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The Kennedy family (Template:Langx) is an American political family that has long been prominent in American politics, public service, entertainment, and business. In 1884, 35 years after the family's arrival from County Wexford, Ireland, Patrick Joseph "P. J." Kennedy became the first Kennedy elected to public office, serving in the Massachusetts state legislature until 1895. At least one Kennedy family member was serving in federal elective office in every year from 1947, when P. J. Kennedy's grandson John F. Kennedy became a member of Congress from Massachusetts, until 2011, when Patrick J. Kennedy II (John's nephew) retired as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Rhode Island.<ref name="bg021310">Template:Cite news</ref>

P. J.'s son Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and his wife, Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, had nine children, including John F. Kennedy, who served in both houses of the United States Congress and as U.S. President; Robert F. Kennedy, who served as U.S. Attorney General and as a U.S. Senator; Ted Kennedy, who served more than 46 years in the U.S. Senate; and Jean Kennedy Smith, who served U.S. ambassador to Ireland. Robert F. Kennedy Jr. serves as the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services in the cabinet of the second presidency of Donald Trump.

Other Kennedy descendants include members of the U.S. House of Representatives, two U.S. ambassadors, one U.S. envoy, a lieutenant governor, three state legislators (one of whom also served in the U.S. House of Representatives), and one mayor. Joseph and Rose's daughter Eunice played a vital role in establishing the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (part of the National Institutes of Health) and the Special Olympics. Other descendants of Joseph and Rose Kennedy have been lawyers, authors, and activists on behalf of those with physical and intellectual disabilities.

History

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According to genealogist Brian Kennedy in his work JFK's Irish O'Kennedy Ancestors, the Kennedys—who would go on to play a significant role in the United States of America—originated from an Irish clan called Ó Cinnéide Fionn (which, along with the Ó Cinnéide Donn and Ó Cinnéide Ruadh, were the three Irish Gaelic Ó Cinnéide clans who ruled the Kingdom of Ormond). In 1546, their progenitor Diarmaid Ó Cinnéide Fionn became the owner of Knigh Castle, located close to what is today Puckane, County Tipperary. In 1740, having lost out to the New English order in the Kingdom of Ireland, they moved to Dunganstown, New Ross, County Wexford. Patrick Kennedy was born there.

Patrick Kennedy (1823–1858) and Bridget Murphy (1824–1888) sailed from Ireland to East Boston in 1849. Patrick worked in East Boston as a barrel maker, or cooper,<ref name="Maier2003">Template:Cite book</ref> and had five children with Bridget. Their youngest, Patrick Joseph "P. J." Kennedy, went into business and served in the Massachusetts state legislature from 1884 to 1895. His wife's brother, Charles Hickey, served as mayor of Brockton, Massachusetts.

P.J. and his wife, Mary Augusta Hickey, had four children. Their oldest was Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy Sr.,<ref>The Kennedy Family The JFK Library, accessed February 10, 2016</ref> a businessman who amassed a private fortune in banking and securities trading, which he further expanded by investing in filmmaking and real estate. He also founded Somerset Importers and owned Chicago's Merchandise Mart.

In 1914, Joseph Sr. married Rose Fitzgerald,<ref name="time.com">Template:Cite magazine</ref> the eldest daughter of John F. "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald, who served six years as mayor of Boston and six years as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The couple had nine children: Joseph Jr. (1915–1944), John (called Jack) (1917–1963), Rose Marie (called Rosemary) (1918–2005), Kathleen (called Kick) (1920–1948), Eunice (1921–2009), Patricia (1924–2006), Robert (called Bobby) (1925–1968), Jean (1928–2020) and Edward (called Ted) (1932–2009).

Joseph Sr. was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as the first chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), chairman of the Maritime Commission, and U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938 to 1940. He served from 1947 to 1949 on The Hoover Commission (the "Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government"), which was appointed by President Harry Truman to recommend administrative changes in the federal government. Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy was named Papal Countess of the Holy Roman Church by Pope Pius XII in 1951 in recognition of her "exemplary motherhood and many charitable works."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Continued public service

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File:TheKennedyFamily1.jpg
Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Rose Kennedy with their children at the Kennedy Compound in 1931.

Every Kennedy elected to public office has served as a Democrat, while other members of the family have worked for the party or held Cabinet posts in Democratic administrations. Many have attended Harvard University, and the family has contributed greatly to that university's John F. Kennedy School of Government.

Joseph Sr. expected his eldest son, Joseph Jr., to go into politics and to ultimately be elected president. Joseph Jr. was elected as a Massachusetts delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention and enlisted in the U.S. Navy after the United States entered World War II. He was killed in 1944 when the bomber he was piloting exploded in flight. Joseph Sr.'s desire to see the family involved in politics and government then focused on John, who had considered a career as a journalist, having authored a book (Why England Slept) and done some reporting for Hearst Newspapers. After returning from Navy service, John served in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Massachusetts's 11th congressional district from 1947 to 1953, and then as U.S. Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 to 1960. In the 1960 presidential election, John narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon.

During John's administration, Robert served as attorney general, their brother-in-law Sargent Shriver served as director of the new Peace Corps, and Ted became the U.S. Senator from Massachusetts until his death in 2009. The Kennedy administration's accomplishments include the Alliance for Progress with Latin America, the establishment of the Peace Corps, a peaceful resolution to the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963, the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution ending the poll tax, the continuation of the Apollo spaceflight program with the goal of landing a man on the Moon, and the introduction of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to Congress (signed into law by Kennedy's successor Lyndon B. Johnson).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The family was the subject of intense media coverage during and after Kennedy's presidency.

Ted served in the Senate with his brother Robert (1965–1968), and was serving in the Senate when his nephew, Joseph P. II, and his son, Patrick J., served in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Massachusetts's 8th congressional district (1987–1999) and Rhode Island's 1st congressional district (1995–2011), respectively. In November 2012, Joseph P. Kennedy III, son of former U.S. representative Joseph P. Kennedy II and grandson of former senior Robert F. Kennedy, was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 4th congressional district. In 2020, Joseph P. III lost the U.S. Senate primary election in Massachusetts to incumbent Ed Markey, the first Kennedy to ever lose an election in the state.<ref name="jkiii-loses-primary">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web Robert F. Kennedy was not on the ballot in Massachusetts in the 1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries and finished second to Eugene McCarthy as a write-in candidate.</ref>

In the 2020s, three Kennedy family members served as U.S. ambassadors or envoys. Victoria Reggie Kennedy, second wife of Ted Kennedy, was named in 2021 by President Joe Biden as U.S. ambassador to Austria.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Caroline Kennedy, daughter of President Kennedy, was named in 2022 by President Biden as U.S. ambassador to Australia; she previously served as U.S. ambassador to Japan under President Barack Obama. In the same year, Joseph P. Kennedy III was named by President Biden as U.S. special envoy to Northern Ireland.

Robert F. Kennedy Jr. ran for president in the 2024 United States presidential election,<ref name="The Gavel">Template:Cite web</ref> originally as a Democrat, but changing his affiliation to Independent in October 2023. Family members spoke out against him, mainly due to his anti-vaccine views, and instead endorsed President Joe Biden.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In August 2024, two months before the election, Robert Jr. withdrew and endorsed Republican candidate Donald Trump, who won the election. Trump nominated him to be United States Secretary of Health and Human Services<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 52-48.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Family tree

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Businesses

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Philanthropy and policy institutes

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Government offices held

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In addition, some Kennedy spouses have served in government:

There was a member of the Kennedy family in public office nearly continuously from 1946, when John F. Kennedy was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, until early 2011, when Patrick J. Kennedy left the House. The only exception was the period between John F. Kennedy's resignation from the Senate on December 22, 1960, and his assumption of the office of President on January 20, 1961. In 2013, two years after Patrick Kennedy left the House, Joseph P. Kennedy III was elected U.S. Representative from Massachusetts and served until 2021. Below is a timeline of the Kennedys' tenure in the U.S. Congress.

Timeline

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<timeline> ImageSize = width:1250 height:auto barincrement:12 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:50 right:130 left:20 AlignBars = late

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1930 till:$today TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1930 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1930

Colors = 

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BarData = 

 bar:JPKSr
 bar:JFK
 bar:EMK
 bar:RFK
 bar:JPKII
 bar:JKS
 bar:PJK
 bar:JPKIII
 bar:CK
 bar:RFKII

PlotData = 

 width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:JPKSr
 from: 30/06/1934 till: 23/09/1935 color:fedgovernment
 from: 14/04/1937 till: 19/02/1938 color:fedgovernment
 from: 08/03/1938 till: 22/10/1940 color:ambassador text:"Joseph P. Kennedy Sr."
bar:JFK
 from: 03/01/1947 till: 22/12/1960 color:fedcongress
 from: 20/01/1961 till: 22/11/1963 color:fedgovernment text:"John F. Kennedy"
bar:EMK
 from: 07/11/1962 till: 25/08/2009 color:fedcongress text:"Edward M. Kennedy"
bar:RFK
 from: 21/01/1961 till: 03/09/1964 color:fedgovernment
 from: 03/01/1965 till: 06/06/1968 color:fedcongress text:"Robert F. Kennedy"
bar:JPKII
 from: 03/01/1987 till: 03/01/1999 color:fedcongress text:"Joseph P. Kennedy II"
bar:JKS
 from: 24/06/1993 till: 17/09/1998 color:ambassador text:"Jean Kennedy Smith"
bar:PJK
 from: 03/01/1995 till: 03/01/2011 color:fedcongress text:"Patrick J. Kennedy"
bar:JPKIII
 from: 03/01/2013 till: 03/01/2021 color:fedcongress 
 from: 19/12/2022 till: 13/12/2024 color:ambassador text:"Joe Kennedy III"
bar:CK
 from: 19/11/2013 till: 18/01/2017 color:ambassador
 from: 25/07/2022 till: 28/11/2024 color:ambassador text:"Caroline Kennedy"

bar:RFKII
 from: 13/02/2025 till: $today color:fedgovernment text:"Robert F. Kennedy Jr."

</timeline>

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Heraldry

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On March 17, 1961, John F. Kennedy was presented with a grant of arms for all the descendants of Patrick Kennedy (1823–1858) from the Chief Herald of Ireland. The design of the arms (three gold closed helmets on a black field) strongly alludes to symbols in the coats of arms of the O'Kennedys of Ormonde and the FitzGeralds of Desmond, from whom the family is descended. The crest is an armored hand holding four arrows between two olive branches, elements taken from the coat of arms of the United States of America and also symbolic of Kennedy and his brothers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Infobox COA wide

See also

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References

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Citations

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Template:Reflist

Book sources

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  • Template:Cite book
  • Haas, Lawrence J. The Kennedys in the World: How Jack, Bobby, and Ted Remade America's Empire (2021) excerpt
  • Hunt, Amber, and David Batcher. Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family (2014) excerpt
  • Kessler, Ronald. The sins of the father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the dynasty he founded (St. Martin's Press, 1996).
  • Klein, Edward. The Kennedy Curse: Why tragedy has haunted America's first family for 150 years (Macmillan, 2003).
  • Leamer, Laurence. The Kennedy women: The saga of an American family (Ballantine Books, 1996). excerpt
  • Leamer, Laurence. The Kennedy Men: 1901-1963 (2001) excerpt
  • Leamer, Laurence. Sons of Camelot: The Fate of an American Dynasty (2005) excerpt
  • Nasaw, David. The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy (2012); scholarly biography.
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