowardly to refuse a duel, Perry's stature as a hero was such that no one doubted his physical courage and few felt that Perry had wrongly offended Elliott's honor.)Template:Peacock inline He instead, on August 8, 1818, filed formal court-martial charges against Elliott. Perry filed a total of six charges and twenty-one specifications including "conduct unbecoming an officer," and failure to "do his utmost to take or destroy the vessel of the enemy which it was his duty to encounter."Template:Citation needed

Wishing to avoid a scandal between two decorated naval heroes, Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson and President James Monroe suppressed the matter by offering Perry a diplomatic mission to South America in exchange for dropping his charges. This put an official end to the controversy, though it would continue to be debated for another quarter century.<ref name=Skaggs2>Template:Cite book</ref>

Mission to Venezuela and death

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Template:More citations needed section In 1818 Perry purchased a large house on Washington Square in Newport which was built in 1750 for merchant Peter Buloid. The house remained in the Perry family until 1865 and now serves as an antique bookstore.Template:Citation needed

File:1$USstamp1894blackOliverHazardPerry.jpg
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File:Oliver H Perry stripr of five2.jpg
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In 1819, Perry sailed for the Orinoco River, Venezuela, aboard of the frigate Template:USS with the frigate Template:USS and the schooner Template:USS, arriving on July 15 to discourage piracy, while still maintaining friendly relations with Republic of Venezuela and the Republic of Buenos Aires. Shifting his flag to USS Nonsuch, due to its shallower draft, Perry sailed upriver to Angostura to negotiate an anti-piracy agreement with President Simón Bolívar. A favorable treaty was signed on August 11 with Vice President Francisco Antonio Zea in the absence of Bolivar (who was engaged in the liberation of New Granada), but when the schooner started downriver, many of her crew, including Perry, had been stricken with yellow fever.Template:Citation needed

Despite the crew's efforts to reach Trinidad for medical assistance, the commodore died on board USS Nonsuch on August 23, 1819, his 34th birthday, as the ship entered the Gulf of Paria and was nearing Port of Spain.<ref>Template:Usurped Robinson Library accessed November 28, 2017.</ref> He was buried in Port of Spain.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

His remains were later taken back to the United States in 1826 and interred in Newport, Rhode Island. Originally interred in the Old Common Burial Ground, his body was eventually moved to Newport's Island Cemetery.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Perry Street in Savannah, Georgia, is named in his honor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

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Family

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File:COMMODORE OLIVER PERRY FARM, WASHINGTON COUNTY RI.jpg
Commodore Oliver Perry Farm in Rhode Island
File:Com. John Rodgers LCCN2014718859.jpg
Commander John Rodgers was a great-grandnephew of Oliver Hazard Perry.

Perry married Elizabeth Champlin Mason in 1811. They had five children, four of whom lived to maturity. They were:

  1. Brigadier General Christopher Grant Champlin Perry, RIM (April 2, 1812 – April 5, 1854), commander of the Artillery Company of Newport from 1845 to 1854, m. Murial Frances Sergeant of Philadelphia (great-granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin); their daughter Margaret Mason Perry married the artist John LaFarge;
  2. Oliver Hazard Perry II (February 23, 1813 – March 4, 1814), died in infancy;
  3. Lieutenant Oliver Hazard Perry, Jr., USN (February 23, 1815 – August 20, 1878), m. 1) Elizabeth Ann Randolph (1816–1847) (Virginia Randolph family) and m. 2) Mary Ann Moseley;
  4. First Lieutenant Christopher Raymond Perry, USA (June 29, 1816 – October 8, 1848), never married;
  5. Elizabeth Mason Perry, m., as his 2nd wife, the Reverend Francis Vinton, rector of Trinity Episcopal Church in Newport.

Perry's son Christopher Grant Champlin Perry was a physician, and served as commander of the Artillery Company of Newport from April 1848 until his death in 1854. In May 1849 he was commissioned as a brigadier general in the Rhode Island Militia and given command of the 1st Brigade encompassing Newport and Bristol Counties.<ref>Civil and Military List of Rhode Island. Vol. 2. p. 665.</ref>

Perry's son Oliver Hazard Perry, Jr. entered the Navy as a midshipman in 1829, rose to the rank of lieutenant and resigned in 1849. He served on the United States Exploring Expedition under Captain Charles Wilkes from 1839 to 1842. Although he is buried in the same cemetery as his parents, for unknown reasons, he is not buried in the same plot with his parents.Template:Citation needed

Perry's son Christopher Raymond Perry graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1842. He served during the Mexican War and fought at the Battle of Palo Alto on May 8, 1846, and at the Battle of Resaca-de‑la‑Palma on May 9, 1846. He died on active duty as a 1st lieutenant in 1848.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Dates of rank

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Template:Unreferenced section

  • Midshipman – April 7, 1799
  • Lieutenant – January 15, 1807
  • Master Commandant – August 28, 1812
  • Captain – September 10, 1813

Although Perry is often referred to as "Commodore Perry," it should be kept in mind that, prior to the American Civil War, commodore was not a rank in the U.S. Navy but, rather, the title of an officer in command of a squadron of two or more ships. Perry first held the title of commodore when he took command of the Lake Erie squadron in 1813.

Assignments

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Template:Unreferenced section

  • Midshipman, USS General Greene – April 1799 to May 1801
  • Acting Lieutenant, USS Adams – June 1802 to November 1803
  • Second Lieutenant, USS Constellation – May 1804 to July 1805
  • First Lieutenant, USS Nautilus – July 1805 to December 1805
  • Acting Lieutenant, USS Constitution – December 1805 to c. July 1806
  • Second Lieutenant, USS Essex – c. July 1806 to c. October 1806
  • Officer in Charge of Gunboat construction in Newport and Westerly, RI – October 1806 to April 1809
  • Commanding Officer, USS Revenge – April 1809 to January 1811
  • Commanding Officer, Gunboat Squadron, Newport, RI – c. 1811 to January 1813
  • Commanding Officer, Lake Erie Squadron – March 1813 to c. October 1813
  • Commanding Officer, Gunboat squadron, Newport, RI – May 1814 to July 1814
  • Commanding Officer, USS Java (under construction) – July 1814 to August 1815
  • Commanding Officer, USS Java (in commission) – August 1815 to c. May 1817
  • Senior Naval Officer, Newport, RI – c. May 1817 to May 1819
  • Commanding Officer, Venezuelan diplomatic mission – June 1819 to August 1819 (deceased)

Note – Time gaps between assignments were probably in a "waiting orders" status.

Geographical namesakes

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Many locations in the United States are named in his honor, including:

Monuments

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The national monument commemorating Perry is the Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial in the village Put-In-Bay, Ohio on South Bass Island, Ohio. Its Template:Convert tower, the world's most massive Doric column, was constructed by a multi-state commission between 1912 and 1915.<ref name="interstate">Template:Cite book</ref>

Other monuments include:

Paintings

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File:Battle erie.jpg
Battle of Lake Erie (1873) by William Henry Powell
File:24-02-020-perry.jpg
Painting at the Perry Area Historical Museum in Perry, Georgia

Documentary

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In 2016, principal photography began on We Have Met the Enemy, a feature-length documentary produced by Lou Reda (Vietnam in HD, The Blue and the Gray), for a planned spring 2017 release.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Eponymous ships

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Commodore Perry has been repeatedly honored with ships bearing his name.

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In 1820, Anthony Philip Heinrich wrote a song, "Ode to the Memory of Commodore O. H. Perry",<ref>"Ode to the Memory of Commodore O. H. Perry"</ref> with words by Henry C. Lewis.

See also

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Notes

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Footnotes

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Citations

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Bibliography

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Further reading

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