Screwdriver (cocktail)
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A screwdriver is an alcoholic highball drink made with orange juice and vodka. In the UK, it is referred to as a "vodka and orange".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> While the basic drink is simply the two ingredients, there are many variations. Many of the variations have different names in different parts of the world.
History
[edit]The drink originated during World War II, when Americans in China and Turkey mixed neutral spirits with orange juice.<ref name=Simonson>Template:Cite book</ref> The origin of the name "screwdriver" is less clear, but the name appeared in Ankara, Turkey, in 1943<ref name=Simonson/> and 1944<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and later in Istanbul.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Variations on the recipe were present in 1948 in Turkey and also called screwdrivers, such as a mixture of one-third vodka and two-thirds gin,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and another recipe adding gin, cognac, bitters, and other ingredients to orange juice and vodka.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> An unattributed but popular story for the name is that the Americans lacked a spoon and instead used a screwdriver as a stirring stick.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Another unattributed story is that auto workers in the US used to pour vodka in their breakfast orange juice before starting the shift and used screwdrivers to stir the glass.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Starting mid-1950s, vodka rose rapidly in popularity in America, and mixed drinks such as the screwdriver rose with it.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Advertising campaigns in the 1950s<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and 1960s<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> by vodka brands such as Smirnoff cemented the screwdriver as a vodka favorite.<ref name=Simonson/>
Variations
[edit]The screwdriver served as the foundation of the Harvey Wallbanger.<ref name=Simonson/>
A screwdriver with two parts of sloe gin, one part of Southern Comfort, and filled with orange juice is a "sloe comfortable screw" or "slow comfortable screw".<ref name="Foley 2006">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
A screwdriver with one part of sloe gin, one part of Southern Comfort, one part Galliano, and filled with orange juice is a "sloe comfortable screw up against the wall".<ref name="Foley 2006"/>Template:Rp
A screwdriver with one part of sloe gin, one part of Southern Comfort, one part Galliano, one part tequila, and filled with orange juice is a "sloe comfortable screw up against the wall Mexican style".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A "virgin screwdriver" is a mocktail (non-alcoholic variation), usually made with orange juice and tonic water.<ref name="leaf">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
A screwdriver with apple juice instead of orange juice is an "Anita Bryant cocktail".<ref name="Marcus">Template:Cite book</ref> Bryant was an American singer and spokeswoman for the Florida Citrus Commission during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="Contract"/> Starting in 1977, she became an anti-gay-rights activist.<ref name="sptimes">Template:Cite news</ref> Because Bryant promoted orange juice, the gay community retaliated by boycotting it in the 1977–1980 Florida orange juice boycott.<ref name="At Any Cost">Template:Cite book</ref> Gay bars across North America stopped serving screwdrivers<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and invented this cocktail to replace it.<ref name="Marcus"/> The sales and proceeds of the cocktail went to gay rights activists and helped fund their work against Bryant.<ref name="Marcus"/> The campaign was ultimately successful, as Bryant's activism damaged her musical and business career.<ref name="sptimes">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Contract">Template:Cite news</ref> Her contract with the Florida Citrus Commission was left to expire in 1980 after they stated she was "worn out" as a spokesperson.<ref name="Contract"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>