633

File:Mohammad adil-Khalid's conquest of Iraq.PNG

The Arab invasion of Khalid ibn al-Walid in Iraq

Year 633 (DCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 633 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

By place

Britain

• October 12 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed by Penda of Mercia and Cadwallon of Gwynedd, at Hatfield Chase (South Yorkshire).
• Osric succeeds his uncle Edwin as king of Deira. Prince Eanfrith returns from Pictland to claim his rightful crown of Bernicia (Northern England). Both revert to paganism.
• Winter – Cadwallon is besieged by King Osric at York; he successfully breaks out of the city with all his forces, by surprise, and destroys Osric's army.Template:Sfn

Arabia

• Ridda Wars: Abu Bakr, caliph (khalifa) of the Rashidun Caliphate, launches a military campaign against the Arab tribe of Kinda, which inhabits the region of Najran (Yemen).
• March 18 – The Arabian Peninsula is united under the central authority of Abu Bakr. This sets the stage for the Islamic conquest of Persia and the fall of the Sassanid dynasty.
• April – Battle of Chains (Kuwait) and Battle of River (Iraq): A Muslim army (18,000 men) under Khalid ibn al-Walid invades Mesopotamia, and wins decisive victories.<ref>Roberts, J: "History of the World." Penguin, 1994</ref>
• May – Battle of Walaja: The Rashidun Caliphate army under Khalid defeats the Persians and their Arab Christian allies. The Persian army is at least three times the size.<ref name=Campaigns>Campaigns in Eastern Iraq, "Khalifa Abu Bakr", Companion of the Prophet. Virtual library of Witness-Pioneer.</ref>
• Battle of Ullais: Forces of the Rashidun Caliphate under Khalid defeat an entire Persian army (70,000 menTemplate:Sfn) near the river Euphrates. Khalid besieges the city of Hira.
• Siege of Hira: The Muslim Arabs (15,000 men) under Khalid attack the fortress city of Hira. After a brief fight the citizens surrender, and bring gifts to Khalid.<ref>The Caliphate, Its Rise, Decline, and Fall. From Original Sourcesby William Muir, p. 56</ref>
• July – Siege of Anbar: A Muslim Arab army under Khalid besieges the fortress city of Anbar. The Persian governor surrenders and is allowed to retire.<ref>Annals of the Early Caliphate by William Muir, p. 85</ref>
• Battle of Ein ut Tamr: The Muslim army attacks a Persian frontier post located south of Anbar. The Arab Christian auxiliaries are overrun and surrender.
• August – Battle of Dumat Al-Jandal: A Muslim army (10,000 men) under Khalid defeats the rebel Arab Christians at Dumat Al-Jandal (Saudi Arabia).
• November – Battle of Muzayyah, Battle of Saniyy, and Battle of Zumail: Khalid coordinates successful night attacks against the Arab Christians.

By topic

Arts and sciences

• Li Chungfeng builds an armillary sphere (approximate date).

Religion

• December 5 – Fourth Council of Toledo: King Sisenand orders a meeting in the church of St. Leocadia; the bishops accept a decree that all Visigoths must take an oath to preserve the stability of the Gothic nation.<ref>Thompson, E. A. (1969) "The Goths in Spain". Oxford: Clarendon Press</ref>
• Paulinus of York flees with Queen Æthelburga and her daughter Eanflæd, age 7, south to Kent, where he is made bishop of Rochester. Eanflæd grows up under the protection of her uncle, King Eadbald of Kent.Template:Sfn

Births

• Clovis II, king of Neustria and Burgundy
• Jamadevi, queen of Hariphunchai (Thailand) (approximate date)
• Wilfrid, Anglo-Saxon bishop (approximate date)

Deaths

• October 12 or 632 – Edwin, king of Northumbria
• Osric, king of Deira (approximate date)
• Suintila, king of the Visigoths (approximate date)
• Dai Zhou, chancellor of the Tang dynasty

References

Sources

• Template:Cite web
• Template:Cite web
• Template:Cite bookTemplate:Full citation needed