John II of Castile

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File:1881, Indumentaria española documentos para su estudio, desde la época visigoda hasta nuestros dias, D. Juan II, siglo XV, Francisco Aznar (cropped).jpg

"John II of Castile", imaginary portrait by Francisco Aznar (1881)

John II of Castile (Template:Langx; 6 March 1405 – 20 July 1454) was King of Castile<ref name="Piferrer Busel 1859 p. 228">Template:Cite book</ref> and León from 1406 to 1454. He succeeded his older sister, Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon, as Prince of Asturias in 1405.

Regency

John was the son of King Henry III and his wife, Catherine of Lancaster, a granddaughter of King Peter; Peter had been ousted by Henry III's grandfather King Henry II.Template:Sfn John succeeded his father on 25 December 1406, and united in his person the claims of both Peter and Henry II. His mother and his uncle, King Ferdinand I of Aragon, were co-regents during his minority. When Ferdinand I died in 1416, his mother governed alone until her death in 1418.

Personal rule

John II's reign, lasting 48 years, was one of the longest in Castilian history, but John himself was not a particularly capable monarch.<ref name=":0" /> His birth was a consequence of a diplomatic agreement in 1386, negotiated by his grandfather's royal steward and ambassador Diego López de Medrano, Lord of Agoncillo, and two others, between John of Gaunt and John I of Castile over the Crown of Castile.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Crónica de D. João I, part 2, ch. 84 https://fernaolopes.fcsh.unl.pt/chronicles/cr%C3%B3nica-de-d-jo%C3%A3o-i-part-2</ref> This agreement ultimately led to the 1388 Treaty of Bayonne, which arranged the marriage of his mother Catherine of Lancaster to his father Henry III of Castile.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Life

Born on 6 March 1405, John II of Castile was under the guardianship of Diego López de Medrano, from the House of the Lords of San Gregorio in Soria, who also served as his mayordomo.<ref>Index of the Salazar y Castro Collection: 28313. Royal Academy of History.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He spent his time verse-making, hunting, and holding tournaments. His favourite, Álvaro de Luna, heavily influenced him until his second wife, Isabella of Portugal, obtained control of his feeble will. At her instigation, he dismissed and executed his faithful and able servant, an act which is said to have caused him much remorse.Template:Sfn The relationship between Álvaro and Juan has been described as pederastic.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Laws

John II's Regents declared the Valladolid laws in 1411, which restricted the social activity of Jews. Among the most notable of the provisions were outlining that Jews must wear distinctive clothes and banned them from holding administrative positions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, once John took control of the throne for himself in 1418, he (though likely influenced politically by de Luna) reversed such ordinances, favoring instead a more tolerant attitude toward the already battered Jewish population of Castile following the mass wave of conversions between 1391 and 1415.

Moorish vassal

In 1431, John placed Yusuf IV on the throne as the Sultan of Granada in the Moorish Emirate of Granada, in exchange for tribute and vassal status to Castile.Template:Sfn This exchange is depicted in the short ballad the Romance of Abenamar.

Characteristics

He was "[T]all and handsome, fair-skinned and slightly ruddy... his hair was the color of a very mature hazelnut, the nose a little snub, the eyes between green and blue... he had very graceful legs and feet and hands."<ref>From 'Crónica de Juan II' by Lorenza Galindez de Carvajal (1517)</ref>

Alcázar of Segovia

John II was the single largest contributor to the continuing construction of the Alcázar of Segovia and built the "New Tower" known today as the "Tower of John II".

Death

John II died on 20 July 1454 in Valladolid.

Family and children

In 1418, John married Maria of Aragon, the oldest daughter of his paternal uncle, Ferdinand I of Aragon.Template:Sfn The marriage produced:

Catherine, Princess of Asturias (1422–1424), his heiress presumptive from her birth until her death
Eleanor, Princess of Asturias (1423–1425), his heiress presumptive from the death of Catherine until the birth of Henry
King Henry IV of Castile (1425–1474)Template:Sfn
Infanta Maria (1428–1429)

Of all their children, only the future Henry IV of Castile survived infancy. John was widowed in 1445 and remarried to Isabella of Portugal,Template:Sfn daughter of Infante John of Portugal, with whom he had two children: