Foreign relations of Moldova

After achieving independence from the Soviet Union, the Republic of Moldova established relations with other European countries. A course for European Union integration and neutrality define the country's foreign policy guidelines.

In 1995, the country became the first post-Soviet state admitted to the Council of Europe. In addition to its participation in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Francophonie and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

In 2005, Moldova and EU established an action plan that sought to improve the collaboration between the two neighboring structures. After the Transnistria War, Moldova sought a peaceful resolution to the Transnistria conflict by working with Romania, Ukraine, and Russia, calling for international mediation, and cooperating with the OSCE and UN fact-finding and observer missions.<ref>Ejova, Cristina, and Anastasia Eșanu. "Public diplomacy of the European Union and its reflection in the Republic of Moldova." Moldoscopie 92.1 (2021): 43-53.</ref>

Overview

List of countries which Moldova maintains diplomatic relations with (No dates are found for Chad, Equatorial Guinea and Namibia):

File:Diplomatic relations of Moldova.svg
#	Country	Date<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Relations with the European Union

Template:Main Moldova aspires to join the European Union<ref>Moldova will prove that it can and has chances to become EU member Template:Webarchive, Moldpress News Agency, 19 June 2007</ref> and is implementing its first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) of the EU.<ref>Moldova-EU Action Plan Approved by European Commission Template:Webarchive, 14 December 2004. Retrieved 2 July 2007</ref>

As regards to its energy policy, Moldova was an observer to the treaty establishing Energy Community from the outset (2006). Following its interest in full membership, the European Commission was mandated to carry out negotiations with Moldova in 2007. In December 2009, the Energy Community Ministerial Council decided on the accession, but made it conditional to amendment of Moldova's gas law.<ref>Energy Community Ministerial Council Conclusions, Dec 2009Template:Dead link.</ref> Moldova joined the Energy Community as a full-fledged member in March 2010.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref>

Relations with NATO

File:Stamp of Moldova 302.gif

Wörner and Snegur signing PfP on 16 March 1994

NATO relations with Moldova date back to 1992, when the country joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Moldova works alongside NATO allies and partner countries in a wide range of areas through the Partnership for Peace and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.

Relations with post-Soviet states

The Moldovan Parliament approved the country's membership in the Commonwealth of Independent States and the CIS charter on economic union in April 1994. Moldova however has never participated in any military aspects of CIS, citing its neutral status.

In 1998, Moldova contributed to the founding of GUAM, a regional cooperation agreement made up of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova. Although the agreement initially included a declaration of mutual defense, Moldova has since declared its disinterest in participating in any GUAM-based mutual defense initiative.

Russia continues to maintain a military presence in the Transnistrian region of Moldova, despite previous agreements with Moldova and within OSCE and CAF to withdraw its troops and ammunition.

Moldova was granted Observer Status in the Russian-led Eurasian Union in April 2017.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Relations with Transnistria

Template:Main The territory of Moldova includes the separatist Transnistria region. Transnistria had a particularly large non-Moldovan population (about 60%) and broke away from Moldova less than a year after Moldova became independent at the fall of the Soviet Union. The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic controls main part of this region, and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west bank. The international diplomatic situation with respect to the question of Transnistria determines and is determined by Moldova's relations with Russia. Russia, Ukraine, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, EU, and United States are involved at different degrees in the conflict resolution.

Relations with the United Kingdom

On 20 November 2024, Moldova and the United Kingdom signed a Defence and Security Partnership.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Bilateral relations

Multilateral

Organization	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag		Moldova joined the Council of Europe as a full member on 13 July 1995.
Template:Flag		See Moldova–European Union relations
Template:Flag		See Moldova–NATO relations

Africa

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Template:Flag	9 October 2020	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 October 2020.
Template:Flag	13 February 1992	Egypt is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova is accredited to Egypt from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
Template:Flag	8 October 1992	Morocco is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova is accredited to Morocco from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal.
Template:Flag	15 June 1992	Moldova does not have an accreditation to South Africa. South Africa is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
Template:Flag	27 September 2004	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2004<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Tunisia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.

Americas

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Template:Flag	8 March 1993	Argentina is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova does not have an accreditation to Argentina.
Template:Flag	20 February 1992	Canada is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova has an embassy in Ottawa.
Template:Flag	12 May 1993	Chile is accredited to Moldova from it embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova does not have an accreditation to Chile.<ref name="b5d981be">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag	6 April 1993	Guatemala is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Moldova does not have an accreditation to Guatemala.
Template:Flag	14 January 1992	Mexico is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Athens, Greece and maintains an honorary consulate in Chișinău.<ref>Bilateral relations between Mexico and Moldova (in Spanish)</ref> Moldova is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington D.C., United States.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag	18 February 1992	See Moldova–United States relations The United States recognized the independence of Moldova on 25 December 1991, and opened an embassy in its capital, Chișinău, in March 1992. A trade agreement providing reciprocal most-favored-nation tariff treatment became effective in July 1992. An Overseas Private Investment Corporation agreement, which encourages U.S. private investment by providing direct loans and loan guarantees, was signed in June 1992. A bilateral investment treaty was signed in April 1993. A generalized system of preferences status was granted in August 1995, and some Eximbank coverage became available in November 1995. U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry made a visit to Moldova in December 2013 to support the former Soviet republic's pro-Western moves in the face of Russian pressure. The United States remains committed to the 5+2 format as a means to resolving the Transnistria conflict. The United States supports a comprehensive settlement that affirms Moldova's sovereignty and territorial integrity, while providing a special status for Transnistria. Moldova has an embassy in Washington, D.C.. United States has an embassy in Chișinău. See also: Embassy of the United States to Moldova and Embassy of Moldova, Washington, D.C.

Asia

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Template:Flag	18 July 1992	Armenia has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine. There are around 7,500 people of Armenian descent living in Moldova.
Template:Flag	29 May 1992	Azerbaijan has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Baku. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Template:Flag	30 January 1992	See China–Moldova relations China has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Beijing.
Template:Flag	20 March 1993	See India–Moldova relations India is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania Moldova is accredited to India through its embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag	11 May 1992	Iran is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Moldova is accredited to Iran from its embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan.
Template:Flag	22 June 1992	See Israel–Moldova relations Israel is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Moldova has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
Template:Flag	16 March 1992	Japan has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Tokyo.
Template:Flag	16 September 1992	Moldova has an embassy in Astana.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Kazakhstan has a consulate-general in Chișinău.
Template:Flag	30 October 1992	Kyrgyzstan is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Moldova is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Template:Flag	30 January 1992	Moldova does not have an accreditation to North Korea. North Korea is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Template:Flag	13 June 1997	Moldova has an embassy in Doha. Qatar has an embassy in Chișinău
Template:Flag	31 January 1992	See Moldova-South Korea relations
Template:Flag	3 February 1992	See Moldova–Turkey relations Moldova has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Chișinău. Both countries are full members of BSEC. Speaking in Comrat in August 2018 when referencing the country's allies, President Igor Dodon said "we have friends who are close to Gagauzia, and I believe to Moldova, as well, they are Russia and Turkey."<ref>Dodon Denounces Romania Reunification Idea In Rare Visit To Gagauzia Template:Webarchive rferl.org 20 August 2017</ref>
Template:Flag	5 October 1992	Moldova is accredited to Turkmenistan from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Turkmenistan is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
Template:Flag	21 December 1995	Moldova has an embassy in Abu Dhabi. UAE is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
Template:Flag	23 August 1994	Moldova is accredited to the Uzbekistan from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Uzbekistan is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
Template:Flag	11 June 1992	Moldova is accredited to Vietnam from its embassy in Beijing, China. Vietnam is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.

Europe

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Template:Flag	23 December 1992	See Albania–Moldova relations
Template:Flag	25 March 1992	See Austria–Moldova relations Austria has an embassy Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Vienna. See also: Embassy of Austria, Chișinău
Template:Flag	19 November 1992	See Belarus–Moldova relations Diplomatic relations between Belarus and Moldova were established on 19 November 1992. That same year, an agreement on friendly relations and cooperation between the two countries was signed. Belarus has an embassy in Chișinău (opened in May 1995). Moldova has an embassy in Minsk (opened in October 1993). The first official Moldovan visit to Minsk was by Petru Lucinschi in June 2000.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Nicolae Timofti later visited in October 2013,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> July 2015<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and October 2016,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and was followed in July 2017 by Igor Dodon.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> List of Ambassadors of Moldova in Belarus: Nicolae Dudău (1998-2001),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Gheorghe Hioară (2010-2017),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Victor Sorocean (2017–Present)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag	11 March 1992	Belgium is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova has an embassy in Brussels.
Template:Flag	5 February 1992	Bulgaria recognized Moldova on 28 December 1991. Since 1992, Bulgaria has an embassy in Chișinău.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Moldova has embassy in Sofia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Template:Flag	28 July 1992	Croatia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova is accredited to Croatia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary.
Template:Flag	21 February 1992	See Cyprus–Moldova relations
Template:Flag	1 June 1992	See Czech Republic–Moldova relations Czech Republic has an embassy in Chișinău Moldova has an embassy in Prague.
Template:Flag	20 January 1992	See Denmark–Moldova relations Denmark is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Template:Flag	10 November 1992	See Estonia–Moldova relations Estonia has an embassy office in Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Tallinn. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. Estonia is an EU member and Moldova is an EU candidate.
Template:Flag	26 February 1992	See Finland–Moldova relations Finland is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
Template:Flag	11 March 1992	France has an embassy in Chișinău Moldova has an embassy in Paris. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Template:Flag	25 June 1992	See Georgia–Moldova relations Until 1991, both countries were part of the USSR and before 1918 part of the Russian empire. Georgia has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan. Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Moldova
Template:Flag	30 April 1992	See Germany–Moldova relations Germany has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt.
Template:Flag	Template:Dts	See Greece–Moldova relations Diplomatic relations between Greece and Moldova were established 27 March 1992 after the collapse of the Soviet Union Greece is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Moldova has an embassy in Athens.
Template:Flag	16 January 1992	Hungary has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Budapest.
Template:Flag	17 May 1995	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 May 1995.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag	30 September 1999	Ireland is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova has an embassy in Dublin. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. Moldovan Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ireland Template:Webarchive
Template:Flag	21 February 1992	See Italy–Moldova relations Italy has an embassy in Chișinău. Moldova has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Template:Flag	1 September 1992	Latvia has an embassy in Chișinău.<ref>https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/moldova/consular-information Template:Webarchive</ref> Moldova has an embassy in Riga.
Template:Flag	8 July 1992	Lithuania has an embassy in Chișinău Moldova has an embassy in Vilnius. Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Template:Flag	27 June 2000	Malta is accredited to Moldova from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Valletta. Moldova is accredited to Malta from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
Template:Flag	10 July 1993	See Moldova–Netherlands relations Moldova has an embassy in The Hague. Netherlands has an embassy office in Chișinău. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Template:Flag	27 January 1995	See Moldova–North Macedonia relations
Template:Flag	14 July 1992	See Moldova–Poland relations Moldova has an embassy in Warsaw. Poland has an embassy in Chișinău. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Template:Flag	10 February 1993	See Moldova–Portugal relations Moldova has an embassy in Lisbon. Portugal is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
Template:Flag	27 August 1991	See Moldova–Romania relations Moldova's relations with its western neighbour, Romania, have been stressed since 1994. Today's Moldova (without Transnistria) and parts of the old Bassarabia Governorate currently in Ukraine, were part of Romania during the interwar period (1918–40). Linguists generally agree that the Moldovan language is in fact identical with Romanian.Template:Citation needed However, Moldovans have been ambivalent about whether they consider themselves Romanians or Moldovans. Early signs that Romania and Moldova might unite after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule quickly faded. Romania remains interested in Moldovan affairs, especially that country's civil conflict with the breakaway republic of Transnistria. However, the two countries have been unable to reach agreement on a basic bilateral treaty; Romania is insistent (against determined Moldovan resistance) that such a treaty would have to refer to Romania and Moldova's 'special relationship'. Beginning in 1994, the two countries enjoyed a visa-free arrangement that ended on 1 January 2007, with Romania's entry into the European Union. This prompted many Moldovan citizens to apply for Romanian citizenship.<ref>Cetatenia romana, portita spre Europa Template:Webarchive 27 December 2006</ref> Moldova has an embassy in Bucharest and a consulate-general in Iași. . Romania has an embassy in Chișinău and consulates-general in Bălți and Cahul.
Template:Flag	6 April 1992	See Moldova–Russia relations Relations between Moldova and Russia deteriorated in November 2003 over a Russian proposal for the solution of the Transnistria conflict, which Moldovan authorities refused to accept. In the following election, held in 2005, the Communist party made a formal 180-degree turn and was re-elected on a pro-Western platform,Template:Citation needed with Voronin being re-elected to a second term as president. Moldova has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Chișinău.
Template:Flag	15 March 1995	Moldova is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Serbia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova strongly supports Serbia's stance on Kosovo.<ref>Moldova will not recognise Kosovo's independence, Associated Press, 18 February 2008 Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	27 October 1993	See Moldova–Slovenia relations Moldova is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary. Slovenia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Francophonie.
Template:Flag	31 January 1992	See Moldova–Spain relations Moldova has an embassy in Madrid. Spain is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
Template:Flag	12 June 1992	See Moldova–Sweden relations Moldova has an embassy in Stockholm. Sweden has an embassy in Chișinău
Template:Flag	2 September 1992	See Moldova–Switzerland relations Moldova has an embassy in Geneva. Switzerland is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
Template:Flag	10 March 1992	See Moldova–Ukraine relations Moldova has an embassy in Kyiv and a consulate-general in Odesa. Ukraine has an embassy in Chișinău and a consulate in Bălți.
Template:Flag	17 January 1992	Moldova established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 17 January 1992. Moldova maintains an embassy in London. The United Kingdom is accredited to Moldova through its embassy in Chişinău.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, the International Criminal Court, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and a Strategic Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Oceania

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Template:Flag	1 April 1992	Australia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Moscow, Russia Moldova does not have an accreditation to Australia.
Template:Flag	11 September 1992	Moldova does not have an accreditation to New Zealand. New Zealand is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.

See also

• List of diplomatic missions in Moldova
• List of diplomatic missions of Moldova
• List of Ambassadors to Moldova

Gallery

• Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the United Nations
  Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the United Nations
• Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the OSCE
  Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the OSCE

External links

• Moldovan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Template:Webarchive

Further reading

• Baltag, Dorina. "EU external representation post-Lisbon: the performance of EU diplomacy in Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine." The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 13.1 (2018): 75-96. online
• Baltag, Dorina. "Practice and performance: EU diplomacy in Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus after the inauguration of the European External Action Service, 2010–2015" (Diss. Loughborough University, 2018.) online
• Cozma, Artur. "The Diplomacy of the Republic of Moldova during 1944-2001." (2007). online Template:Webarchive
• Del Medico, Nicola. "A Black Knight in the Eastern Neighbourhood? Russia and EU Democracy Promotion in Armenia and Moldova." (EU Diplomacy Paper No. 7) (2014). online
• Ejova, Cristina, and Anastasia Eșanu. "Public diplomacy of the European Union and its reflection in the Republic of Moldova." Moldoscopie 92.1 (2021): 43-53. online
• Löwenhardt, John. "The OSCE, Moldova and Russian diplomacy in 2003." Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 20.4 (2004): 103-112.