Xingu River

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox river The Xingu River (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Template:Langx Template:IPA; Template:Langx Template:IPA<ref name="Passos-2018">Template:Cite thesis</ref>Template:Rp) is a Template:Cvt<ref name=fao/> river in north Brazil. It is a southeast tributary of the Amazon River and one of the largest clearwater rivers in the Amazon basin,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> accounting for about 5% of its water.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Description and history

The first Indigenous Park in Brazil was created in the river basin by the Brazilian government in the early 1960s. This park marks the first indigenous territory recognized by the Brazilian government and it was the world's largest indigenous preserve on the date of its creation. Currently, fourteen tribes live within Xingu Indigenous Park, surviving on natural resources and extracting from the river most of what they need for food and water.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Brazilian government built the Belo Monte Dam on the Lower Xingu, which began operations in 2019 and is the world's fifth-largest hydroelectric dam. Construction of this dam was under legal challenge by environment and indigenous groups, who assert the dam would have negative environmental and social impacts along with reducing the flow by up to 80% along a Template:Convert stretch known as the Volta Grande ("Big Bend").<ref name=rainfoun>Template:Cite web</ref> The river flow in this stretch is highly complex and includes major sections of rapids.<ref name=Fitzgerald2018>Template:Cite journal</ref> More than 450 fish species have been documented in the Xingu River Basin and it is estimated that the total is around 600 fish species, including many endemics.<ref name=":0">Camargo, M., T. Giarrizzo and V. Isaac (2004). Review of the geographic distribution of fish fauna in the Xingu River Basin, Brazil. Ecotropica 10: 123–147</ref> At least 193 fish species living in rapids are known from the lower Xingu,<ref name=Fitzgerald2018/> and at least 26 of these are endemic.<ref name=Hyland/> From 2008 to 2018 alone, 24 new fish species have been described from the river.<ref name=Fitzgerald2018/><ref name=Hyland>Hyland, T: Race against time. Retrieved 4 June 2014.</ref><ref name=Sousa2018>Template:Cite journal</ref> Many species are seriously threatened by the dam, which will significantly alter the flow in the Volta Grande rapids.<ref name=Fitzgerald2018/><ref>Ekström, J. (23 December 2007) Hydroelectric dam constructions in Amazonas. Retrieved 10 February 2013.</ref><ref>Survival International (2009). Experts Panel Assesses Belo Monte Dam Viability. Retrieved 10 February 2013.</ref>

In the Upper Xingu region was a highly self-organized pre-Columbian anthropogenic landscape, including deposits of fertile agricultural terra preta, black soil in Portuguese, with a network of roads and polities each of which covered about 250 square kilometers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Near the source of Xingu River is Culuene River, a Template:Convert tributary.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In popular culture

• The name is the title of a humorous Edith Wharton short story from 1911.
• "Xingu" is the title of a song on Waterfall Cities, a 1999 album by Ozric Tentacles.
• The river is also honoured in the album Aguas da Amazonia.
• A beer produced near the river is sold in the international market under the name "Xingu".
• In the novel Relic by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child, the Xingu River is the location of the doomed Whittlesey/Maxwell expedition responsible for discovering evidence of the lost Kothoga tribe and their savage god Mbwun.
• Xingu is a 2011 Brazilian movie, directed by Brazilian film-maker Cao Hamburger. The movie tells the story of the Villas-Bôas brothers 1943 expedition to the region, which led to the creation of the indigenous reserve twenty years later.
• The Embraer Xingu is a design of twin-engine airplane manufactured in the 1970s by Brazilian company [Embraer]

See also

• Percy Fawcett
• Aloysius Pendergast
• Xingu Indigenous Park
• Xingu peoples

References

• Cowell, Adrian. 1973. The Tribe that Hides from Man. The Bodely Head, London.
• Original text from 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

Further reading

• Heinsdijk, Dammis, and Ricardo Lemos Fróes. Description of Forest-Types on "Terra Firme" between the Rio Tapajós and the Rio Xingú in the Amazon Valley. 1956.
• Sipes, Ernest "Brazilian Indians: what FUNAI Won't Tell YOU". 2002.
• Brazilian Indians: What FUNAI Won't Tell You