Editing Screwdriver (cocktail)

{{Short description|Highball drink made with fresh orange juice and vodka}}
{{Redirect|Vodka and orange|the song Vodka Orange Juice|Flowerkid#Discography}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox cocktail 
| iba = no
| source = 
| sourcelink =
| name = Screwdriver
| image = Screwdriver, Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport, Birmingham AL.jpg
| caption = Screwdriver
| type = highball 
| flaming = 
| vodka = yes
| served = rocks
| garnish = [[Orange (fruit)|orange]] slice
| drinkware = highball
| ingredients = *5 cl (1 part) [[vodka]]
*10 cl (2 parts) [[orange juice]]
| prep = Mix in a highball glass with ice. Garnish and serve.
| timing      = All day
| notes = 
| footnotes = 
}}

A '''screwdriver''' is an alcoholic [[highball]] drink made with [[orange juice]] and [[vodka]]. In the UK, it is referred to as a "'''vodka and orange'''".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHXnDwAAQBAJ&dq=what+do+british+people+call+a+screwdriver+cocktail+%22vodka+and+orange%22&pg=PT27|isbn=9781785906107|title=Greater: Britain After the Storm|date=May 20, 2021|publisher=Biteback}}</ref> While the basic drink is simply the two ingredients, there are many variations. Many of the variations have different names in different parts of the world.

==History==

The drink originated during [[World War II]], when Americans in China and Turkey mixed [[neutral spirits]] with orange juice.<ref name=Simonson>{{cite book|first1=Robert|last1=Simonson |editor-last1=Wondrich |editor-first1=David |editor-last2=Rothbaum |editor-first2=Noah |title=The Oxford Companion to Spirits and Cocktails |date=21 October 2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-931113-2 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199311132.001.0001/acref-9780199311132-e-412|url-access=subscription |access-date=1 January 2022 |language=en |chapter=Screwdriver}}</ref>
The origin of the name "screwdriver" is less clear, but the name appeared in [[Ankara, Turkey]], in 1943<ref name=Simonson/> and 1944<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Newsweek (magazine)|Newsweek]]|title=Turkey and the War: Neutrality Pays Big Dividends—and Anyway, Turks Love Peace |last=Crawford |first=Kenneth |volume=23 |issue=8 |page=36|department=Abroad |date=February 21, 1944|quote=A Screwdriver—a half-orange-juice and half-vodka drink popularized by interned American aviators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_newsweek-us_1944-02-21_23_8/page/36/mode/1up}}</ref> and later in [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{cite news  |date=October 24, 1949 |title=Turkey: Wild West of the Middle East |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,805132,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114074034/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C805132%2C00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 14, 2006 |access-date=July 24, 2012|quote=In the dimly lighted bar of the sleek Park Hotel, Turkish intelligence agents mingle with American engineers and Balkan refugees, drinking the latest Yankee concoction of vodka and orange juice, called a 'screwdriver.'}}</ref> Variations on the recipe were present in 1948 in Turkey and also called screwdrivers, such as a mixture of one-third vodka and two-thirds gin,<ref>{{cite news |last1=White |first1=Leigh |title=Turks Worrying About Great Increase in Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages |url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/texas/corpus-christi/corpus-christi-times/1948/01-13/page-12/|url-access=subscription |access-date=2 January 2022 |work=Corpus Christi Times |date=13 January 1948|quote=American visitors, I regret to say, have popularized an insidious cocktail called a screwdriver. It consists of one-third vodka and two-thirds gin.}}</ref> and another recipe adding gin, cognac, bitters, and other ingredients to orange juice and vodka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkish Bath, in Istanbul, is Vast Understatement|last1=McLemore|first1=Henry |url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/florida/panama-city/panama-city-news-herald/1948/08-02/page-2/|url-access=subscription |access-date=2 January 2022 |work=Panama City New Herald |date=2 August 1948|quote=A 'screwdriver' is a drink. It was created by the American Navy during the past war. It consists of vodka, gin, orange juice, cognac, bitters, and three or four things which have yet to be identified. I am quite sure that remnants of sultans are part of the mixture.}}</ref> An unattributed but popular story for the name is that the Americans lacked a spoon and instead used a screwdriver as a stirring stick.<ref>{{cite book |last1=DeGroff |first1=Dale |editor1-last=Smith |editor1-first=Andrew F. |title=The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink |date=May 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-530796-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoWlCmNDA3QC&q=Screwdriver |language=en |chapter=Screwdriver}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Macias |first1=Amanda |title=Here's the origin of the screwdriver cocktail |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-origin-story-of-the-screwdriver-cocktail-2015-3 |access-date=2 January 2022 |work=Business Insider}}</ref>  Another unattributed story is that auto workers in the US used to pour vodka in their breakfast orange juice before starting the shift and used screwdrivers to stir the glass.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hilburn |first1=Scott |title=The Argyle Sweater for December 29, 2020 |url=https://www.gocomics.com/theargylesweater/2020/12/29 |website=GoComics |access-date=22 June 2024 |language=en |date=29 December 2020}}</ref>

Starting mid-1950s, vodka rose rapidly in popularity in America, and mixed drinks such as the screwdriver rose with it.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Perham|first1=John C.|date=26 July 1954|title=What'll It Be?: Competing Distillers Put More Variety in Their Summer Drinks|work=Barron's National Business and Financial Weekly (1942-1987)
|volume=30|page=3|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/350358536|id={{ProQuest|350358536}}|url-access=subscription|quote=More and more people are asking for a vodka-and-tonic, or for a Bloody Mary (...), or for a Screwdriver (vodka and orange juice).}}</ref>
Advertising campaigns in the 1950s<ref>{{cite web |title=Image 12 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84024547/1956-02-29/ed-1/seq-12/#date1=1777&sort=date&rows=20&words=Screwdriver+Vodka&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=vodka+screwdriver&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |publisher=Zajedničar ("Fraternalist") |access-date=2 January 2022 |location=Allegheny, Pa. |date=29 February 1956 |website=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers}}</ref> and 1960s<ref>{{cite web |title=Image 6 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1961-10-24/ed-1/seq-6/#date1=1777&sort=date&rows=20&words=Screwdriver+screwdriver+Vodka&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=13&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=vodka+screwdriver&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |website=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers |publisher=The Evening Star |access-date=2 January 2022 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=A-6 |date=24 October 1961}}</ref> by vodka brands such as [[Smirnoff]] cemented the screwdriver as a vodka favorite.<ref name=Simonson/>

== Variations ==
The screwdriver served as the foundation of the [[Harvey Wallbanger]].<ref name=Simonson/>

A screwdriver with two parts of [[sloe gin]], one part of [[Southern Comfort]], and filled with orange juice is a "sloe comfortable screw" or "slow comfortable screw".<ref name="Foley 2006">{{cite book |first=Ray |last=Foley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONL8O-cgBhwC |title=X-Rated Drinks: More Than 250 of the Hottest Drinks Ever Made |publisher=Sourcebooks |year=2006|isbn=9781402249907 }}</ref>{{rp|153}}

A screwdriver with one part of sloe gin, one part of Southern Comfort, one part [[Galliano (liqueur)|Galliano]], and filled with orange juice is a "sloe comfortable screw up against the wall".<ref name="Foley 2006"/>{{rp|155}}

A screwdriver with one part of sloe gin, one part of Southern Comfort, one part [[Galliano (liqueur)|Galliano]], one part tequila, and filled with orange juice is a "sloe comfortable screw up against the wall Mexican style".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hutchinson |first1=Dan |display-authors=etal |title=Slow Comfortable Screw Up Against The Wall Mexican Style #1 |website=Bar None Drinks |url=https://www.barnonedrinks.com/drinks/s/slow-comfortable-screw-up-against-the-wall-mexican-style-1-4633.html |access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref>

A "virgin screwdriver" is a [[mocktail]] (non-alcoholic variation), usually made with orange juice and [[tonic water]].<ref name="leaf">{{cite web | url=https://www.leaf.tv/articles/non-alcoholic-drinks-with-tonic-water/ | title=Non-alcoholic drinks with tonic water | first=Lori A. | last=Selke | access-date=September 20, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOLsDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT995 | title=The Everything Bartender's Book: Your complete guide to cocktails, martinis, mixed drinks, and more!|first=Cheryl|last=Charming|date=July 18, 2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|chapter=Mocktails|via=Google Books | isbn=9781440503849 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TupXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 | page=36 | title=Bourbon Street, B-Drinking, and the Sexual Economy of Tourism | series=The Anthropology of Tourism: Heritage, Mobility, and Society | first=Angela R.|last=Demovic|date=May 11, 2018|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn= 9781498531337  | via=Google Books}}</ref>

A screwdriver with [[apple juice]] instead of orange juice is an "[[Anita Bryant]] cocktail".<ref name="Marcus">{{cite book|title= Making Gay History: The Half-Century Fight for Lesbian and Gay Equal Rights |last= Marcus|first=Eric |year= 2002|publisher= Harper |location= New York, US|isbn= 978-0-06-093391-3}}</ref> Bryant was an American singer and spokeswoman for the [[Florida Citrus Commission]] during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="Contract"/> Starting in 1977, she became an anti-gay-rights activist.<ref name="sptimes">{{cite news |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2002/04/28/State/Bankruptcy__ill_will_.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123001005/http://www.sptimes.com/2002/04/28/State/Bankruptcy__ill_will_.shtml |archive-date=January 23, 2011 |title=Bankruptcy, ill will plague Bryant |first=Thomas C. |last=Tobin |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |date=April 28, 2002 |access-date=March 25, 2020}}</ref>
Because Bryant promoted orange juice, the gay community retaliated by boycotting it in the [[1977–1980 Florida orange juice boycott]].<ref name="At Any Cost">{{cite book|title= At Any Cost|last= Bryant|first= Anita|author2= Green, Bob|year= 1978|publisher= Fleming H. Revell|location= Grand Rapids, Michigan, US|isbn= 978-0800709402|url= https://archive.org/details/atanycost0000brya}}</ref> Gay bars across North America stopped serving screwdrivers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historyproject.omeka.net/items/show/67|title=Anita Sucks [Oranges] – Documented |work=The History Project |language=en-US|access-date=March 25, 2020}}</ref> and invented this cocktail to replace it.<ref name="Marcus"/> The sales and proceeds of the cocktail went to gay rights activists and helped fund their work against Bryant.<ref name="Marcus"/> The campaign was ultimately successful, as Bryant's activism damaged her musical and business career.<ref name="sptimes">{{cite news |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2002/04/28/State/Bankruptcy__ill_will_.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123001005/http://www.sptimes.com/2002/04/28/State/Bankruptcy__ill_will_.shtml |archive-date=January 23, 2011 |title=Bankruptcy, ill will plague Bryant |first=Thomas C. |last=Tobin |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |date=April 28, 2002 |access-date=March 25, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Contract">{{cite news |title=Notes on People: Orange Juice Contract Runs Dry for Anita Bryant |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/09/02/111285216.html?pageNumber=30 |access-date=March 25, 2020 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 2, 1980 |page=B6 |language=en}}</ref> Her contract with the Florida Citrus Commission was left to expire in 1980 after they stated she was "worn out" as a spokesperson.<ref name="Contract"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/296838537/|date=May 26, 1981 |page=36 |newspaper=[[The Press Democrat]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |title=Tarnished images: Publicity's great{{snd}} up to a point |access-date=March 25, 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gimlet (cocktail)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikibooks|Bartending|Cocktails/Glossary#S|Screwdriver}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080823222350/http://www.drinknation.com/drinks/Screw Drinknation.com: Screwdriver variations]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Screwdriver (Cocktail)}}
[[Category:Cocktails with vodka]]
[[Category:Cocktails with orange juice]]
[[Category:Two-ingredient cocktails]]
[[Category:Brunch]]