Editing Pseudo-anglicism

{{Short description|Non-English word that appears to be English}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
A '''pseudo-anglicism''' is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but that does not exist as an English word with the same meaning.{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=325,335}}<ref>Ilse Sørensen, ''English im deutschen Wortschatz'', 1997, p. 18, as quoted in Onysko, 2007, p. 53: "words that look English, but which deviate from genuine English words either formally or semantically"</ref>{{sfn|Sicherl|1999|p=14}}{{sfn|Duckworth|1977}}{{sfn|Onysko|2007|loc=p. 52<!--not '|p=52' here because other Onysko|2007|p=52 below would throw an error-->|ps=The term pseudo-anglicism" describes the phenomenon that occurs when the RL<sup>&#91;''&apos;receptor language&apos;''; p.14&#93;</sup> uses lexical elements of the SL<sup>&#91;''&apos;source language&apos;''; p.14&#93;</sup> to create a neologism in the RL that is unknown in the SL. For the German language, Duckworth simply defines pseudo anglicisms as German neologisms derived from English language material.}}

For example, English speakers traveling in France may be struck by the "number of anglicisms—or rather words that look English—which are used in a different sense than they have in English, or which do not exist in English (such as ''rallye-paper'', ''shake-hand'', ''baby-foot'', or ''baby-parc'')".<ref>Nicol Spence 1976, as quoted in Ayres-Bennett, 2014, p. 335</ref>

This is different from a [[false friend]], which is a word with a [[cognate]] that has a different main meaning; in some cases, pseudo-anglicisms become false friends.<ref>Henrik Gottlieb, "Danish pseudo-Anglicisms: A corpus-based analysis", p. 65 in Furiassi 2015</ref>

==Definition and terminology==
Pseudo-anglicisms are also called secondary anglicisms,{{sfn|Filipović|1990}} false anglicisms,{{sfn|Saugera|2017|p=54|loc=3.4.2 False anglicisms}} or pseudo-English.{{sfn|Picone|1996|p=316}}

Pseudo-anglicisms are a kind of [[lexical borrowing]] where the ''source'' or ''donor language'' is English, but where the borrowing is reworked in the ''receptor '' or ''recipient language''.{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Carstensen|2015|p=77|ps=<br />The influence of a 'donor language' upon a 'recipient language' can be seen also, and above all, in the so-called pseudo-loanwords, as the literature names them. ''Den intensiven Einfluß einer ''donor language'' auf eine ''recipient language'' zeigen auch und ganz besonders die in der Literatur so genannten Scheinentlehnungen an.''}}

The precise definition varies. Duckworth defines pseudo-anglicisms in German as "neologisms derived from English language material."{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Duckworth|1977|loc=<sup>&#91;page needed&#93;</sup>|ps=&nbsp;:&nbsp;''Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial.''; as quoted in: {{harvtxt|Carstensen|2015|p=77}} }} Furiassi includes words that may exist in English with a "conspicuously different meaning".{{sfn|Furiassi|2010|p=34|ps=, quoted in {{harvtxt|Lujan-Garcia|2017|p=281|ps=<br />"[A] word or idiom that is recognizably English in its form (spelling, pronunciation, morphology, or at least one of the three), but is accepted as an item in the vocabulary of the receptor language even though it does not exist or is used with a conspicuously different meaning in English."}} }}

==Typology and mechanism==
Pseudo-anglicisms can be created in various ways, such as by archaism, i.e., words that once had that meaning in English but are since abandoned; semantic slide, where an English word is used incorrectly to mean something else; conversion of existing words from one part of speech to another; or recombinations by reshuffling English units.{{sfn|Anderman|2005|p=164}}

Onysko speaks of two types: pseudo-anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms. The common factor is that each type represents a [[neologism]] in the receptor language resulting from a combination of borrowed [[lexical item]]s from English. Using German as the receptor language, an example of the first type is ''Wellfit-Bar'', a combination of two English lexical units to form a new term in German, which does not exist in English, and which carries the meaning, "a bar that caters to the needs of health-starved people."  An example of the second type, is a hybrid based on a German compound word, ''[[:de:wikt:Weitsprung|Weitsprung]]'' (long jump), plus the English 'coach', to create the new German word ''Weitsprung-Coach.''{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}}

According to Filipović, pseudo-anglicisms can be formed through compounding, suffixation, or ellipsis. For example, the Serbo-Croatian word {{Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|голман|golman|label=none|italic1=yes}} was created from the English word ''goal'', which the word ''man'' was added to. Alternatively, suffixes such as {{Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|-ер|-er|label=none|italic1=yes}} or {{Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|-ист(а)|-ist(a)|label=none|italic1=yes}} may be added to an English word to create a new word in Serbo-Croatian, such as {{Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|тенисер|teniser|label=none|italic1=yes}} or {{Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|ватерполист(а)|vaterpolist(a)|label=none|italic1=yes}}. Ellipsis may also occur, wherein a component of an English word is dropped, such as the suffix ''-ing''; examples include {{Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|бокс|boks|label=none|italic1=yes}} from ''boxing'', or {{Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|хепиенд|hepiend|label=none|italic1=yes}} from ''happy ending''.{{sfn |Filipović |1990 |p=138–139 |loc=4.7 Adaptation of pseudoanglicisms}} <!-- Should this paragraph even be here? It only talks about Serbo-Croatian pseudo-anglicisms, not pseudo-anglicisms in general, and I can't find even a proper summary of that Filipović paper... its page on Google Books is quite useless -->

Another process of [[word formation]] that can result in a pseudo-anglicism is a [[blend word]], consisting of portions of two words, like brunch or smog. Rey-Debove & Gagnon attest ''tansad'' in French in 1919, from English ''tan[dem]'' + ''sad[dle]''.{{sfn|Rey-Debove|1990|p=1018}}

==Scope==

Pseudo-anglicisms can be found in many languages that have contact with English around the world, and are attested in nearly all European languages.{{sfn|Furiassi|2015|p=17}}

The equivalent of pseudo-anglicisms derived from languages other than English also exist. For example, the English-language phrase "[[double entendre]]", while often believed to be French and pronounced in a French fashion, is not actually used in French. For other examples, see [[dog Latin]], [[list of pseudo-French words adapted to English]], and [[list of pseudo-German words adapted to English]].

==Examples==

===Many languages===

Some pseudo-anglicisms are found in many languages and have been characterized as "world-wide pseudo-English",<ref>Broder Carstensen, "Euro-English", in ''Linguistics across historical and geographical boundaries: in honour of Jacek Fisiak...'', '''2''', in ''Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs'' '''32''', 1986, p. 831</ref> often borrowed via other languages such as French or Italian:<ref>''e.g.'', [[Triantafyllidis Dictionary|Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής]] ''s.v.'' σμόκιν</ref>
* ''[[:wikt:autostop|autostop]]'' – [[hitchhiking]] in French,<ref name="collins"/> Italian,<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/autostop/ «Autostop»], ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Greek οτοστόπ,<ref name="babiniotis">Georgios Babiniotis, [[Babiniotis Dictionary|Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας]], 1998, ''s.v.''</ref> Russian автостоп, Spanish, Bulgarian, Hungarian, etc.<ref name="gorlach"/>
* ''[[:wikt:basket|basket]]'' – [[basketball]] in Danish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Spanish, Swedish,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sblherr.se/|title=SBL Herr|website=www.sblherr.se}}</ref> Greek μπάσκετ,<ref name="babiniotis"/> Turkish, etc.;<ref name="gorlach"/> also [[sneakers]] in French
* ''[[:wikt:camping|camping]]'' – [[campsite|campsite or campground]] in French,<ref name="collins"/> Dutch,  Greek κάμπινγκ,<ref name="babiniotis"/> Bulgarian къмпинг,<ref>[https://en.pons.com/translate/bulgarian-english/%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3 ''PONS Online Dictionary'']</ref> Russian ке́мпинг,<ref>[https://en.pons.com/translate/russian-english/%D0%BA%D0%B5%CD%81%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3 ''PONS Online Dictionary'']</ref> Polish ''kemping'',<ref>[https://en.pons.com/translate/polish-english/kemping '''PONS Online Dictionary'']</ref> Portuguese,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dicio.com.br/camping/ | title=Camping }}</ref> Spanish, etc.
* ''[[:wikt:smoking|smoking]]'' – [[dinner jacket]], tuxedo, or smoking jacket in Danish,<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=smoking smoking], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> French,<ref name="collins"/> Portuguese,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/smoking | title=Smoking }}</ref> German,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Smoking {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Smoking|access-date=2021-08-13|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref> Italian,<ref name="paravia">''Oxford Paravia Italian Dictionary'', 2001, {{isbn|0198604378}}, ''s.v.''</ref> Dutch,  Greek σμόκιν,<ref name="babiniotis"/> Russian, etc.<ref name="gorlach">Gorlach, 2001, ''s.v.''</ref>

=== Korean ===
{{Main|Konglish}}
{{further|List of Konglish terms}}
* ''one shot'' – "bottoms up" (원샷 [wʌn.ɕjat̚])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=%EC%9B%90%EC%83%B7|title=Search result for '원샷'|access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref>
* ''hand phone'' – "cellphone" (핸드폰 [hɛn.dɯ.pon])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=%ED%95%B8%EB%93%9C%ED%8F%B0|title=Search result for '핸드폰'|access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref>
* ''skinship'' – platonic hand-holding, hugging, etc. (스킨십; seu·kin·sib)<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=8 words that look like English but actually aren't – ESL language studies abroad |date=1 October 2019 |url=https://blog.esl-languages.com/blog/learn-languages/words-that-look-english-but-arent/ |website=ESL Stories |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

=== Romance ===
====French====
[[French language|French]] includes many pseudo-anglicisms, including novel compounds (''baby-foot''), specifically compounds in ''-man'' (''tennisman''), truncations (''foot''), places in ''-ing'' (''dancing'' meaning dancing-place, not the act of dancing), and a large variety of meaning shifts.<ref name="thog"/>
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:baby-foot|baby-foot]]}}{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}} (m, pronounced {{IPA|fr|ba.bi.fut|}}) – [[table football]]
* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:baby-parc|baby-parc]]}}{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}} – playpen
* {{lang|fr|before}} – drinks in privileged company before a party, a.k.a. "pregame" (opposite of {{lang|fr|after}})
* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:blind test|blind test]]}} – music quiz / 'name that tune'
* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:brushing|brushing]]}} – blow-dry and styling<ref name="anderson">Matthew Anderson, "The foreign words that seem like English – but aren't", ''BBC Culture'' [https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20161014-the-foreign-words-that-seem-like-english-but-arent 13 October 2016]</ref><ref name="collins-usage">''Collins le Robert French Dictionary'', 11th ed., 2020, ''s.v.'' (usage note)</ref>
* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:building|building]]}} – high-rise building, tower block<ref name="anderson"/><ref name="collins">''Collins le Robert French Dictionary'', 11th ed., 2020, ''s.v.''</ref>
* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:box|box]]}} – [[wifi router]] or [[parking space]]<ref name="thog"/>
* {{lang|fr|dancing}} – [[dance hall]]<ref name="thog"/>
* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:dressing|dressing]]}} (noun) - walk-in closet
* {{lang|fr|flirt}} – a brief romance, flirtation, a [[boyfriend]] or [[girlfriend]]<ref name="collins"/>
* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:footing|footing]]}} – jogging (though the real English word is also used in French with the same meaning)
* {{lang|fr|pressing}} – [[dry cleaning]] shop,
* {{lang|fr|rallye-paper}}{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}}  – a "[[Fox games#Fox and hounds|fox-and-hounds]]" like game, except with paper scraps instead of foxes{{sfn|Geyer|1903|p=19}}
* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:recordman|recordman]]}} (m; pl: {{lang|fr|recordmans}}; f:{{lang|fr|recordwoman}}) – record holder, especially in sports
* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:relooker|relooker]]}} (verb) to make over; also: {{lang|fr|relooking}} (n; masc.) – a [[makeover]]
* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:scratch|scratch]]}} (noun) - velcro
* {{lang|fr|shake-hand}}{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}}
* {{lang|fr|speaker}}, {{lang|fr|speakerine}} (feminine) – radio or television [[announcer]]<ref name="thog">Clyde Thogmartin, "Some 'English' Words in French", ''The French Review'' '''57''':4:447-455 (March 1984) {{JSTOR|393310}}</ref>
* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:wheeling|wheeling]]}} – a wheelie

====Italian====
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* ''autogrill'' ({{IPA|it|autoˈɡril}})<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/autogrill/ «Autogrill»], ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> – [[rest area]] (used for any brand, not only for [[Autogrill]] chain)
* ''beauty farm''<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/beauty-farm/ «Beauty farm»], ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> ({{IPA|it|bjutiˈfarm}}) – [[spa]]
* The French borrowing ''[[:it:Taccuino|bloc-notes]]'' ({{IPA|fr|blɔknɔt}}) is sometimes written in the pseudo-English form ''[[:it:Taccuino|block-notes]]'' ({{IPA|it|blɔkˈnɔts|blɔkˈnotes}})<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/tag/block-notes// «Bloc-Notes»], ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> – [[notebook]]
* ''jolly'' – the joker in a pack of cards<ref name="anderson"/><ref>Cristiano Furiassi, "How jolly is the joker? Problemi di traducibilità dei falsi anglicismi" in the ''Atti del 5° congresso di studi dell’Associazione Italiana di Linguistica Applicata (AItLA)''. Bari, 17,18 febbraio 2005</ref>
* ''pullman'' – a bus<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=English Translation of "autobus" &#124; Collins Italian-English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/italian-english/autobus}}</ref>
* ''smart working'' {{IPA|it|zmartˈworking}} – [[remote work]], where "smart" is used referring to other devices with an Internet connection, such as [[smartphone]]s and [[smartwatch]]es.
* ''water'' ({{IPA|it|vater}}) - [[flush toilet]] (from English ''water closet'')

==== Portuguese ====

* ''outdoor'' ''–'' [[billboard]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Outdoor |url=https://www.dicio.com.br/outdoor/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Dicio, Dicionário Online de Português |language=pt-br}}</ref>
* ''home office'' ''-'' [[work from home]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Office |url=https://www.dicio.com.br/home-office/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Dicio, Dicionário Online de Português |language=pt-br}}</ref>
* ''shopping'' ''-'' [[shopping mall]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shopping |url=https://www.dicio.com.br/shopping/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Dicio, Dicionário Online de Português |language=pt-br}}</ref>

===Germanic===
====Danish====
* ''babylift'' – [[baby transport]]/[[baby transport|carrycot]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=babylift babylift], Den Danske Ordbog</ref><ref name="anderson"/>
* ''butterfly'' – [[bow tie]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=butterfly butterfly], Den Danske Ordbog</ref>
* ''cottoncoat'' – [[trench coat]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=cottoncoat cottoncoat], Den Danske Ordbog</ref>
* ''cowboytoast'' – [[ground meat|minced meat]] [[sandwich]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=cowboytoast cowboytoast], Den Danske Ordbog</ref>
* ''doorstep'' – a short and informal [[press conference]]<ref>[https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/doorstep doorstep], Wiktionary</ref>
* ''monkeyclass'' – [[economy class]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=monkeyclass monkeyclass], Den Danske Ordbog</ref>
* ''speedmarker'' – a [[felt-tip pen]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=speedmarker speedmarker], Den Danske Ordbog</ref>
* ''stationcar'' – blend of [[station wagon]] (US) and [[estate car]] (UK)<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=stationcar stationcar], Den Danske Ordbog</ref>
* ''timemanager'' – a calendar or notebook in which one writes down appointments (from the registered trademark [[Time Manager]])<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=timemanager timemanager], Den Danske Ordbog</ref>

====Dutch====
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* ''beamer'' – a [[video projector]] (via German pseudo-anglicism ''Beamer'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Beamer (LaTeX) |last=Vullers |first=Pim |url=http://www.cs.ru.nl/~pim/beamer.php |year=2012 |website=Radboud University |publisher= |access-date=2020-12-09}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Ph.D. student webspace at univeristy|date=December 2020}} 
* ''box'' – a [[playpen]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Box |url=https://etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/box |website=etymologiebank.nl |access-date=2024-06-12}}</ref> or a music speaker
* ''coffeeshop'' - a [[Coffeeshop (Netherlands)|shop selling cannabis]]
* ''keycord'' – a [[lanyard]]
* ''oldtimer'' – a [[classic car]]
* ''touringcar'' – a [[coach (bus)]]
* ''videoclip'' – a [[music video]]

====German====
{{See also|Denglisch}}
German pseudo anglicisms often have multiple valid and common ways of writing them, generally either hyphenated ''(Home-Office)'' or in one word ''(Homeoffice)''.<ref name="duden.de">{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Homeoffice {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Homeoffice|access-date=2021-08-13|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref> 

German speakers, especially teachers, often refer to pseudo-anglicisms as ''false friends'', a translation of the German term that may itself count as a pseudo anglicism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/words/false_friends.htm|title=Englisch-Hilfen: Falsche Freunde|website=www.englisch-hilfen.de}}</ref>
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* ''Beamer'' –  a [[video projector]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Beamer {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Beamer|access-date=2021-03-14|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref>
* ''Bodybag –'' a [[messenger bag]]
* ''Dressman'' – a male model (Onysko calls this the 'canonical example' of a pseudo-anglicism.{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}})
* ''Flipper'' – a [[pinball machine]]<ref name="german.yabla.com">{{Cite web|url=https://german.yabla.com/lesson-German-Pseudo-Anglicisms-542|title = German Pseudo-Anglicisms – Yabla German – Free German Lessons}}</ref>
* ''Funsport'' – a sport played for amusement, such as [[skateboarding]] or [[frisbee]]<ref name="anderson" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Funsport {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Funsport|access-date=2021-08-13|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref>
* ''Handy'' – a mobile phone<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sparhandy.de/handy-kaufen/|title=Handy ohne Vertrag: Angebote März 2023|website=www.sparhandy.de}}</ref>
* ''Jobticket'' – a free pass for public transport provided by an employer for employees<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Jobticket {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Jobticket|access-date=2021-03-13|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref>
* ''Oldtimer'' – an [[antique car]]<ref name="anderson"/>
* ''Shooting'' – a photoshoot<ref name="german.yabla.com"/>
* ''trampen'' (verb) – hitchhiking<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Trampen {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/trampen|access-date=2021-05-13|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref>
* ''mobbing'' – bullying

====Norwegian====

* ''hands'' – the offence of [[Handball (association football)|handball]] in [[association football]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=hands |url=https://naob.no/ordbok/hands |access-date=2024-07-05|website = www.naob.no}}</ref>
* ''sixpence'' – Flat cap<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sixpence |url=https://www.skittfiske.no/klaer/hodeplagg/sixpence |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=www.skittfiske.no}}</ref>

====Swedish====
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* ''after work'' – a meeting for drinks after the workday is finished<ref>{{cite news|title=After work ett svenskt påhitt|url=https://www.dn.se/ekonomi/after-work-ett-svenskt-pahitt/|newspaper=[[Dagens Nyheter]]|date=11 March 2015|access-date=12 December 2015|language=Swedish}}</ref>
* ''backslick'' – a wet, combed-back hair style{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
* ''pocket'' – a paper-back book<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.akademibokhandeln.se/lista/pockettoppen|title=Topplistan Pocket – Akademibokhandeln|website=www.akademibokhandeln.se}}</ref>
* ''speaker'' – an announcer (such as at sporting events)<ref>{{cite web|title=speaker|url=https://svenska.se/tre/?sok=speaker&pz=1|website=Svenska.se|publisher=[[Swedish Academy]]|access-date=14 May 2025|language=sv}}</ref>

=== Slavic ===

==== Serbian ====

* {{Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|бос|bos|italic1=yes|italic2=no|label=none}} – [[crime boss]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Prćić |first=Tvrtko |url=http://digitalna.ff.uns.ac.rs/sadrzaj/2021/978-86-6065-636-2 |title=Srpski rečnik novijih anglicizama |publisher=Faculty of Philosophy |year=2021 |isbn=978-86-6065-636-2 |edition=1st |location=Novi Sad |language=sr}}</ref>
* {{Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|букмејкер|bukmejker|italic1=yes|italic2=no|label=none}} – a person who bets, especially on sports and other competitions<ref name=":2" />
* {{Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|голман|golman|italic1=yes|italic2=no|label=none}} – [[goalkeeper]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Savić |first=Marija |date=2014 |title=Pseudoanglicizmi u srpskom jeziku |journal=Jezici i kulture u vremenu i prostoru |volume=3 |isbn=978-86-6065-282-1 |via=Filozofski fakultet}}</ref>
* {{Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|хепиенд|hepiend|italic1=yes|italic2=no|label=none}} – [[happy ending]]<ref name=":3" />
* {{Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|олдтајмер|oldtajmer|italic1=yes|italic2=no|label=none}} – [[classic car]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prćić |first=Tvrtko |date=2012 |title=Како се на енглеском каже олдтајмер? : англицизми као српско-енглески лажни парови |url=https://www.maticasrpska.org.rs/stariSajt/casopisi/filologija_55-2.pdf |journal=Matica Srpska Journal of Philology and Linguistics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=203–220 |issn=0352-5724}}</ref>
* {{Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|стреч|streč|italic1=yes|italic2=no|label=none}} – [[stretch fabric]]<ref name=":2" />

====Polish====
* ''dres'' – [[tracksuit]];<ref>{{cite web|title=dres|url=http://swo.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=6162|work=Słownik wyrazów obcych|publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN|access-date=11 April 2012|language=Polish}}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> sometimes also short for ''[[dresiarz]]'' ([[chav]], [[gopnik]])

====Russian====
<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically -->
* Дресс-кроссинг ("Dress crossing") – [[clothing swap]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://brjunetka.ru/chto-takoe-dress-krossing-i-v-chem-ego-preimushhestva/ | title=Преимущества и недостатки дресс-кроссинга | date=19 September 2015 }}</ref> (analogous to [[postcrossing]], [[bookcrossing]]); not to be confused with [[cross-dressing]]
* {{lang|ru|[[:ru:wikt:клипмейкер|Клипмейкер]]}} ("Clip maker") – [[music video director]]{{sfn|Baldwin|2020|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bJb-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48 Клипмейкер]}}
* {{lang|ru|[[:ru:wikt:митинг|Митинг]]}} ("meeting") – [[Political demonstration|rally, demonstration]]
* {{lang|ru|[[:ru:wikt:рекордсмен|Рекордсмен]]}} ("records man") – record holder
* {{lang|ru|[[:ru:wikt:страйкбол|Страйкбол]]}} ("strikeball")<ref>[https://translate.academic.ru/страйкбол/en/ru/страйкбол «страйкбол»], ''«Словари и энциклопедии на Академике»''</ref><ref>[[:ru:Страйкбол|Страйкбол]], ''«Википедия»''</ref> – [[airsoft]]
* {{lang|ru|[[:ru:wikt:фейсконтроль|Фейсконтроль]]}} ("[[Face control]]") – the policy of screening people based on their appearance{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}

=== Austronesian ===
==== Malaysian Malay ====
* ''action'' – boast; boastful<ref name="Johari">{{cite web|url=https://says.com/my/seismik/perkataan-english-orang-kita-pakai-yang-beri-maksud-berbeza|title=21 'English Words' Yang Menyimpang Jauh Maksudnya Bila Orang Kita Guna Untuk Bersembang|last=Johari|first=Farouq|date=August 2017|publisher=says.com|access-date=}}</ref>
* ''best'' – good<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my">{{cite web|url=https://soscili.my/perkataan-inggeris-salahguna-dimelayukan/|title=9 perkataan English yang terpesong maknanya bila di-Melayukan|last=|first=|date=13 August 2016|publisher=soscili.my|access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
* ''cable'' – personal connection or insider<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="Roslan">{{cite web|url=https://www.thevocket.com/perkataan-english-di-melayukan/|title=10 Perkataan English Yang Telah Di Melayukan. Mat Salleh Pun Takkan Faham|last=Roslan|first=Rizmi|date=18 January 2015|publisher=The Vocket|access-date=}}</ref>
* ''power'' – great<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my"/>
* ''sound'' – scold<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my"/>
* ''spender'' – [[undergarment]] for lower body e.g. [[briefs]] and [[panties]]<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my"/><ref name="Roslan"/>
* ''terror'' – great<ref name="Roslan"/>

==== Indonesian ====
* ''busway'' – [[TransJakarta]] [[bus]]; [[bus rapid transit]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fiandri |first1=Niko |title=Mau Tahu Bedanya Busway dengan Transjakarta? Supaya Enggak Gagal Paham |url=https://www.gridoto.com/read/221010024/mau-tahu-bedanya-busway-dengan-transjakarta-supaya-enggak-gagal-paham |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=GridOto.com |date=4 January 2018 |language=id}}</ref>
* ''cross boy/girl'' – delinquent person<ref name="gustaafkusno">{{Cite web |last=Kompasiana.com |date=2012-09-05 |title=Istilah Bahasa Inggris Kreasi Orang Indonesia |url=https://www.kompasiana.com/gustaafkusno/55175b3fa333114607b65c5f/istilah-bahasa-inggris-kreasi-orang-indonesia |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=KOMPASIANA |language=id}}</ref>
* ''free sex'' – [[extramarital sex]]<ref name="Nelly Martin">{{cite thesis |last=Martin |first=Nelly |date=2017 |title=Bahasa Gado-Gado in Indonesian Popular Texts: Expanding Indonesian Identities through Code-Switching with English |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1929232840?sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses |degree=PhD |publisher=The University of Wisconsin |access-date=2024-12-31}}</ref>
* ''hand body'' – hand & body [[lotion]]<ref name="Sacha Stevenson">{{cite web |last1=Stevenson |first1=Sacha |author1-link=Sacha Stevenson |title=15 kesalahan dalam bahasa Inggris (buat orang Indonesia) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oHtlTS8RhQ |website=youtube.com |language=id |format=video |date=Jan 5, 2020}}</ref>
* ''handphone'' – [[mobile phone]]<ref name="gustaafkusno"/>
* ''healing'' – going on a [[vacation]] to [[self-healing|heal mentally]]<ref name="TelU">{{Cite web |last=RRI.co.id |date=2023-10-27 |title=Sering Salah, Ini Arti Healing dalam Psikologi Sesungguhnya! |url=https://smb.telkomuniversity.ac.id/cerita-telutizen/sering-salah-ini-arti-healing-dalam-psikologi-sesungguhnya/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Telkom University |language=id}}</ref>
* ''magic com'' – multifunctional [[rice cooker]]<ref name="Raissa Yulianti">{{Cite web |last=momsmoney.kontan.co.id |date=2023-09-11 |title=Perbedaan Fungsi Rice Cooker, Magic Jar dan Magic Com untuk Kebutuhan Rumah Tangga |url=https://momsmoney.kontan.co.id/news/perbedaan-fungsi-rice-cooker-magic-jar-dan-magic-com-untuk-kebutuhan-rumah-tangga |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=MOMSMONEY.ID |language=id}}</ref>
* ''outbound'' – [[outdoor education]] or recreational activities<ref name="gustaafkusno"/>
* ''sorry-dorry-morry-strawberry'' – [[wikt:sorry, not sorry|sorry not sorry]]; [[apology (act)|sorry]]<ref name="Rafiek, M.">{{cite journal |last1=Rafiek |first1=M. |date=2013 |title=RAGAM BAHASA WARIA DALAM SINETRON |url=https://ppjp.ulm.ac.id/journal/index.php/jbsp/article/viewFile/4481/3925 |journal=Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pembelajarannya |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=4–18 |doi=10.20527/jbsp.v3i1.4481 |access-date=2024-12-29}}</ref>
* ''sound'' – [[sound reinforcement system]]<ref name="Anindya Milagsita">{{Cite web |last=detik.com/jateng/ |date=2024-08-18 |title=Apa Itu Sound Horeg? Ini Pengertian dan Asal-usulnya |url=https://www.detik.com/jateng/berita/d-7495775/apa-itu-sound-horeg-ini-pengertian-dan-asal-usulnya |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=detikJateng |language=id}}</ref>
* ''travel'' – inter-regional [[minibus]] service <ref name="Panji Prayitno">{{Cite web |last=Liputan6.com |date=2022-09-26 |title=Kenali Perbedaan Shuttle, Travel, dan Bus Pariwisata dalam Layanan Transportasi |url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/5079812/kenali-perbedaan-shuttle-travel-dan-bus-pariwisata-dalam-layanan-transportasi |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Liputan6.com |language=id}}</ref>
* ''win-win solution'' – [[win-win situation]]; win-win conflict resolution <ref name="Ayu Ma'as">{{Cite web |last=kids.grid.id |date=2022-07-05 |title=5 Ungkapan Dalam Bahasa Inggris yang Sering Salah Diterjemahkan |url=https://kids.grid.id/read/473359309/5-ungkapan-dalam-bahasa-inggris-yang-sering-salah-diterjemahkan?page=all |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Grid |language=id}}</ref>

=== Other languages ===
====Maltese====

* ''goaler'' – [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chucky |date=2016-11-26 |title=5 Kelmiet Li Taħsibhom Ingliżi Imma Mhumiex |url=https://lovinmalta.com/lifestyle/language/5-kelmiet-li-tahsibhom-inglizi-imma-mhumiex/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Lovin Malta |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Anglicism]]
* [[Barbarism (modern linguistics)]]
* [[Calque]]
* [[Denglisch]]
* [[False friend]]
* [[Language transfer]]
* [[Loanword]]
* [[List of pseudo-German words adapted to English]]
* [[List of pseudo-French words adapted to English]]
* [[Phono-semantic matching]]
* [[Wasei-eigo]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Sources==
* <!--Anderman|2005-->{{cite book |last1=Anderman |first1=Gunilla M. |last2=Rogers |first2=Margaret  |last3=Gottlieb | first3=Henrik |title=In and Out of English: For Better, for Worse? |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUA59WvmQOQC&pg=PA167 |series=Translating Europe. |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |location=Clevedon |isbn=978-1-85359-787-9 |page=164 |chapter=11 Anglicisms and Translation |oclc=812195823 |ref={{harvid|Anderman|2005}} }}
* <!--Ayres-Bennett|2014-->{{cite book |last1=Ayres-Bennett |first1=Wendy |last2=Carruthers |first2=Janice |last3=Temple |first3=Rosalind |title=Problems and Perspectives: Studies in the Modern French Language |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQftAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA335 |series=Longman linguistics library. |date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-88652-5 |page=335 |chapter=12.4 'Hybrids' and pseudo-anglicisms |oclc=871224464 |ref={{harvid|Ayres-Bennett|2014}} }}
* <!--Baldwin|2020-->{{cite book |last1=Baldwin |first1=Yuliya |title=English Loans in Contemporary Russian |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-20618-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJb-DwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* <!--Betz|1977-->{{cite book |language=German |last1=Betz |first1=Werner |last2=Kolb |first2=Herbert  |last3=Lauffer |first3=Hartmut  |title=Sprachliche Interferenz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqgdAAAAMAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Niemeyer |isbn=978-3-484-10285-9 |ref={{harvid|Betz|1977}} }}
* <!--Carstensen|2015-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Carstensen |first=Broder |editor1-last=Viereck |editor1-first=Wolfgang |title=Studien zum Einfluß der englischen Sprache auf das Deutsche |trans-title=Studies on the Influence of the English Language on German |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oy7tCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77|date=16 November 2015 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |orig-year=1st pub. Gunter Narr:1980 |series=Tübingener beigrag zur Linguistik #132 |isbn=978-3-87808-132-6 |oclc=1006045710 |page=77 |chapter=Semantische Scheinentlehnungen des Deutschen aus dem Englischen }}
*<!--Campos-Pardillos|2015-->{{cite journal |journal=Atlantis Journal of the Spanish Association of Anglo-American Studies |last=Campos-Pardillos |first=Miguel Ángel |title=All Is not English that Glitters: False Anglicisms in the Spanish Language of Sports |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32326153.pdf |volume=37 |issue=2 |year=2015 |publisher=AEDEAN: Asociación española de estudios anglo-americanos |jstor=24757788 |doi=  |issn=0210-6124 |eissn=1989-6840 |pages=155–174 }}
* <!--Duckworth|1977-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Duckworth |first=David |editor1-last=Best |editor1-first=Werner |editor2-last=Kolb |editor2-first=Werner |editor3-last=Lauffer |editor3-first=Hartmut |title=Zur terminologischen Grundlage der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der englisch-deutschen Interferenz. Kritische Übersicht, und neue Vorschlag |trans-title=The Terminological Basis of Research in the Field of English-German Interference. Critical Overview, and New Proposal. |url= |page= |location=Tübingen |publisher=[[:de:Max Niemeyer Verlag|Niemeyer]] |date=1977 |isbn=9783484102859 |oclc=185584225 |access-date= |quote=Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial. }}
* <!--Filipovic|1990-->{{cite book |last1=Filipović |first1=Rudof |last2=Partridge |first2=Monica |last3=Herrity |first3=Peter |last4=Jones |first4=Malcolm V. |last5=Terry |first5=Garth M. |title=The Bell of freedom: essays presented to Monica Partridge on the occasion of her 75th birthday |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTsMAAAAIAAJ |access-date=14 February 2018 |year=1990 |publisher=Astra Press |location=Nottingham |isbn=978-0-946134-17-5 |chapter=Secondary Anglicisms in a Dictionary of Anglicisms in Serbo-Croatian |oclc=246527030 |ref={{harvid|Filipović|1990}}}}
* <!--Furiassi|2010-->{{cite book |last=Furiassi |first=Cristiano |title=False Anglicisms in Italian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11_QwAEACAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=Polimetrica |location=Monza (Milano) |isbn=978-88-7699-203-2 |oclc=712112149 }}
* <!--Furiassi|2012-->{{cite book |last1=Furiassi |first1=Cristiano  |last2=Pulcini |first2=Virginia |last3=Rodríguez González |first3=Félix  |title=The Anglicization of European Lexis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nI3y6TJw4YIC&pg=PA158 |year=2012 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-272-1195-8 |pages=158 |ref={{harvid|Furiassi|2012}} }}
* <!--Furiassi|2015-->{{cite book |last1=Furiassi |first1=Cristiano |last2=Gottlieb |first2=Henrik  |title=Pseudo-English: Studies on False Anglicisms in Europe |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_BeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT17 |date=10 March 2015 |publisher=De Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-1-5015-0023-7 |pages=17 |chapter=2 Qualifying pseudo-Anglicisms |ref={{harvid|Furiassi|2015}} }}
* <!--Geyer|1903-->{{cite book |title=Geyer's Stationer: Devoted to the Interests of the Stationery, Fancy Goods and Notion Trades |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w587AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR19 |year=1903 |publisher=Andrew Geyer |location=New York |oclc=1009011742  |access-date=13 May 2018 |ref={{harvid|Geyer|1903}} }}
* <!--Görlach|2001-->{{cite book |last=Görlach |first=Manfred |title=A Dictionary of European Anglicisms: A Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Sixteen European Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7YfZpQjeewC |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-823519-4 |oclc=429029188 |access-date=21 February 2018 }}
* <!--Görlach|2002-->{{cite book |last=Görlach |first=Manfred |title=English in Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kma6Sipww4UC |date=23 May 2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-158069-7 |oclc=768118863 |access-date=21 February 2018 }}
* <!--Grossman|2008-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Großmann |first=Anja |title=Frequenz und Verwendungskontexte des Anglizismus Design in der deutschen Sprache |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOavrBvZu9MC&pg=PA4 |year=2008 |publisher=GRIN Verlag |isbn=978-3-640-17674-8 |pages=4– |chapter=2.2 Die Typologie der Anglizismen nach Jürgen Spitzmüller |type=Studienarbeit |ref={{harvid|Grossman<!--make it easier to type in sfn-->|2008}} }} 
* <!--Lujan-Garcia-2017-->{{cite journal |journal=Alicante Journal of English Studies |last=Luján-García |first=Carmen  |title=Analysis of the presence of Anglicisms in a Spanish internet forum: some terms from the fields of fashion, beauty and leisure  |volume=30 |year=2017 |issue=30 |page=277 |doi=10.14198/raei.2017.30.10 |ref={{harvid|Lujan-Garcia|2017}} |doi-access=free |hdl=10553/41634 |hdl-access=free }}
* <!--Onysko|2007-->{{cite book |last=Onysko |first=Alexander |title=Anglicisms in German: Borrowing, Lexical Productivity, and Written Codeswitching |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbr2txEYSHAC&pg=PA52 |series=Linguistik: Impulse & Tendenzen, 23 |chapter=4 Pseudo anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms |year=2007 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-019946-8 |pages=52 |oclc=901310392 }}
* <!--Picone|1996-->{{cite book |last=Picone |first=Michael D.  |title=Anglicisms, Neologisms and Dynamic French |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcZBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA350 |access-date=14 February 2018 |series=Lingvisticae Investigationes Supplementa Ser.,18. |date=18 October 1996 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-272-7614-8 |page=350 |oclc=769341957 }}
* <!--Rey-Debove|1990-->{{cite book |language=French |last1=Rey-Debove |first1=Josette |last2=Gagnon |first2=Gilberte |title=Dictionnaire des anglicismes : les mots anglais et américains en français |trans-title=Dictionary of Anglicisms: English and American Words in French |series=Usuels du Robert |location=Paris |publisher=Le Robert |date=1990 |orig-year= |isbn=9782850360275 |oclc=756955952 |ref={{harvid|Rey-Debove|1990}}}}
* <!--Rosenhouse|2008-->Rosenhouse, Judith, Rotem Kowner, eds., ''Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages'', 2008, {{isbn|1783091533}}
* <!--Saugera|2017-->{{cite book |last=Saugera |first=Valérie |title=Remade in France: Anglicisms in the Lexicon and Morphology of French |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yflKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |access-date=14 February 2018 |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-062554-2 |oclc=1013564643 }}
* <!--Scheibel|2007-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Scheibel |first=Larissa |title=Anglizismen/Amerikanismen im Deutschen und Russischen am Beispiel von Online Zeitschriften |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFAtvCczC9wC&pg=PA10 |date=21 February 2007 |publisher=GRIN Verlag |isbn=978-3-638-59645-9 |pages=10– |chapter=2.2 Entlehnungen |type=Master's thesis }}
* <!--Sicherl|1999-->{{cite book |last1=Sicherl |first1=Eva |last2=Šabec |first2=Nada |last3=Gabrovšek |first3=Dušan |title=The English Element in Contemporary Standard Slovene: Phonological, Morphological and Semantic Aspects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dc7lAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA14 |series=Razprave Filozofske fakultete. |year=1999 |publisher=Znanstveni inštitut Filozofske fakultete |isbn=978-86-7207-114-6 |page=14 |oclc=442412304 |ref={{harvid|Sicherl|1999}} }}
* <!--Winter|1995-->{{cite book |last1=Winter |first1=Werner |author2=Societas Linguistica Europaea. Meeting |title=On Languages and Language: The Presidential Addresses of the 1991 Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWQb7pQvx08C&pg=PA139 |access-date=14 February 2018 |series=Trends in linguistics., Studies and monographs; 78. |year=1995 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-013257-1 |oclc=924736602 }}
* <!--Winter-Froemel|2011-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Winter-Froemel |first=Esme  |title=Entlehnung in der Kommunikation und im Sprachwandel: Theorie und Analysen zum Französischen |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Zx8xmDm7mEC&pg=PA45 |edition=Berlin |date=29 August 2011 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-023506-7 |pages=45– |chapter=3.4 Entlehnung un Scheinentlehnung nach traditionellen Auffasungen }} 
* <!--Yang|1990-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Yang |first=Wenliang  |title=Anglizismen im Deutschen: am Beispiel des Nachrichtenmagazins 'Der Spiegel' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRiYUpTcEm0C&pg=PA12 |series=Reihe Germanistische Linguistik, 106 |date=1 January 1990 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Tuebingen |isbn=978-3-11-167615-9 |pages=12– |chapter=1.5.2.1 Fremdwort und Lehnwort }} 
* <!--Zenner|2014-->{{cite book |last1=Zenner |first1=Eline  |last2=Kristiansen |first2=Gitte  |title=New Perspectives on Lexical Borrowing: Onomasiological, Methodological and Phraseological Innovations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbDmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |date=1 January 2014 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |location=Boston |isbn=978-1-61451-430-5 |pages=2, 10 |ref={{harvid|Zenner|2014}} }}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* James Stanlaw 2004, ''Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact'', Hong Kong University Press.
* Laura Miller 1997, "Wasei eigo: English ‘loanwords' coined in Japan" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp.&nbsp;123–139.
* Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell 1992, 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group.
* [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] 2003, [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140391723X ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201235515/http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140391723X |date=1 February 2014 }}, Houndmills: [[Palgrave Macmillan]], (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). {{ISBN|1-4039-1723-X}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/wasei-eigo.html Examples of Japanese pseudo-anglicisms]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pseudo-Anglicism}}
[[Category:Forms of English]]
[[Category:Language histories]]
[[Category:English-language influence on other languages]]

[[ru:Псевдоанглицизм]] <!-- In ru-wiki this is a redirect to [[ru:Англицизмы]] (Anglicizmy). See [[d:Q161273]]. -->