Deira

Template:Short description Template:Other uses Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox country Deira (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell;<ref>A Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer, Or, Geographical Dictionary of the World, 1880</ref> Old Welsh/Template:Langx or Template:Lang; Template:Langx or Template:Lang) was an area of Post-Roman Britain, and a later Anglian kingdom.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Etymology

The name of the kingdom is of Brythonic origin, and is derived from the Proto-Celtic Template:Lang, meaning 'oak' (Template:Lang in modern Welsh), in which case it would mean 'the people of the Derwent', a derivation also found in the Latin name for Malton, Template:Lang.<ref>Higham, p. 81</ref> It is cognate with the modern Irish word Template:Lang (Template:IPA); the names for County Londonderry and the city of Derry stem from this word.<ref>Library Ireland Template:Webarchive – Sketches of Olden Days in Northern Ireland</ref>Template:Sfn

History

Brythonic Deira

Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain a number of successor kingdoms rose in northern England, reflecting pre-Roman tribal territories. The area between the Humber and River Tees known as Template:Lang or Template:Lang corresponds to the tribal lands of the Parisi, bordered to the west and north by the Brythonic kingdoms of Elmet (Template:Lang) and Bernicia (Template:Lang) respectively, and to the east by the North Sea.

Early Deira may have centred on Petuaria (modern Brough) and archaeological evidence shows that the town was refortified. Petuaria was a great tribal centre for the Parisi, but declined in importance from the mid-fourth century (possibly as the harbour silted up). After this period, Derventio (modern Malton) may have functioned as the region's capital.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

It is not known if Deira was ever an independent Brythonic kingdom, and no British king has been identified with the area from the surviving genealogies, poems or chronicles. However the area was subject to the same fractious inheritance traditions and changing power dynamic (following the Roman withdrawal) that allowed Elmet and Bernicia to become independent hereditary kingdoms in the early fifth century. In Welsh literature, Deira is part of the Template:Lang (The Old North) region, which was divided into many related kingdoms after the death of Template:Lang (Coel the Old).<ref>Morris, p. 54.</ref><ref>Koch 2006, pp. 584–585.</ref>

Anglian Deira

The kingdom, which was previously ruled by a British dynasty, was probably created in the third quarter of the fifth century when Anglian warriors invaded the Derwent Valley.<ref>Higham, p. 98</ref> Anglian Deira's territory also extended from the Humber to the Tees, and from the sea to the western edge of the Vale of York. It later merged with the kingdom of Bernicia, its northern neighbour, to form the kingdom of Northumbria.

According to Simeon of Durham (writing early in the 12th century), it extended from the Humber to the Tyne, but the land was waste north of the Tees. After the Brythonic kingdom centred on Template:Lang, which may have been called Ebrauc, was taken by King Edwin, the city of Template:Lang became its capital, and Template:Lang ("boar-place") was taken by the Angles.Template:Sfn

Archaeology suggests that the Anglian royal house was in place by the middle of the fifth century, but the first certainly recorded king is Ælla in the late sixth century.<ref>Higham, pp. 77-78</ref> After his death, Deira was subject to king Æthelfrith of Bernicia, who united the two kingdoms into Northumbria. Æthelfrith ruled until the accession of Ælla's son Edwin, in 616 or 617, who also ruled both kingdoms until 633.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Osric, the nephew of Edwin, ruled Deira after Edwin, but his son Oswine was put to death by Oswiu in 651. For a few years subsequently, Deira was governed by Æthelwald son of Oswald of Bernicia.<ref>D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings (1991, 2000), page 78.</ref>

Bede wrote of Deira in his Historia Ecclesiastica (completed in 731).Template:Sfn

Anglian kings of Deira

Template:See also

Reign	Incumbent		Notes
559/560 to 589	Ælla Template:Small	ÆLLA YFFING Template:Small ÆLLA REX Template:Small
589/599 to 604	Æthelric Template:Small	ÆÞELRIC IDING Template:Small ÆÞELRIC REX Template:Small
Bernicia Dynasty
593/604? to 616	Æthelfrith	ÆÞELFERÞ ÆÞELRICING Template:Small ÆÞELFERÞ REX Template:Small	Killed in battle
Deira Dynasty
616 to 12/14 October 632	Edwin	EDVVIN ÆLLING Template:Small EDVVIN REX Template:Small	Killed in battle by Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia
late 633 to summer 634	Osric	OSRIC ÆLFRICING Template:Small OSRIC REX Template:Small
Bernicia Dynasty
633 to 5 August 642	Oswald	OSVVALD Template:Small OSVVALD REX Template:Small	Killed by Penda, King of Mercia; Saint Oswald
642 to 644	Oswiu	OSVVIO ÆÞELFRIÞING Template:Small OSVVIO REX Template:Small
Deira Dynasty
644 to 651	Oswine	OSVVINE OSRICING Template:Small OSVVINE REX Template:Small	Murdered
Bernicia Dynasty
summer 651 to late 654 or 655	Æthelwold	ÆÞELVVALD OSVVALDING Template:Small ÆÞELVVALD REX Template:Small
654 to 15 August 670	Oswiu	OSVVIO ÆÞELFERÞING Template:Small OSVVIO REX Template:Small	Restored
656 to 664	Alchfrith	ALCHFRIÞ Template:Small ALCHFRIÞ REX Template:Small
664 to 670	Ecgfrith	ECGFRIÞ Template:Small ECGFRIÞ REX Template:Small
670 to 679	Ælfwine	ÆLFVVINE Template:Small ÆLFVVINE REX Template:Small