Gdynia
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox settlement GdyniaTemplate:Efn is a city in northern Poland and a seaport on the Baltic Sea coast. With an estimated population of 257,000, it is the 12th-largest city in Poland and the second-largest in the Pomeranian Voivodeship after Gdańsk.<ref name="population" /> Gdynia is part of a conurbation with the spa town of Sopot, the city of Gdańsk, and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto) with around one million inhabitants.
Historically and culturally part of Kashubia and Eastern Pomerania, Gdynia for centuries remained a small fishing village. By the 20th-century it attracted visitors as a seaside resort town. In 1926, Gdynia was granted city rights after which it enjoyed demographic and urban development, with a modernist cityscape. It became a major seaport city of Poland. In 1970, protests in and around Gdynia contributed to the rise of the Solidarity movement in nearby Gdańsk.
The port of Gdynia is a regular stopover on the cruising itinerary of luxury passenger ships and ferries travelling to Scandinavia. Gdynia's downtown, designated a historical monument of Poland in 2015, is an example of building an integrated European community and includes Functionalist architectural forms. It is also a candidate for the UNESCO World Heritage List.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> Its axis is based around 10 Lutego Street and connects the main train station with the Southern Pier. The city is also known for holding the annual Gdynia Film Festival. In 2013, Gdynia was ranked by readers of The News as Poland's best city to live in, and topped the national rankings in the category of "general quality of life".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2021, the city entered the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and was named UNESCO City of Film.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
History
[edit]Early history
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The area of the later city of Gdynia shared its history with Pomerelia (Eastern Pomerania). In prehistoric times, it was the center of Oksywie culture; it was later populated by Lechites with minor Baltic Prussian influences. In the late 10th century, the region was united with the emerging state of Poland<ref>André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Adrian Walford, Michael Lapidge, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Routledge, 2000, p.: 1163, Template:ISBN link</ref> by its first historic ruler Mieszko I. During the reign of Bolesław II, the region seceded from Poland and became independent, to be reunited with Poland in 1116/1121 by Bolesław III.<ref>James Minahan, One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, p.375, Template:ISBN</ref> In 1209, the present-day district of Oksywie was first mentioned (Oxhöft). Following the fragmentation of Poland, the region became part of the Duchy of Pomerania (Eastern), which became separate from Poland in 1227, to be reunited in 1282. The first known mention of the name "Gdynia", as a Pomeranian (Kashubian) fishing village dates back to 1253. The first church on this part of the Baltic Sea coast was built there. In 1309–1310, the Teutonic Order invaded and annexed the region from Poland. In 1380, the owner of the village which became Gdynia, Peter from Rusocin, gave the village to the Cistercian Order. In 1382, Gdynia became property of the Cistercian abbey in Oliwa. In 1454, King Casimir IV Jagiellon signed the act of reincorporation of the region to the Kingdom of Poland, and the Thirteen Years' War, the longest of all Polish-Teutonic wars, started. It ended in 1466, when the Teutonic Knights recognized the region as part of Poland. Administratively, Gdynia was located in the Pomeranian Voivodeship in the province of Royal Prussia<ref>Daniel Stone,A History of East Central Europe, University of Washington Press, 2001, p. 30, Template:ISBN Google Books Template:Webarchive</ref> in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland and later of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The present-day neighbourhood of Kolibki was the location of the Kolibki estate, purchased by King John III Sobieski in 1685.
In 1772, Gdynia was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in the First Partition of Poland. Gdynia, under the Germanized name Gdingen, was included within the newly formed province of West Prussia and was expropriated from the Cistercian Order. In 1789, there were only 21 houses in Gdynia. Around that time Gdynia was so small that it was not marked on many maps of the period: it was about halfway from Oksywie and Mały Kack, now districts of Gdynia. In 1871, the village became part of the German Empire. In the early 20th century Gdynia was not a poor fishing village as it is sometimes described; it had become a popular tourist spot with several guest houses, restaurants, cafés, several brick houses and a small harbour with a pier for small trading ships. The first Kashubian mayor was Jan Radtke.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is estimated that around 1910 the population of Gdynia was 895 people.<ref>A. Jelonek (red.), Dokumentacja geograficzna. Liczba ludności miast i osiedli w Polsce 1810-1955, Warsaw 1956 Template:Webarchive, p. 28</ref>
Following World War I, in 1918, Poland regained independence, and following the Treaty of Versailles, in 1920, Gdynia was re-integrated with the reborn Polish state. Simultaneously, the nearby city of Gdańsk (Danzig) and surrounding area was declared a free city and put under the League of Nations, though Poland was given economic liberties and requisitioned for matters of foreign representation.
Construction of the seaport
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The decision to build a major seaport at Gdynia village was made by the Polish government in winter 1920,<ref name="World Port Source - Gdynia">Template:Cite web</ref> in the midst of the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921).<ref name="Citino">Robert Michael Citino. The path to blitzkrieg: doctrine and training in the German Army, 1920–1939. Lynne Rienner Publishers. 1999. p. 173.</ref> The authorities and seaport workers of the Free City of Danzig felt Poland's economic rights in the city were being misappropriated to help fight the war. German dockworkers went on strike, refusing to unload shipments of military supplies sent from the West to aid the Polish army,<ref name="Citino" /> and Poland realized the need for a port city it was in complete control of, economically and politically.Template:Citation needed
Construction of Gdynia seaport started in 1921<ref name="Citino"/> but, because of financial difficulties, it was conducted slowly and with interruptions. It was accelerated after the Sejm (Polish parliament) passed the Gdynia Seaport Construction Act on 23 September 1922. By 1923 a 550-metre pier, Template:Convert of a wooden tide breaker, and a small harbour had been constructed. Ceremonial inauguration of Gdynia as a temporary military port and fishers' shelter took place on 23 April 1923. The first major seagoing ship, the French Line steamer Kentucky, arrived on 13 August 1923 after being diverted because of a strike at Gdansk.<ref>"Emigration Shipping Lines of Gdynia, 1924-1939", by Oskar Myszor, in East Central Europe in Exile: Transatlantic Migrations, ed. by Anna Mazurkiewicz (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014) p. 165</ref>
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To speed up the construction works, the Polish government in November 1924 signed a contract with the French-Polish Consortium for Gdynia Seaport Construction. By the end of 1925, they had built a small seven-metre-deep harbour, the south pier, part of the north pier, a railway, and had ordered the trans-shipment equipment. The works were going more slowly than expected, however. They accelerated only after May 1926, because of an increase in Polish exports by sea, economic prosperity, the outbreak of the German–Polish trade war which reverted most Polish international trade to sea routes, and thanks to the personal engagement of Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski, Polish Minister of Industry and Trade (also responsible for the construction of Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy). By the end of 1930 docks, piers, breakwaters, and many auxiliary and industrial installations were constructed (such as depots, trans-shipment equipment, and a rice processing factory) or started (such as a large cold store).Template:Citation needed
Trans-shipments rose from 10,000 tons (1924) to 2,923,000 tons (1929). At this time Gdynia was the only transit and special seaport designed for coal exports.Template:Citation needed
In the years 1931–1939 Gdynia harbour was further extended to become a universal seaport. In 1938 Gdynia was the largest and most modern seaport on the Baltic Sea, as well as the tenth biggest in Europe. The trans-shipments rose to 8.7 million tons, which was 46% of Polish foreign trade. In 1938 the Gdynia shipyard started to build its first full-sea ship, the Olza.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Construction of the city
[edit]The city was constructed later than the seaport. In 1925 a special committee was inaugurated to build the city; city expansion plans were designed and city rights were granted in 1926, and tax privileges were granted for investors in 1927. The city started to grow significantly after 1928.
A new railway station and the Post Office were completed. The State railways extended their lines, built bridges and also constructed a group of houses for their employees. Within a few years houses were built along some Template:Convert of road leading northward from the Free City of Danzig to Gdynia and beyond. Public institutions and private employers helped their staff to build houses.
In 1933 a plan of development providing for a population of 250,000 was worked out by a special commission appointed by a government committee, in collaboration with the municipal authorities. By 1939 the population had grown to over 120,000.<ref>(ed) Michael Murray, Poland's Progress 1919–1939, John Murray, 1944, London pp 64–6</ref>
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Gdynia Courthouse by Zbigniew Karpiński, 1936
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Headquarters of the Polish Navy
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Piłsudski Avenue with modernist buildings
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Plac Kaszubski, one of the main squares in the city
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PLO Building designed by Roman Piotrowski
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Krenski House, detail, by Zbigniew Kupiec
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Gdynia during World War II (1939–1945)
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During the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, Gdynia was the site of fierce Polish defense. On 13 September 1939, the Germans carried out first arrests of local Poles in the southern part of the city, while the Polish defense was still ongoing in the northern part.<ref name=mw105>Template:Cite book</ref> On 14 September 1939, the Germans captured the entire city, and then occupied it until 1945. On 15–16 September, the Germans carried out further mass arrests of 7,000 Poles, while Polish soldiers still fought in nearby Kępa Oksywska.<ref name=mw105/> The German police surrounded the city and carried out mass searches of weapons.<ref name=mw105/> Arrested Poles were held and interrogated in churches, cinemas and halls, and then around 3,000 people were released until 18 September.<ref name=mw105/> The occupiers established several prisons and camps for Polish people, who were afterwards either deported to concentration camps or executed.<ref name=mw106>Wardzyńska, p. 106</ref> Some Poles from Gdynia were executed by the Germans near Starogard Gdański in September 1939.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 108</ref> In October and November 1939, the Germans carried out public executions of 52 Poles, including activists, bank directors and priests, in various parts of the city.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 156</ref> In November 1939, the occupiers also murdered hundreds of Poles from Gdynia during the massacres in Piaśnica committed nearby as part of the Intelligenzaktion. Among the victims were policemen, officials, civil defenders of Gdynia, judges, court employees, the director and employees of the National Bank of Poland, merchants, priests, school principals, teachers,<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 106, 146–148</ref> and students of local high schools.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On the night of 10–11 November, the German security police carried out mass arrests of over 1,500 Poles in the Obłuże district, and then murdered 23 young men aged 16–20, in retaliation for breaking windows at the headquarters of the German security police.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 156–157</ref>
On 11 November, a German gendarme shot and killed two Polish boys who were collecting Polish books from the street, which were thrown out of the windows by new German settlers in the Oksywie district.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Germans renamed the city to Gotenhafen after the Goths, an ancient Germanic tribe, who had lived in the area. 10 Poles from Gdynia were also murdered by the Russians in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Some 50,000 Polish citizens were expelled to the General Government (German-occupied central Poland) to make space for new German settlers in accordance with the Lebensraum policy. Local Kashubians who were suspected to support the Polish cause, particularly those with higher education, were also arrested and executed. The German gauleiter Albert Forster considered Kashubians of "low value" and did not support any attempts to create a Kashubian nationality. Despite such circumstances, local Poles, including Kashubians, organized Polish resistance groups, Kashubian Griffin (later Pomeranian Griffin), the exiled "Związek Pomorski" in the United Kingdom, and local units of the Home Army, Service for Poland's Victory and Gray Ranks. Activities included distribution of underground Polish press, smuggling data on German persecution of Poles and Jews to Western Europe, sabotage actions, espionage of the local German industry,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and facilitating escapes of endangered Polish resistance members and British and French prisoners of war who fled from German POW camps via the city's port to neutral Sweden.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Gestapo cracked down on the Polish resistance several times, with the Poles either killed or deported to the Stutthof and Ravensbrück concentration camps.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1943, local Poles managed to save some kidnapped Polish children from the Zamość region, by buying them from the Germans at the local train station.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The harbour was transformed into a German naval base. The shipyard was expanded in 1940 and became a branch of the Kiel shipyard (Deutsche Werke Kiel A.G.). The city became an important base, due to its being relatively distant from the war theater, and many German large ships—battleships and heavy cruisers—were anchored there. During 1942, Dr Joseph Goebbels authorized relocation of Template:SS to Gotenhafen Harbour as a stand-in for Template:RMS during filming of the German-produced movie Titanic, directed by Herbert Selpin.
The Germans set up an Einsatzgruppen-operated penal camp in the Grabówek district,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> a transit camp for Allied marine POWs,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> a forced labour subcamp of the Stalag XX-B POW camp for several hundred Allied POWs at the shipyard,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and two subcamps of the Stutthof concentration camp, the first located in the Orłowo district in 1941–1942, the second, named Gotenhafen, located at the shipyard in 1944–1945.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The seaport and the shipyard both witnessed several air raids by the Allies from 1943 onwards, but suffered little damage. Gdynia was used during winter 1944–45 to evacuate German troops and refugees trapped by the Red Army. Some of the ships were hit by torpedoes from Soviet submarines in the Baltic Sea on the route west. The ship Template:MV sank, taking about 9,400 people with her – the worst loss of life in a single sinking in maritime history. The seaport area was largely destroyed by withdrawing German troops and millions of encircled refugees in 1945 being bombarded by the Soviet military (90% of the buildings and equipment were destroyed) and the harbour entrance was blocked by the German battleship Template:Ship that had been brought to Gotenhafen for major repairs.
After World War II
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On 28 March 1945, the city was captured by the Soviets and restored to Poland. The Soviets installed a communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in 1989. The post-war period saw an influx of settlers from Warsaw which was destroyed by Germany, and other parts of the country as well as Poles from the cities of Wilno (now Vilnius) and Lwów (now Lviv) from the Soviet-annexed former eastern Poland. Also Greeks, refugees of the Greek Civil War, settled in the city.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The port of Gdynia was one of the three Polish ports through which refugees of the Greek Civil War reached Poland.<ref>Kubasiewicz, p. 114</ref>
On 17 December 1970, worker demonstrations took place at Gdynia Shipyard. Workers were fired upon by the police. Janek Wiśniewski was one of 40 killed, and was commemorated in a song by Mieczysław Cholewa, Pieśń o Janku z Gdyni. One of Gdynia's important streets is named after Janek Wiśniewski. The event was also portrayed in Andrzej Wajda's movie Man of Iron.
On 4 December 1999, a storm destroyed a huge crane in a shipyard.Template:Citation needed In 2002, the city was awarded the Europe Prize by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe for having made exceptional efforts to spread the ideal of European unity.<ref>The Europe Prize</ref>
Geography
[edit]Climate
[edit]The climate of Gdynia is an oceanic climate owing to its position of the Baltic Sea, which moderates the temperatures, compared to the interior of Poland. The climate is mild and there is a somewhat uniform precipitation throughout the year. Autumns are significantly warmer than springs because of the warming influence of the Baltic Sea. Nights on average are warmer than in the interior of the country. Typical of Northern Europe, there is little sunshine during late autumn, winter and early spring, but plenty during late spring and summer. Because of its northerly latitude, Gdynia has 17 hours of daylight in midsummer but only around 7 hours in midwinter. The lowest pressure in Poland was recorded in Gdynia - 960.2 hPa on 17 January 1931.
Districts
[edit]Gdynia is divided into smaller divisions: dzielnicas and osiedles. Gdynia's dzielnicas include: Babie Doły, Chwarzno-Wiczlino, Chylonia, Cisowa, Dąbrowa, Działki Leśne, Grabówek, Kamienna Góra, Karwiny, Leszczynki, Mały Kack, Obłuże, Oksywie, Orłowo, Pogórze, Pustki Cisowskie-Demptowo, Redłowo, Śródmieście, Wielki Kack, Witomino-Leśniczówka, Witomino-Radiostacja, Wzgórze Św. Maksymiliana.
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Osiedles: Bernadowo, Brzozowa Góra, Chwarzno, Dąbrówka, Demptowo, Dębowa Góra, Fikakowo, Gołębiewo, Kacze Buki, Kolibki, Kolonia Chwaszczyno, Kolonia Rybacka, Krykulec, Marszewo, Międzytorze, Niemotowo, Osada Kolejowa, Osada Rybacka, Osiedle Bernadowo, Port, Pustki Cisowskie, Tasza, Wiczlino, Wielka Rola, Witomino, Wysoka, Zielenisz.
Cityscape
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Gdynia is a relatively modern city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Its architecture includes the 13th century St. Michael the Archangel's Church in Oksywie, the oldest building in Gdynia, and the 17th century neo-Gothic manor house located on Folwarczna Street in Orłowo.
The surrounding hills and the coastline attract many nature lovers. A leisure pier and a cliff-like coastline in Kępa Redłowska, as well as the surrounding Nature Reserve, are also popular locations. In the harbour, there are two anchored museum ships, the destroyer Template:ORP and the tall ship frigate Dar Pomorza.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A Template:Convert-long promenade leads from the marina in the city center, to the beach in Redłowo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Most of Gdynia can be seen from Kamienna Góra<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Template:Convert asl) or the viewing point near Chwaszczyno. There are also two viewing towers, one at Góra Donas, the other at Kolibki.
In 2015 the Emigration Museum opened in the city. Other museums include the Gdynia Aquarium, Experyment Science Center, Abraham's house, Żeromski's house, Gdynia Automotive Museum, Naval Museum, and Gdynia City Museum.
Modernist Center
[edit]Template:MainGdynia holds many examples of early 20th-century architecture, especially monumentalism and early functionalism, and modernism.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Historic Urban Layout of the City Center was drafted by Adam Kuncewicz and Roman Feliński in 1926.<ref name=":1" /> The central axis of Gdynia is built around 10 Lutego Street, Kosciuszka Square and the Southern Pier.<ref name=":0" /> The structure of the city is designed to emphasize the connection of Gdynia and Poland with the Baltic Sea. Examples of modernist architecture are the buildings of the Bank of Poland and many tenement houses (kamienice). Another good example of modernism is PLO Building situated at 10 Lutego Street.
The architecture of central Gdynia was inspired by the work of European architects such as Erich Mendelssohn and is sometimes compared to the White City of Tel Aviv.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The center of Gdynia has become a symbol of modernity, but was included in the list of historical monuments of Poland and is a candidate for the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Culture
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Gdynia hosts the Gdynia Film Festival, the main Polish film festival. The International Random Film Festival was hosted in Gdynia in November 2014.
Since 2003 Gdynia has been hosting the Open'er Festival, one of the biggest contemporary music festivals in Europe. The festival welcomes many foreign hip-hop, rock and electronic music artists every year. In record-high 2018 it was attended by over 140,000 people, who enjoyed the lineup headlined by Bruno Mars, Gorillaz, Arctic Monkeys, and Depeche Mode.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Another important summer event in Gdynia is the Viva Beach Party, which is a large two-day techno party made on Gdynia's Public Beach and a summer-welcoming concerts CudaWianki. Gdynia also hosts events for the annual Gdańsk Shakespeare Festival.
In the summer of 2014 Gdynia hosted Red Bull Air Race World Championship.
Cultural references
[edit]In 2008, Gdynia made it onto the Monopoly Here and Now World EditionTemplate:Broken anchor board after being voted by fans through the Internet. Gdynia occupies the space traditionally held by Mediterranean Avenue, being the lowest voted city to make it onto the Monopoly Here and Now board, but also the smallest city to make it in the game. All of the other cities are large and widely known ones, the second smallest being Riga. The unexpected success of Gdynia can be attributed to a mobilization of the town's population to vote for it on the Internet.
An abandoned factory district in Gdynia was the scene for the survival series Man vs Wild, season 6, episode 12. The host, Bear Grylls, manages to escape the district after blowing up a door and crawling through miles of sewer.
Ernst Stavro Blofeld, the supervillain in the James Bond novels, was born in Gdynia on 28 May 1908, according to Thunderball.
Gdynia is sometimes called "Polish Roswell" due to the alleged UFO crash on 21 January 1959.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Sports
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Sport teams
- Arka Gdynia – men's football team (Polish Cup winner 1979 and 2017, Polish SuperCup winner in 2017 and in 2018. Currently plays in the first division of Polish football, the Ekstraklasa)
- Bałtyk Gdynia – men's football team, currently playing in Polish 4th division
- Arka Gdynia (basketball) – men's basketball team (9 time Polish Basketball League winner)
- Arka Gdynia (women's basketball) – women's basketball team (12-time Basket Liga Kobiet champion)
- RC Arka Gdynia – rugby team (4-time Polish Champions)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Seahawks Gdynia – American football team (Polish American Football League) (4-time champion of Poland in 2012, 2014 and in 2015)
- Arka Gdynia (handball) – handball team which plays in Ekstraliga (First division of Polish handball)
International events
[edit]- 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship
- 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup
- 2020 World Athletics Half Marathon Championships
Economy and infrastructure
[edit]Transport
[edit]Port of Gdynia
[edit]In 2007, 364,202 passengers, 17,025,000 tons of cargo and Template:TEU containers passed through the port. Regular car ferry service operates between Gdynia and Karlskrona, Sweden.
Public transport
[edit]Gdynia operates one of only three trolleybus systems in Poland, alongside Lublin and Tychy. Today there are 18 trolleybus lines in Gdynia with a total length of 96 km. The fleet is modern and consists of Solaris Trollino cars. There is also a historic line, connecting city centre with a district of Orłowo operated by five retro trolleybuses. In addition to that, Gdynia operates an extensive network of bus lines, connecting the city with the adjacent suburbs.
Airport
[edit]The conurbation's main airport, Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport, lays approximately Template:Convert south-west of central Gdynia, and has connections to approximately 55 destinations. It is the third largest airport in Poland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A second General Aviation terminal was scheduled to be opened by May 2012, which will increase the airport's capacity to 5mln passengers per year.
Another local airport, (Gdynia-Kosakowo Airport) is situated partly in the village of Kosakowo, just to the north of the city, and partly in Gdynia. This has been a military airport since the World War II, but it has been decided in 2006 that the airport will be used to serve civilians.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Work was well in progress and was due to be ready for 2012 when the project collapsed following a February 2014 EU decision regarding Gdynia city funding as constituting unfair competition to Gdańsk airport. In March 2014, the airport management company filed for bankruptcy, this being formally announced in May that year. The fate of some PLN 100 million of public funds from Gdynia remain unaccounted for with documents not being released, despite repeated requests for such from residents to the city president, Wojciech Szczurek.
Road transport
[edit]Trasa Kwiatkowskiego links Port of Gdynia and the city with Obwodnica Trójmiejska, and therefore A1 motorway. National road 6 connects Tricity with Słupsk, Koszalin and Szczecin agglomeration.
Railways
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The principal station in Gdynia is Gdynia Główna railway station, the busiest railway station in the Tricity and northern Poland and sixth busiest in Poland overall, serving 13,41 mln passengers in 2022.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Gdynia has eleven railway stations. Local train services are provided by the 'Fast Urban Railway,' Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity) operating frequent trains covering the Tricity area including Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia. Long-distance trains from Warsaw via Gdańsk terminate at Gdynia, and there are direct trains to Szczecin, Poznań, Katowice, Lublin and other major cities. In 2011-2015 the Warsaw-Gdańsk-Gdynia route was undergoing a major upgrading costing $3 billion, partly funded by the European Investment Bank, including track replacement, realignment of curves and relocation of sections of track to allow speeds up to Template:Convert, modernization of stations, and installation of the most modern ETCS signalling system, which was completed in June 2015. In December 2014 new Alstom Pendolino high-speed trains were put into service between Gdynia, Warsaw and Kraków reducing rail travel times to Gdynia by 2 hours.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Economy
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Notable companies that have their headquarters or regional offices in Gdynia:
- PROKOM SA – the largest Polish I.T. company
- C. Hartwig Gdynia SA – one of the largest Polish freight forwarders
- Sony Pictures – finance center
- Thomson Reuters – business data provider
- Vistal – bridge constructions, offshore and shipbuilding markets; partially located on old Stocznia Gdynia terrains
- Nauta – ship repair yard; partially located on old Stocznia Gdynia terrains
- Crist – shipbuilding, offshore constructions, steel structures, sea engineering, civil engineering; located on old Stocznia Gdynia terrains
Former:
- Stocznia Gdynia – former largest Polish shipyard, now under bankruptcy procedures
- Nordea – banks, sold and consolidated with PKO bank
Education
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There are currently 8 universities and institutions of higher education based in Gdynia. Many students from Gdynia also attend universities located in the Tricity.
- State-owned:
- Privately owned:
- WSB Merito Universities – WSB Merito University in Gdańsk,<ref>WSB University in Gdańsk Template:Webarchive - WSB Universities</ref> departments of Economics and Management
- Academy of International Economic and Political Relations
- University of Business and Administration in Gdynia
- Pomeranian Higher School of Humanities
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University – department in Gdynia
- Higher School of Social Communication
Notable people
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- Stanisław Baranowski (1935–1978), glaciologist, undertook scientific expeditions to Spitsbergen and Antarctica
- Karol Olgierd Borchardt (1905–1986), writer and captain of the Polish Merchant Marine
- Krzysztof Charamsa (born 1972), former Catholic theologian and author
- Zbigniew Ciesielski (1934–2020), mathematician
- Adam Darski (born 1977), musician and TV personality, frontman for the blackened death metal band Behemoth
- Wiesław Dawidowski (born 1964), Augustinian Catholic priest, doctor of theology and journalist
- Rafał de Weryha-Wysoczański (born 1975), art historian, genealogist and writer
- Jacek Fedorowicz (born 1937), satirist and actor
- Tova Friedman (born 1938), therapist, social worker, author and Holocaust survivor
- Eugeniusz Geno Małkowski (1942–2016), painter
- Gunnar Heinsohn (born 1943), German author, sociologist and economist
- Klaus Hurrelmann (born 1944), Professor of Public Health and Education
- Hilary Jastak (1914–2000 in Gdynia), Catholic priest, Doctor of Theology, Chaplain of Solidarity movement, Major of Polish Armed Forces, Lieutenant Commander of the Polish Navy
- Jan Kaczkowski (1977–2016), Roman Catholic priest, doctor of theological sciences, bioethicist, vlogger, organizer, and director of the Puck Hospice
- Janusz Kaczmarek (born 1961), lawyer, prosecutor and politician
- Marcin Kupinski (born 1983), ballet dancer
- Tomasz Makowiecki (born 1983), musician, singer and songwriter
- Dorota Nieznalska (born 1973), visual artist and sculptor
- Kazimierz Ostrowski (1917–1999 in Gdynia), painter
- Anna Przybylska (1978–2014), actress and model
- Zvi Aryeh Rosenfeld (1922–1978), Polish-American rabbi and educator
- Jerzy Rubach (born 1948), Polish and American linguist who specializes in phonology
- Arkadiusz Rybicki (1953–2010), politician, active in the Solidarity movement
- Joanna Senyszyn (born 1949), left-wing politician, vice-president of the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) and MEP
- Anna Siewierska (1955–2011), Polish-born linguist, specialist in language typology
- Wojciech Szczurek (born 1963), Mayor of the City of Gdynia since 1998
- Józef Unrug (1884–1973), German-born Polish vice admiral who helped create the Polish navy
- Marian Zacharski (born 1951), Intelligence officer convicted of espionage
- Marek Żukowski (born 1952), theoretical physicist, specializes in quantum mechanics
Sport
[edit]- Teresa Remiszewska (1928–2002), Solo ocean yacht sailor
- Jörg Berger (1944–2010), German soccer player, trainer
- Adelajda Mroske (1944–1975), speed skater, she competed in four events at the 1964 Winter Olympics
- Ryszard Marczak (born 1945), former long-distance runner from Poland, competed in the marathon at the 1980 Summer Olympics
- Józef Błaszczyk (born 1947), sailor who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics
- Andrzej Chudziński (1948–1995), swimmer, competed in three events at the 1972 Summer Olympics
- Anna Sobczak (born 1967), fencer, competed in the women's individual and team foil events at the 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics
- Tomasz Sokołowski (born 1970), footballer, over 350 pro games and 12 for Poland
- Jarosław Rodzewicz (born 1973), fencer, won a silver medal in the team foil event at the 1996 Summer Olympics
- Marcin Mięciel (born 1975), soccer player, over 500 pro games
- Michael Klim (born 1977), Polish-born Australian swimmer, Olympic gold medallist and world champion
- Anna Rybicka (born 1977), fencer, she won a silver medal in the women's team foil event at the 2000 Summer Olympics
- Andrzej Bledzewski (born 1977), retired football goalkeeper, over 400 pro games
- Tomasz Dawidowski (born 1978), footballer, over 200 pro games and 10 for Poland
- Maciej Grabowski (born 1978), laser class sailor, competed in the 2000, 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics
- Adriana Dadci (born 1979), judoka, competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics
- Stefan Liv (1980–2011), Polish-born Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender
- Monika Pyrek (born 1980), retired pole vaulter, competed at the 2000, 2004 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics
- Anna Rogowska (born 1981), pole vaulter, the bronze medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics
- Michał Zych (born 1982), ice dancer
- Karolina Chlewińska (born 1983), foil fencer, competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics
- Igor Janik (born 1983), javelin thrower, competed in the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics
- Klaudia Jans-Ignacik (born 1984), retired tennis player, competed in the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics
- Piotr Hallmann (born 1987), mixed martial artist, second lieutenant in the Polish Navy
- Joanna Mitrosz (born 1988), rhythmic gymnast, competed at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics
- Małgorzata Białecka (born 1988), windsurfer, competed at 2016 Summer Olympics
- Olek Czyż (born 1990), professional basketball player, played for Poland
- Justyna Plutowska (born 1991), ice dancer
Fictional characters
[edit]- Ernst Stavro Blofeld (born 28 May 1908 in Gdingen), fictional character and villain from the James Bond series of novels and films, created by Ian Fleming
International relations
[edit]Consulates
[edit]
There are 10 honorary consulates in Gdynia – Belgium, Chile, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Norway.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Twin towns – sister cities
[edit]Template:See also Gdynia is twinned with:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col
- Template:Flag icon Aalborg, Denmark
- Template:Flag icon Baranavichy, Belarus
- Template:Flag icon Brooklyn (New York), United States
- Template:Flag icon Busan, South Korea
- Template:Flag icon Côte d'Opale (communauté), France
- Template:Flag icon Haikou, China
- Template:Flag icon Karlskrona, Sweden
- Template:Flag icon Kiel, Germany
- Template:Flag icon Klaipėda, Lithuania
- Template:Flag icon Kotka, Finland
- Template:Flag icon Kristiansand, Norway
- Template:Flag icon Kunda (Viru-Nigula), Estonia
- Template:Flag icon Liepāja, Latvia
- Template:Flag icon Plymouth, England, United Kingdom
- Template:Flag icon Seattle, United States
Former twin towns:
- Template:Flag icon Kaliningrad, Russia (terminated in 2022 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- (ed.) R. Wapiński, Dzieje Gdyni, Gdańsk 1980
- (ed.). S. Gierszewski, Gdynia, Gdańsk 1968
- Gdynia, in: Pomorze Gdańskie, nr 5, Gdańsk 1968
- J. Borowik, Gdynia, port Rzeczypospolitej, Toruń 1934
- B. Kasprowicz, Problemy ekonomiczne budowy i eksploatacji portu w Gdyni w latach 1920–1939, Zapiski Historyczne, nr 1-3/1956
- M. Widernik, Główne problemy gospodarczo-społeczne miasta Gdyni w latach 1926–1939., Gdańsk 1970
- (ed.) A. Bukowski, Gdynia. Sylwetki ludzi, oświata i nauka, literatura i kultura, Gdańsk 1979
- Gminy województwa gdańskiego, Gdańsk 1995
- H. Górnowicz, Z. Brocki, Nazwy miast Pomorza Gdańskiego, Wrocław 1978
- Gerard Labuda (ed.), Historia Pomorza, vol. I-IV, Poznań 1969–2003
- (ed.) W. Odyniec, Dzieje Pomorza Nadwiślańskiego od VII wieku do 1945 roku, Gdańsk 1978
- L. Bądkowski, Pomorska myśl polityczna, Gdańsk 1990
- L. Bądkowski, W. Samp, Poczet książąt Pomorza Gdańskiego, Gdańsk 1974
- B. Śliwiński, Poczet książąt gdańskich, Gdańsk 1997
- Józef Spors, Podziały administracyjne Pomorza Gdańskiego i Sławieńsko-Słupskiego od XII do początków XIV w, Słupsk 1983
- M. Latoszek, Pomorze. Zagadnienia etniczno-regionalne, Gdańsk 1996
- B. Bojarska, Eksterminacja inteligencji polskiej na Pomorzu Gdańskim (wrzesień-grudzień 1939), Poznań 1972
- K. Ciechanowski, Ruch oporu na Pomorzu Gdańskim 1939–1945., Warsaw 1972
External links
[edit]- Pages with broken file links
- Gdynia
- Planned communities in Poland
- Port cities and towns in Poland
- Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
- 1926 in Poland
- City counties of Poland
- Cities and towns in Pomeranian Voivodeship
- Sites of Nazi war crimes during the Invasion of Poland
- UFO sightings in Poland
- Intelligenzaktion massacre locations