Eunice Kennedy Shriver

Template:Infobox person Eunice Mary Kennedy Shriver Template:Post-nominals (née Kennedy, July 10, 1921 – August 11, 2009) was an American philanthropist.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Shriver was a member of the Kennedy family by birth, and a member of the Shriver family through her marriage to Sargent Shriver, who was the United States Ambassador to France and the final Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1972. She was a sister of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, U.S. Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Edward Kennedy, and U.S. Ambassador to Ireland Jean Kennedy Smith.

Shriver was the founder of the Special Olympics, a sports organization for persons with intellectual disabilities. For her efforts on behalf of disabled people, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1984.

Early life, education, and early career

Eunice Mary Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on July 10, 1921.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite news</ref> She was the fifth of nine children of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., and Rose Fitzgerald.<ref name="cnndeath">Template:Cite news</ref> Her siblings included U.S. President and Senator John F. Kennedy, U.S. Attorney General and U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy, and U.S. Ambassador to Ireland Jean Kennedy Smith.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Eunice was educated at the Convent of the Sacred Heart School in Noroton, Connecticut, and Manhattanville College. She studied at Stanford University where she competed on the swimming and track and field teams.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After graduating from Stanford in 1943 with a Bachelor of Science degree in sociology,<ref name=wpost/> she moved to Washington, D.C. and worked for the Special War Problems Division of the U.S. State Department. Kennedy eventually moved to the U.S. Justice Department as executive secretary for a project dealing with juvenile delinquency. During her time in Washington, she shared a townhouse in Georgetown with her brother John, then a U.S. Congressman.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Kennedy served as a social worker at the Federal Industrial Institution for Women for one year before moving to Chicago in 1951 to work with the House of the Good Shepherd women's shelter and Chicago Juvenile Court.<ref name="auto"/>

Charity work and awards

File:Eunice Kennedy Shriver in 1980.jpg

Shriver in 1980

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In 2008, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development was renamed in honor of Shriver.

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Shriver speaks at March 3, 2008, ceremony in her honor

Shriver became executive vice president of the Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation in 1957.<ref name="auto"/> She shifted the organization's focus from Catholic charities to research on the causes of intellectual disabilities, and humane ways to treat them.<ref name=wpost>Template:Cite news</ref> This interest eventually culminated in, among other things, the Special Olympics movement.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A long-time advocate for children's health and disability issues, Shriver championed the creation of the President's Panel on Mental Retardation in 1961. The panel was significant in the movement from institutionalization to community integration in the U.S. and throughout the world.<ref>Braddock, D. (February 2010). Honoring Eunice Kennedy Shriver's legacy in intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 48(1): 63–72.</ref> Shriver was a key founder of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), a part of the National Institutes of Health in 1962.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1962, Shriver founded Camp Shriver, a summer day camp for children and adults with intellectual disabilities at her Maryland farm to explore their capabilities in a variety of sports and physical activities.<ref name="jfklibrary.org">Eunice Kennedy Shriver | JFK Library</ref> From that camp came the concept of Special Olympics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shriver founded the Special Olympics in 1968.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> That year, the Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation helped to plan and fund the First International Special Olympics Summer Games, held in Chicago's Soldier Field where 1,000 athletes with intellectual disabilities from 26 states and Canada competed.<ref name="jfklibrary.org"/> In her speech at the opening ceremony, Shriver said, "The Chicago Special Olympics prove a very fundamental fact, the fact that exceptional children — mentally disabled children — can be exceptional athletes, the fact that through sports they can realize their potential for growth." Special Olympics Inc. was established as a nonprofit charity in 1968; since that time, nearly three million athletes have participated.<ref name="auto"/>

In 1969, Shriver moved to France and pursued her interest in intellectual disability there. She started organizing small activities with Paris organizations, mostly reaching out to families of kids who had special needs to provide activities for them, laying the foundation for a robust international expansion of the Special Olympics in the late 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="ABILITY Magazine">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

In 1982, Shriver founded the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Center for Community of Caring at University of Utah, Salt Lake City. The Community is a "grades K-12, whole school, comprehensive character education program with a focus on disabilities... adopted by almost 1,200 schools nationwide and in Canada".<ref>"About Community of Caring" Template:Webarchive. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Center for Community of Caring. Undated. Retrieved August 14, 2009.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Shriver was awarded the nation's highest civilian award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, in 1984 by U.S. President Ronald Reagan<ref name="auto"/> for her work on behalf of persons with disabilities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>"Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom" Template:Webarchive, Archives – Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, administered by the National Archives and Records Administration. March 26, 1984. Accessed May 28, 2008.</ref> In 1988, she received the Laetare Medal, considered the highest award for American Catholics, by the University of Notre Dame.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1990 Shriver was awarded the Eagle Award from the United States Sports Academy. The Eagle Award is the academy's highest international honor and was awarded to Shriver for her significant contributions to international sport.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1992, Shriver received the Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards for Public Service.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

For her work in nationalizing the Special Olympics, Shriver received the Civitan International World Citizenship Award.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Her advocacy on this issue has also earned her other awards and recognitions, including honorary degrees from numerous universities.<ref>"Eunice Kennedy Shriver – Doctor of Public Service" The Shriver Center, The University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Accessed May 28, 2008.</ref><ref name=specialbio>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Better source needed She is the second American and only woman to appear on a US coin while still living. Her portrait is on the obverse of the 1995 commemorative silver dollar honoring the Special Olympics. On the reverse is the quotation attributed to Shriver, "As we hope for the best in them, hope is reborn in us."<ref name="Internal Revenue Service (U.S.) 2007 p. 9">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="American Numismatic Association 1995 p. ">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="U.S. Mint 2016">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Collectors Society 2018">Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1998, Shriver was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Shriver received the 2002 Theodore Roosevelt Award (the Teddy),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> an annual award given by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to a graduate from an NCAA member institution who earned a varsity letter in college for participation in intercollegiate athletics, and who ultimately became a distinguished citizen of national reputation based on outstanding life accomplishment. In addition to the Teddy recognition, she was selected in 2006 as part of the NCAA Centennial celebration as one of the 100 most-influential individuals in its first century; she was listed ninth.<ref name="ncaa">Template:Cite web Alt URL</ref> In 2006, she received a papal knighthood from Pope Benedict XVI, being made a Dame of the Order of St. Gregory the Great (DSG).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Her mother had been created a papal countess in 1950 by Pope Pius XII.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2008, she received the Foremother Award from the National Center for Health Research for her lifetime achievements.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2008, the U.S. Congress changed the NICHD's name to the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In December 2008, Sports Illustrated named Shriver the first recipient of Sportsman of the Year Legacy Award.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On May 9, 2009, the Smithsonian Institution's National Portrait Gallery (NPG) in Washington, D.C., unveiled an historic portrait of her, the first portrait the NPG has ever commissioned of an individual who had not served as a U.S. president or First Lady. The portrait depicts her with four Special Olympics athletes (including Loretta Claiborne) and one Best Buddies participant. It was painted by David Lenz, the winner of the Outwin Boochever Portrait Competition in 2006. As part of the Portrait Competition prize, the NPG commissioned a work from the winning artist to depict a living subject for the collection. Lenz, whose son, Sam, has Down syndrome and is an enthusiastic Special Olympics athlete, was inspired by Shriver's dedication to working with people with intellectual disabilities.Template:Citation needed

Shriver became involved with Dorothy Hamill's special skating program in the Special Olympics after Hamill's Olympic Games ice-skating win. In September 2010, the State University of New York at Brockport, home of the 1979 Special Olympics, renamed its football stadium the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Stadium.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In July 2017, Shriver posthumously received the Arthur Ashe Courage Award at the 2017 ESPY Awards.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Political involvement

Shriver actively campaigned for her elder brother, John, during his successful 1960 U.S. presidential election.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Although Shriver was a Democrat, she was a vocal supporter of the anti-abortion movement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1990, Shriver wrote a letter to The New York Times denouncing an abortion rights group for having used a quotation of President Kennedy's words out of context in support of their position.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shriver was one of several prominent Democrats – including Governor Robert P. Casey of Pennsylvania and Bishop Austin Vaughan of New York – who took out a full-page The New York Times advertisement opposing "abortion on demand" during the 1992 Democratic Convention (the Party adopted a 1992 platform that emphasized its support for abortion rights).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shriver was a supporter of several anti-abortion organizations: Feminists for Life of America,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> the Susan B. Anthony List, and Democrats for Life of America.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Despite being a Democrat, Shriver supported her Republican son-in-law Arnold Schwarzenegger's successful 2003 Governor of California election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

On January 28, 2008, aged 86, Shriver was present at American University in Washington, D.C., when her brother, U.S. Senator Edward M. Kennedy, announced his endorsement of Barack Obama's 2008 Democratic U.S. presidential campaign.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Personal life

File:Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Sargent Shriver.jpg

Shriver and husband, Sargent, in 1999

On May 23, 1953, aged 31, Shriver married Sargent Shriver in a Roman Catholic ceremony at Saint Patrick's Cathedral in New York City.<ref name="JFKLibrary">Template:Cite web</ref> Her husband served as the U.S. ambassador to France from 1968 to 1970 and was the 1972 Democratic U.S. vice presidential candidate (with George McGovern as the candidate for U.S. President).<ref name="JFKLibrary"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They had five children: Robert Sargent Shriver III, Maria Owings Shriver (Schwarzenegger), Timothy Perry Shriver, Mark Kennedy Shriver, and Anthony Paul Kennedy Shriver.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shriver had nineteen grandchildren at the time of her death.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

She had a close relationship with her sister Rosemary Kennedy, who was intellectually disabled and who became incapacitated due to a lobotomy.<ref name="auto"/> Shriver suffered a stroke and broken hip in 2005.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On November 18, 2007, aged 86, she was admitted to Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, where she spent several weeks.<ref name=2007hospital>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Beggy, Carol and Mark Shanahan, "She's loyal to father's 'Ideal'", The Boston Globe, January 14, 2008. Retrieved August 11, 2009.</ref>

Death

On August 7, 2009, Shriver was admitted to Cape Cod Hospital in Hyannis, Massachusetts with an undisclosed ailment.<ref>McGreevy, Patrick. "Schwarzenegger, Maria Shriver at Eunice Shriver's bedside", Los Angeles Times. August 7, 2009. Retrieved August 7, 2009.</ref> On August 10, her relatives were called to the hospital.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She died at the hospital the next day at the age of 88, two weeks before her brother, Senator Ted Kennedy, died on August 25, 2009, at the age of 77.<ref name="cnndeath" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Shriver's family issued a statement upon her death, reading in part:

President Barack Obama remarked after Shriver's death that she was "an extraordinary woman who, as much as anyone, taught our nation—and our world—that no physical or mental barrier can restrain the power of the human spirit."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Funeral and burial

On August 14, 2009, an invitation-only Requiem Mass was celebrated for Shriver at St. Francis Xavier Roman Catholic Church in Hyannis. Following the Requiem Mass, she was buried at the St. Francis Xavier parish cemetery in nearby Centerville, Massachusetts.<ref name=turnto10> "Special Olympians, Family Celebrate Eunice Kennedy Shriver" Template:Webarchive. The Associated Press (at WJAR television's website turnto10.com). August 14, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2000.</ref> Pope Benedict XVI sent a letter of condolence to her family.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Because her brother Ted had terminal brain cancer, he was unable to attend the funeral, and their sister Jean Kennedy Smith stayed with him. Ted died two weeks later, leaving Jean as the sole surviving child of Joseph and Rose Kennedy until her death on June 17, 2020, at the age of 92.<ref name="abcjean">Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

• Kennedy family
• Shriver family
• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
• Special Olympics

Further reading

• Template:Cite book

External links

• Official website Template:Webarchive
• Shriver, Maria (August 14, 2009). Transcript. "Maria Shriver's Eulogy of Her Mother", The Boston Globe. Accessed August 31, 2009.
• "Statement from the President on the Passing Of Eunice Kennedy Shriver", (August 11, 2009) on the White House's website
• "Special Olympians, Family Celebrate Eunice Kennedy Shriver", article on funeral and burial by The Associated Press (at WJAR television's website turnto10.com)
• Template:IMDb name
• communityofcaring.org, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Center for Community of Caring's official website
• Shapiro, Joseph, Eunice Kennedy Shriver's Olympic Legacy, (April 5, 2007) Morning Edition on National Public Radio's website (includes podcast as well as text)
• Coin of the Month Template:Webarchive, U.S. Mint "Coin of the Month" page (geared for children) on the 1995 Special Olympics Commemorative Silver Dollar