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Edith Wharton

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Edith Newbold Wharton (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Née; January 24, 1862 – August 11, 1937) was an American writer and designer. Wharton drew upon her insider's knowledge of the upper-class New York "aristocracy" to portray, realistically, the lives and morals of the Gilded Age. In 1921, she became the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her novel The Age of Innocence. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1996.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Her other well-known works are The House of Mirth, the novella Ethan Frome, and several notable ghost stories.

Biography

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Early life

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File:Edward Harrison May - Edith Wharton - Google Art Project.jpg
Portrait of Wharton as a child by Edward Harrison May (1870)

Edith Newbold Jones was born on January 24, 1862, to George Frederic Jones and Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander, at their brownstone at 14 West Twenty-third Street in New York City.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn To her friends and family, she was known as "Pussy Jones".Template:Sfn She had two elder brothers, Frederic Rhinelander and Henry Edward.Template:Sfn Frederic married Mary Cadwalader Rawle; their daughter was landscape architect Beatrix Farrand. Edith was baptized April 20, 1862, Easter Sunday, at Grace Church.Template:Sfn

Wharton's paternal family, the Joneses, were a very wealthy and socially prominent family, having made their money in real estate.Template:Sfn The saying "keeping up with the Joneses" is said to refer to her father's family.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn She was related to the Rensselaers, the most prestigious of the old patroon families, who had received land grants from the former Dutch government of New York and New Jersey. Her father's first cousin was Caroline Schermerhorn Astor.Template:Sfn Fort Stevens, in New York, was named for Wharton's maternal great-grandfather, Ebenezer Stevens, a Revolutionary War hero and general.Template:Sfn

Wharton was born during the Civil War. However, in describing her family life, Wharton does not mention the war, except that their travels to Europe after the war were due to the depreciation of American currency.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn From 1866 to 1872, the Jones family visited France, Italy, Germany, and Spain.<ref name="Chronology">Template:Cite web</ref> During her travels, the young Edith became fluent in French, German, and Italian. At the age of nine, she suffered from typhoid fever, which nearly killed her, while the family was at a spa in the Black Forest.Template:Sfn After the family returned to the United States in 1872, they spent their winters in New York City and their summers in Newport, Rhode Island.<ref name="Chronology"/> While in Europe, she was educated by tutors and governesses. She rejected the standards of fashion and etiquette that were expected of young girls at the time, which were intended to allow women to marry well and to be put on display at balls and parties. She considered these fashions superficial and oppressive. Edith wanted more education than she received, so she read from her father's library and from the libraries of her father's friends.<ref name="W. W. Norton & Company, Inc">Template:Cite book</ref> Her mother forbade her to read novels until she was married, and Edith obeyed this command.Template:Sfn

Early writing

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File:Edith Wharton by Edward Harrison May.jpg
Edith Wharton by Edward Harrison May

Wharton wrote and told stories from an early age.Template:Sfn When her family moved to Europe and she was just four or five, she started what she called "making up."Template:Sfn She invented stories for her family and walked with an open book, turning the pages as if reading while improvising a story.Template:Sfn Wharton began writing poetry and fiction as a young girl, and she attempted to write her first novel at the age of 11.Template:Sfn Her mother's criticism quashed her ambition, however, and she turned to poetry.Template:Sfn She was 15 years old when her first published work appeared, a translation of a German poem "Was die Steine Erzählen" ("What the Stones Tell") by Heinrich Karl Brugsch, for which she was paid $50. Her family did not want her name to appear in print, since writing was not considered a proper occupation for a society woman of her time. Consequently, the poem was published under the name of a friend's father, E. A. Washburn, a cousin of Ralph Waldo Emerson, who supported women's education.Template:Sfn In 1877, at the age of 15, she secretly wrote a novella, Fast and Loose. In 1878, her father arranged for a collection of two dozen original poems and five translations, Verses, to be privately published.Template:Sfn Wharton published a poem under a pseudonym in the New York World, in 1879.Template:Sfn In 1880, she had five poems published anonymously in the Atlantic Monthly, an important literary magazine.Template:Sfn Despite these early successes, she was not encouraged by her family or her social circle, and though she continued to write, she did not publish anything more until her poem "The Last Giustiniani" was published in Scribner's Magazine in October 1889.Template:Sfn

The "debutante" years

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Between 1880 and 1890, Wharton put her writing aside to participate in the social rituals of the New York upper classes. She keenly observed the social changes happening around her, which she later used in her writing.Template:Sfn Wharton officially came out as a debutante to society in 1879.Template:Sfn She was allowed to bare her shoulders and wear her hair up for the first time at a December dance, which was given by a Society matron, Anna Morton.Template:Sfn Wharton began a courtship with Henry Leyden Stevens, the son of Paran Stevens, a wealthy hotelier and real estate investor from rural New Hampshire. His sister, Minnie, married Arthur Paget.Template:Sfn The Jones family did not approve of Stevens.Template:Sfn

In the middle of her debutante season, the Jones family returned to Europe in 1881 for her father's health.Template:Sfn Still, her father, George Frederic Jones, died of a stroke in Cannes in 1882.Template:Sfn Stevens was with the Jones family in Europe during this time.Template:Sfn After returning to the United States with her mother, Wharton continued her courtship with Stevens, announcing their engagement in August 1882.Template:Sfn The month the two were to marry, the engagement ended.Template:Sfn

Wharton's mother, Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander Jones, moved back to Paris in 1883, and she lived there until her death in 1901.Template:Sfn

1880s–1900s

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File:The Mount from the Flower Garden by David Dashiell.jpg
The Mount, 2006

On April 29, 1885,<ref>New York, New York, Marriage Index 1866–1937</ref> at the age of 23, Wharton married Edward Robbins (Teddy) Wharton, who was 12 years her senior, at the Trinity Chapel Complex in Manhattan.Template:Sfn<ref>U.S., Newspaper Extractions from the Northeast, 1704–1930</ref> From a well-established Boston family, he was a sportsman and a gentleman of the same social class and shared her love of travel. The Whartons set up house at Pencraig Cottage in Newport.Template:Sfn In 1893, they bought a house named Land's End, on the other side of Newport, for $80,000, and moved into it.Template:Sfn Wharton decorated Land's End, with the help of designer Ogden Codman. In 1897, the Whartons purchased their New York home, 884 Park Avenue.Template:Sfn Between 1886 and 1897, they traveled overseas, in the period from February to June, mostly visiting Italy but also Paris and England.Template:Sfn From her marriage onwards, three interests came to dominate Wharton's life: American houses, writing, and Italy.Template:Sfn

From the late 1880s until 1902, Teddy Wharton suffered from chronic depression. The couple, then, ceased their extensive travel.<ref name="Davis">Template:Harvnb</ref> At that time, his depression became more debilitating, after which they lived almost exclusively at their estate, The Mount, in Lenox, Massachusetts. During those same years, Wharton, herself, was said to suffer from asthma and periods of depression.Template:Sfn

In 1908, Teddy Wharton's mental condition was determined to be incurable. In that year, Wharton began an affair with Morton Fullerton, an author, and foreign correspondent for The Times of London, in whom she found an intellectual partner.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She divorced Edward Wharton, in 1913, after 28 years of marriage.<ref name="Davis"/> Around the same time, she was beset with harsh literary criticism from the naturalist school of writers.

File:Edith Wharton as a young woman, ca. 1889 (cropped).jpg
Edith Wharton Template:Circa

In addition to novels, Wharton wrote at least 85 short stories.<ref name="W. W. Norton & Company, Inc"/> She was also a garden designer, an interior designer, and a taste-maker of her time. She wrote several design books, including her first major published work, The Decoration of Houses (1897), co-authored by Ogden Codman. Another of her "home and garden" books is the generously illustrated Italian Villas and Their Gardens of 1904, illustrated by Maxfield Parrish.

Travels and life abroad

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Over the course of her life, she crossed the Atlantic 60 times.Template:Sfn In Europe, her primary destinations were Italy, France, and England. She also went to Morocco. She wrote many books about her travels, including Italian Backgrounds and A Motor-Flight through France.

Her husband, Edward Wharton, shared her love of travel and for many years, they spent at least four months of each year abroad, mainly in Italy. Their friend, Egerton Winthrop, accompanied them, on many journeys there.Template:Sfn In 1888, the Whartons and their friend, James Van Alen, took a cruise through the Aegean islands. Wharton was 26. The trip cost the Whartons $10,000 and lasted four months.Template:Sfn She kept a travel journal, during this trip, that was thought to be lost but was later published as The Cruise of the Vanadis, now considered her earliest known travel writing.Template:Sfn

File:Land’s End, Newport, RI.jpg
Land's End, Newport, Rhode Island

In 1897, Edith Wharton purchased Land's End in Newport, Rhode Island, from Robert Livingston Beeckman, a former U.S. Open Tennis Championship runner-up who became governor of Rhode Island. At the time, Wharton described the main house as "incurably ugly." Wharton agreed to pay $80,000 for the property, and she spent thousands more to alter the home's facade, decorate the interior, and landscape the grounds.

File:The House of Mirth page of original manuscript Edith Wharton.jpg
Page from original manuscript of The House of Mirth, in Edith Wharton's hand

In 1902, Wharton designed The Mount, her estate in Lenox, Massachusetts, which survives, today, as an example of her design principles. She wrote several of her novels there, including The House of Mirth (1905), the first of many chronicles of life in old New York. At The Mount, she entertained the cream of American literary society, including her close friend, novelist Henry James, who described the estate as "a delicate French chateau mirrored in a Massachusetts pond".Template:Sfn Although she spent many months traveling in Europe nearly every year, with her friend Egerton Winthrop (a descendant of John Winthrop), The Mount was her primary residence, until 1911.Template:Sfn When living there and while traveling abroad, Wharton was usually driven to appointments by her longtime chauffeur and friend, Charles Cook, a native of nearby South Lee, Massachusetts.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> When her marriage deteriorated, she decided to move, permanently, to France, living, first, at 53 Rue de Varenne, Paris, in an apartment that belonged to George Washington Vanderbilt II.

Wharton was preparing to vacation for the summer, when World War I broke out. Though many fled Paris, she moved back to her Paris apartment on the Rue de Varenne and for four years, she was a tireless and ardent supporter of the French war effort.Template:Sfn One of the first causes she undertook, in August 1914, was the opening of a workroom for unemployed women. Here, they were fed and paid one franc a day. What began, with 30 women, soon doubled, to 60 women, and their sewing business began to thrive.Template:Sfn When the Germans invaded Belgium in the fall of 1914 and Paris was flooded with Belgian refugees, she helped to set up the American Hostels for Refugees, which managed to get them shelter, meals, and clothes, and eventually created an employment agency to help them find work.Template:Sfn She collected more than $100,000 on their behalf.Template:Sfn In early 1915, she organized the Children of Flanders Rescue Committee, which gave shelter to nearly 900 Belgian refugees who had fled when their homes were bombed by the Germans.Template:Sfn

Aided by her influential connections in the French government, she and her long-time friend, Walter Berry (then president of the American Chamber of Commerce in Paris), were among the few foreigners in France allowed to travel to the front lines, during World War I. She and Berry made five journeys, between February and August 1915, which Wharton described in a series of articles that were first published in Scribner's Magazine and later as Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort, which became an American bestseller.Template:Sfn<ref>Edith Wharton p. 486. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Template:ISBN</ref> Travelling by car, Wharton and Berry drove through the war zone, viewing one devastated French village after another. She visited the trenches and was within earshot of artillery fire. She wrote, "We woke to a noise of guns closer and more incessant, and when we went out into the streets, it seemed as if, overnight, a new army had sprung out of the ground".<ref>"In Argonne", Chapter 2 of Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort, published in Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings, 1888–1920, p. 150. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. Template:ISBN</ref>

Throughout the war, she worked in charitable efforts for refugees, the injured, the unemployed, and the displaced. She was a "heroic worker on behalf of her adopted country".Template:Sfn On April 18, 1916, Raymond Poincaré, the then-President of France, appointed her Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, the fifth class of the country's highest honour, in recognition of her dedication to the war effort.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Her relief work included setting up workrooms for unemployed French women, organizing concerts to provide work for musicians, raising tens of thousands of dollars for the war effort, and opening tuberculosis hospitals. In 1915, Wharton edited a charity benefit volume, The Book of the Homeless, which included essays, art, poetry, and musical scores by many major contemporary European and American artists, including Henry James, Joseph Conrad, William Dean Howells, Anna de Noailles, Jean Cocteau, and Walter Gay, among others. Wharton proposed the book to her publisher, Scribner's, handled the business arrangements, lined up contributors, and translated the French entries into English. Theodore Roosevelt wrote a two-page introduction, in which he praised Wharton's effort and urged Americans to support the war.Template:Sfn She also kept up her own work, continuing to write novels, short stories, and poems, as well as reporting for The New York Times and keeping up her enormous correspondence.Template:Sfn Wharton urged Americans to support the war effort and encouraged America to enter the war.Template:Sfn She wrote the popular romantic novel, Summer in 1917, the war novella, The Marne, in 1918, and A Son at the Front, in 1919 (published 1923). When the war ended, she watched the Victory Parade from the Champs Elysees' balcony of a friend's apartment. After four years of intense effort, she decided to leave Paris for the quiet of the countryside. Wharton settled Template:Convert north of Paris in Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt, buying an 18th-century house on seven acres of land that she called Pavillon Colombe. She lived there, in summer and autumn, for the rest of her life, spending winters and springs on the French Riviera at Sainte Claire du Vieux Chateau in Hyères.Template:Sfn

Wharton was a committed supporter of French imperialism, describing herself as a "rabid imperialist", and the war solidified her political views.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> After the war, she traveled to Morocco, as the guest of Resident General Hubert Lyautey and wrote the book In Morocco, full of praise for the French administration, Lyautey, and particularly, his wife.

During the post-war years, she divided her time between Hyères and Provence, where she finished The Age of Innocence, in 1920. She returned to the United States only once, after the war, to receive an honorary doctorate from Yale University in 1923.

Later years

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The Age of Innocence (1920) won the 1921 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> making Wharton the first woman to win the award. The three fiction judges – literary critic Stuart Pratt Sherman, literature professor Robert Morss Lovett, and novelist Hamlin Garland – voted to give the prize to Sinclair Lewis for his satire Main Street, but Columbia University's advisory board, led by conservative university president Nicholas Murray Butler, overturned their decision and awarded the prize to The Age of Innocence.<ref>"Reader's Almanac: A Controversial Pulitzer Prize Brings Edith Wharton and Sinclair Lewis Together." Library of America, June 28, 2011. Web. March 11, 2015.</ref> Wharton was also nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1927, 1928, and 1930.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Wharton was friend and confidante to many prominent intellectuals of her time: Henry James, Sinclair Lewis, Jean Cocteau, and André Gide were all her guests, at one time or another. Theodore Roosevelt, Bernard Berenson, and Kenneth Clark were valued friends, as well. Particularly notable was her meeting with F. Scott Fitzgerald, described by the editors of her letters as "one of the better known failed encounters in the American literary annals." She spoke fluent French, Italian, and German, and many of her books were published in both French and English.

In 1934, Wharton's autobiography, A Backward Glance, was published. In the view of Judith E. Funston, writing on Edith Wharton in American National Biography,

What is most notable about A Backward Glance, however, is what it does not tell: her criticism of Lucretia Jones [her mother], her difficulties with Teddy, and her affair with Morton Fullerton, which did not come to light until her papers, deposited in Yale's Beinecke Rare Book Room and Manuscript Library, were opened in 1968.<ref>Judith E. Funston, "Edith Wharton", in American National Biography; New York: Oxford University Press, 1999; Vol. 23, pp. 111–112. Template:ISBN.</ref>

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Death

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File:Gardens at Pavilion Colombe Edith Wharton's villa.jpg
Wharton's Le Pavillon Colombe, Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt, France
File:Tombe Edith WHARTON, cimetière de Gonnards à VERSAILLES.jpg
Grave of Edith Wharton

On June 1, 1937, Wharton was at her French country home (shared with architect and interior decorator Ogden Codman), where she was at work on a revised edition of The Decoration of Houses, when she suffered a heart attack and collapsed.Template:Sfn

She died of a stroke on August 11, 1937, at Le Pavillon Colombe, her 18th-century house on Rue de Montmorency in Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt. She died at 5:30 p.m., but her death was not known in Paris. At her bedside was her friend, Mrs. Royall Tyler.<ref>"Edith Wharton, 75, Is Dead in France". The New York Times, August 13, 1937. Web. March 11, 2015.</ref> Wharton was buried in the American Protestant section of the Cimetière des Gonards in Versailles, "with all the honors owed a war hero and a chevalier of the Legion of Honor ... a group of some one hundred friends sang a verse of the hymn 'O Paradise'..."Template:Sfn

Writing

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Career

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Despite not publishing her first novel until she was forty, Wharton became an extraordinarily productive writer. In addition to her 15 novels, seven novellas, and eighty-five short stories, she published poetry, books on design, travel, literary and cultural criticism, and a memoir.Template:Sfn

In 1873, Wharton wrote a short story and gave it to her mother to read. Stinging from her mother's critique, Wharton decided to write only poetry. While she constantly sought her mother's approval and love, she rarely received either, and their relationship was a troubled one.<ref>Armitage, Robert. "Edith Wharton, A Writing Life: Childhood." New York Public Library, May 6, 2013. Web. March 11, 2015.</ref> Before she was 15, Wharton wrote Fast and Loose (1877). In her youth, she wrote about society. Her central themes came from her experiences with her parents. She was very critical of her work and wrote public reviews criticizing it. She also wrote about her own experiences with life. "Intense Love's Utterance" is a poem written about Henry Stevens.Template:Sfn

In 1889, she sent out three poems for publication, to Scribner's, Harper's and Century. Edward L. Burlingame published "The Last Giustiniani" for Scribner's. It was not until Wharton was 29 that her first short story was published: "Mrs. Manstey's View" had very little success, and it took her more than a year to publish another story. She completed "The Fullness of Life", following her annual European trip with Teddy. Burlingame was critical of this story, but Wharton did not want to make edits to it. This story, along with many others, speaks about her marriage. She sent Bunner Sisters to Scribner's, in 1892. Burlingame wrote back that it was too long for Scribner's to publish. This story is believed to be based on an experience she had as a child. It did not see publication until 1916, and it is included in the collection called Xingu. After a visit with her friend, Paul Bourget, she wrote "The Good May Come" and "The Lamp of Psyche". "The Lamp of Psyche" was a comical story, with verbal wit and sorrow. After "Something Exquisite" was rejected by Burlingame, she lost confidence in herself. She started travel writing, in 1894.Template:Sfn

In 1901, Wharton wrote a two-act play called Man of Genius. This play was about an English man who was having an affair with his secretary. The play was rehearsed but was never produced. Another 1901 play, The Shadow of a Doubt, which also came close to being staged but fell through, was thought to be lost, until it was discovered, in 2017. It had a radio adaptation broadcast on BBC Radio 3, in 2018.<ref>Drama on 3 The Shadow of a Doubt. BBC Radio 3</ref> It wouldn't be until 2023, over a century later, that the world stage premiere took place in Canada at the Shaw Festival,<ref name="auto">Template:Cite web</ref> directed by Peter Hinton-Davis.

She collaborated with Marie Tempest to write another play, but the two only completed four acts, before Marie decided she was no longer interested in costume plays. One of her earliest literary endeavors (1902) was the translation of the play Es Lebe das Leben ("The Joy of Living"), by Hermann Sudermann. The Joy of Living was criticized for its title, because the heroine swallows poison, at the end, and was a short-lived Broadway production. It was, however, a successful book.Template:Sfn

Many of Wharton's novels are characterized by subtle use of dramatic irony. Having grown up in upper-class, late-19th-century society, Wharton became one of its most astute critics, in such works as The House of Mirth and The Age of Innocence.

Themes

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Template:Conservatism US Versions of her mother, Lucretia Jones, often appeared in Wharton's fiction. Biographer Hermione Lee described it as "one of the most lethal acts of revenge ever taken by a writing daughter."Template:Sfn In her memoir, A Backward Glance, Wharton describes her mother as indolent, spendthrift, censorious, disapproving, superficial, icy, dry and ironic.Template:Sfn

Wharton's writings often dealt with themes such as "social and individual fulfillment, repressed sexuality, and the manners of old families and the new elite."<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> Maureen Howard, editor of Edith Wharton: Collected Stories, notes several recurring themes in Wharton's short stories, including confinement and attempts at freedom, the morality of the author, critiques of intellectual pretension, and the "unmasking" of the truth.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> Wharton's writing also explored themes of "social mores and social reform" as they relate to the "extremes and anxieties of the Gilded Age".<ref name=":0" />

A key recurring theme in Wharton's writing is the relationship between the house as a physical space and its relationship to its inhabitant's characteristics and emotions. Maureen Howard argues "Edith Wharton conceived of houses, dwelling places, in extended imagery of shelter and dispossession. Houses – their confinement and their theatrical possibilities ... they are never mere settings."<ref name=":1" />

Influences

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American children's stories containing slang were forbidden in Wharton's childhood home.Template:Sfn This included such popular authors as Mark Twain, Bret Harte, and Joel Chandler Harris. She was allowed to read Louisa May Alcott but Wharton preferred Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Charles Kingsley's The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby.Template:Sfn Wharton's mother forbade her from reading many novels and Wharton said she "read everything else but novels until the day of my marriage."Template:Sfn Instead Wharton read the classics, philosophy, history, and poetry in her father's library including Daniel Defoe, John Milton, Thomas Carlyle, Alphonse de Lamartine, Victor Hugo, Jean Racine, Thomas Moore, Lord Byron, William Wordsworth, John Ruskin, and Washington Irving.Template:Sfn Biographer Hermione Lee describes Wharton as having read herself "out of Old New York" and her influences included Herbert Spencer, Charles Darwin, Friedrich Nietzsche, T. H. Huxley, George Romanes, James Frazer, and Thorstein Veblen.Template:Sfn These influenced her ethnographic style of novelization.Template:Sfn Wharton developed a passion for Walt Whitman.Template:Sfn

Works

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Source: Template:Cite web Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break

Novels

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Novellas and novelette

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  • The Touchstone, 1900
  • Sanctuary, 1903
  • Madame de Treymes, 1907
  • Ethan Frome, 1911
  • Bunner Sisters, 1916 (written in 1892)
  • The Marne, 1918
  • Old New York, 1924
    1. False Dawn; 2. The Old Maid; 3. The Spark; 4. New Year's Day
  • Fast and Loose: A Novelette, 1938 (written in 1876–1877)

Poetry

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  • Verses, 1878
  • Artemis to Actaeon and Other Verse, 1909
  • Twelve Poems, 1926

Short story collections

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  • The Greater Inclination, 1899, includes Souls Belated.
  • Crucial Instances, 1901
  • The Descent of Man and Other Stories, 1904
  • The Hermit and the Wild Woman and Other Stories, 1908
  • Tales of Men and Ghosts, 1910

Template:Col-break

  • Xingu and Other Stories, 1916
    • "Xingu"; "Coming Home"; "Autres Temps ..."; "Kerfol"; "The Long Run"; "The Triumph of Night"; "The Choice"; "Bunner Sisters"
  • Here and Beyond, 1926
  • Certain People, 1930
  • Human Nature, 1933
  • The World Over, 1936
  • Ghosts, 1937
    • "All Souls'"; "The Eyes"; "Afterward"; "The Lady's Maid's Bell"; "Kerfol"; "The Triumph of Night"; "Miss Mary Pask"; "Bewitched"; "Mr. Jones"; "Pomegranate Seed"; "A Bottle of Perrier"
  • Roman Fever and Other Stories, 1964
    • "Roman Fever"; "Xingu"; "The Other Two"; "Souls Belated"; "The Angel at the Grave"; "The Last Asset"; "After Holbein"; "Autres Temps"
  • Madame de Treymes and Others: Four Novelettes, 1970
    • "The Touchstone"; "Sanctuary"; "Madame de Treymes"; "Bunner Sisters"
  • The Ghost Stories of Edith Wharton, 1973
    • "The Lady's Maid's Bell"; "The Eyes"; "Afterward"; "Kerfol"; "The Triumph of Night"; "Miss Mary Pask"; "Bewitched"; "Mr Jones"; "Pomegranate Seed"; "The Looking Glass"; "All Souls"
  • The Collected Stories of Edith Wharton, 1998 (Carroll & Graf Publishers; paperback, 640 pages)
    • "The Pelican"; "The Other Two"; "The Mission of Jane"; "The Reckoning"; "The Last Asset"; "The Letters"; "Autres Temps ..."; "The Long Run"; "After Holbein"; "Atrophy"; "Pomegranate Seed"; "Her Son"; "Charm Incorporated"; "All Souls"; "The Lamp of Psyche"; "A Journey"; "The Line of Least Resistance"; "The Moving Finger"; "Expiation"; "Les Metteurs en Scene"; "Full Circle"; "The Daunt Diana"; "Afterward"; "The Bolted Door"; "The Temperate Zone"; "Diagnosis"; "The Day of the Funeral"; "Confession"
  • The New York Stories of Edith Wharton, 2007 paperback 452 pages, NYREV publishers
    • "Mrs. Manstey's View"; "That Good May Come"; "The Portrait"; "A Cup of Cold Water"; "A Journey"; "The Rembrandt"; "The Other Two"; "The Quicksand"; "The Dilettante"; "The Reckoning"; "Expiation"; "The Pot-Boiler"; "His Father's Son"; "Full Circle"; "Autres Temps"; "The Long Run"; "After Holbein"; "Diagnosis"; "Pomegranate Seed"; "Roman Fever"

Non-fiction

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As editor

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Theater

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  • Shadow of a Doubt, 1901<ref name="auto"/>

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Adaptations

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Source (except where otherwise indicated): Template:Harv

Ballet

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Film

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Radio

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Television

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Theater

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Bilingual editions

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  • Edith Wharton was honored on a U.S. postage stamp issued on September 5, 1980.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • In The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, Edith Wharton (Clare Higgins) travels across North Africa with Indiana Jones in Chapter 16, Tales of Innocence.
  • Edith Wharton is mentioned in the HBO television series Entourage in the 2007 third season's 13th episode: Vince is handed a screenplay for Wharton's The Glimpses of the Moon by Amanda, his new agent, for a film to be directed by Sam Mendes. In the same episode, period films of Wharton's work are lampooned by agent Ari Gold, who says that all her stories are "about a guy who likes a girl, but he can't have sex with her for five years, because those were the times!" Carla Gugino, who plays Amanda, was the protagonist of the BBC-PBS adaptation of The Buccaneers (1995), one of her early jobs.
  • Gilmore Girls makes various witty references to Wharton throughout the series. In season 1, episode 6 called "Rory's Birthday Parties", Lorelei jokingly says, "Edith Wharton would be proud", referring to Emily's extravagant birthday party for Rory. In Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life the tradition continues as Lorelei quips Emily with a Wharton mention in the first episode.
  • In a 2009 episode of Gossip Girl called "The Age of Dissonance", characters put on a production of a play version of The Age of Innocence and find their personal lives mirroring the play.
  • "Edith Wharton's Journey" is a radio adaptation, for the NPR series Radio Tales, of the short story "A Journey" from Edith Wharton's collection The Greater Inclination.
  • The American singer and songwriter Suzanne Vega paid homage to Edith Wharton in her song "Edith Wharton's Figurines" on her 2007 studio album Beauty & Crime.
  • In Dawson's Creek, Pacey reads and takes a verbal quiz on Ethan Frome.
  • The Magnetic Fields have a song which summarises the plot of Ethan Frome.

References

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Citations

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Sources

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Olsen, Eric B. (2019) "Ethan Frome" Analysis In Context

Further reading

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  • Armbruster, Elif S. (2011) "Domestic Biographies: Stowe, Howells, James, and Wharton at Home." New York: Peter Lang (Template:ISBN)
  • Benstock, Shari (1994) No Gifts From Chance: a biography of Edith Wharton. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
  • Collas, Philippe and Eric Villedary, Edith Wharton's French Riviera (2002) Paris, New York : Flammarion/Rizzoli (Template:ISBN)
  • Drizou, Myrto, ed. Critical Insights: Edith Wharton (2018) Salem Press.
  • Dwight, Eleanor. (1994) Edith Wharton: An Extraordinary Life, An Illustrated Biography New York: Harry N. Abrams.
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  • Hutchinson, Hazel (2015). The War That Used Up Words: American Writers and the First World War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Lee, Hermione (2007) Edith Wharton. London: Chatto & Windus; New York: Knopf.
  • Lewis, R. W. B. (1975) Edith Wharton: a biography New York: Harper & Row Template:ISBN
  • Template:Cite magazine
  • Montgomery, Maureen E. (1998) Displaying Women: Spectacles of Leisure in Edith Wharton's New York New York: Routledge. Template:ISBN
  • Novellas and Other Writings (Cynthia Griffin Wolff, ed.) (The Library of America, 1990) Template:ISBN, which contains her autobiography, A Backward Glance.
  • The Letters of Edith Wharton (R. W. B. Lewis and Nancy Lewis, eds.) Template:ISBN, particularly the editorial introductions to the chronological sections, especially for 1902–07, 1911–14, 1919–27, and 1928–37, and the editorial footnotes to the letter to F. Scott Fitzgerald (June 8, 1925)
  • Severi, Rita, Edith Wharton una scrittrice americana in Italia con poesie e testi inediti, Milano, Mursia, Nov. 2023 ISBN 978-88- 425 6538 -3
  • Twilight Sleep (R. F. Godfrey, ed.) Template:ISBN
  • Vita-Finzi, Penelope. (1990) "Edith Wharton and the Art of Fiction." London: Continuum International Publishing
  • Wolff, Cynthia Griffin (1977) A Feast of Words: The Triumph of Edith Wharton Oxford. Template:ISBN
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Archival materials

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Online editions

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